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Midterm 1 (2016)

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Exam Psychology (PSY 325) Quiz sobre Midterm 1 (2016), criado por Grace Colette em 12-12-2016.
Grace Colette
Quiz por Grace Colette, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Grace Colette
Criado por Grace Colette mais de 7 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
As discussed in class lecture, health psychologists propose that "health" is best described as a(n) _____.
Responda
  • positive state of mental, social, and physical well-being
  • absence of illness
  • absence of disease risks
  • lack of a terminal condition
  • positive state of increased longevity

Questão 2

Questão
During the action potential, the neuron is _____.
Responda
  • A. sending a message down the axon
  • B. undergoing transfer of sodium and potassium ions across the axonal membrane
  • C. actively preparing to fire an action potential, but not actually doing so
  • D. A & B
  • E. B & C

Questão 3

Questão
In discussing the illness and health continuum, Aaron Antonovsky emphasized the importance of focusing on _____.
Responda
  • A. new treatments for biological disease
  • B. new treatments for psychological disease
  • C. what makes people sick
  • D. what keeps people well
  • E. A & B

Questão 4

Questão
Which of the following has been identified as a risk factor for cancer?
Responda
  • A. excessive alcohol use
  • B. high fat diet
  • C. cigarette smoking
  • D. B & C
  • E. A, B & C

Questão 5

Questão
An epidemiologist writes a report on the total number of previously reported and new cases of AIDS for the past 5 years. He is reporting on the disease's _____.
Responda
  • prevalence
  • morbidity
  • incidence
  • mortality

Questão 6

Questão
In operant conditioning, the association that is learned is between the _____ and the _____.
Responda
  • reinforcement; punishment
  • behavior; consequence
  • conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
  • unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
  • conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Questão 7

Questão
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between the _____ and the _____.
Responda
  • reinforcement; punishment
  • behavior; consequence
  • conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
  • unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
  • conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Questão 8

Questão
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells are similar in that they are all types of _____.
Responda
  • neurons in the central nervous system
  • neurons in the peripheral nervous system
  • glia in the central nervous system
  • glia in the peripheral nervous system
  • cells in the immune system

Questão 9

Questão
According to Matarazzo, health-protective habits are known as _____, whereas health-impairing habits are known as _____.
Responda
  • behavioral antigens; behavioral antibodies
  • behavioral pathogens; behavioral immunogens
  • behavioral antibodies; behavioral antigens
  • behavioral immunogens; behavioral pathogens

Questão 10

Questão
Myelin is a fatty, white insulating material that wraps around _____.
Responda
  • A. axons
  • B. cell bodies
  • C. dendrites
  • D. A & B
  • E. A, B & C

Questão 11

Questão
To study the effects of antioxidant consumption on heart disease, 200 healthy individuals, 17-21 years of age, are recruited to participate in a study that will track their antioxidant intake and heart-disease incidence for 40 years. This study is an example of a _____.
Responda
  • A. quasi-experimental study
  • B. prospective study
  • C. retrospective study
  • D. A & B
  • E. A & C

Questão 12

Questão
That speech production and language comprehension are processed in different parts of the neocortex is evidence of _____.
Responda
  • neuroplasticity of brain function
  • generalization of brain function
  • localization of brain function
  • redundancy of brain function

Questão 13

Questão
Which is true of phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Responda
  • It is an autoimmune disorder
  • It is caused by the addition of an extra chromosome
  • Its effects on the brain can be greatly reduced by dietary restriction
  • It occurs more often in women than in men
  • It is an endocrine system disorder

Questão 14

Questão
In the nervous system, a lock-and-key relationship exists between the _____.
Responda
  • neurotransmitter and ion channel
  • neurotransmitter and synaptic cleft
  • neurotransmitter and neuron
  • neurotransmitter and postsynaptic receptor

Questão 15

Questão
In the endocrine system, a lock-and-key relationship exists between the _____.
Responda
  • hormone and ductless gland
  • hormone and ducted gland
  • hormone and receptor on the target cell
  • hormone and ion channel

Questão 16

Questão
During the stress response, the adrenal medulla releases _____ and the adrenal cortex releases _____.
Responda
  • cortisol; adrenaline
  • adrenaline; cortisol
  • adrenaline; noradrenaline
  • noradrenaline; adrenaline
  • opioids; cortisol

Questão 17

Questão
In the process of neural communication, neurotransmitters, themselves, _____.
Responda
  • transmit messages down the axon
  • can inhibit, but not excite the postsynaptic cell
  • can excite, but not inhibit the postsynaptic cell
  • can excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell

Questão 18

Questão
The presence of a positive feedback loop in the system that induces birthing contractions during labor indicates that the system _____.
Responda
  • produces pleasurable effects in the parturient female
  • is associated with excitatory neurotransmitter action
  • produces change rather than balance
  • facilitates homeostasis
  • creates excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the target cells

Questão 19

Questão
Neurons in the hippocampus (“seahorse”) are involved in _____.
Responda
  • A. Memory consolidation
  • B. spatial navigation
  • C. feeding, fighting, fleeing, and mating
  • D. transfer of sensory information to the neocortex
  • E. A & B

Questão 20

Questão
During the stress response, analgesia (pain relief) is caused mainly via endogenous _____ release.
Responda
  • glucocorticoid
  • catecholamine
  • reproductive hormone
  • opioid
  • adrenaline and noradrenaline

Questão 21

Questão
The condition called _____ produces resting tremors, bradykinesia (slow movement), rigid posture, and impaired coordination that result from cell destruction in the _____.
Responda
  • multiple sclerosis; substantia nigra
  • Parkinson’s disease; substantia nigra
  • multiple sclerosis; striatum
  • Parkinson’s disease; striatum
  • epilepsy; nigrostriatal pathway

Questão 22

Questão
Cognitive restructuring (e.g., modifying the way we view stressors in life so as to diminish or eliminate deleterious effects on the health of our magnificent brains) is an example of _____.
Responda
  • cognitive behavior-focused coping
  • behavioral cognitive-focused coping
  • cognitive emotion-focused coping
  • behavioral emotion-focused coping

Questão 23

Questão
Which of the following is true regarding the role of emotions in health and illness?
Responda
  • A. People with positive emotions take better care of their health
  • B. Fear prevents some people from obtaining medical care
  • C. Recovery from illness can be affected by emotions
  • D. A, B & C

Questão 24

Questão
For what reasons are women thought to live longer than are men?
Responda
  • A. Men have greater physiological reactivity when under stress and this contributes to greater likelihood of coronary heart disease
  • B. Estrogen levels in women delay heart disease by reducing blood cholesterol levels and platelet clotting
  • C. Men smoke more cigarettes and drink more alcohol, which increases the risk for cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer, and cirrhosis
  • D. Men are less likely to seek medical care
  • E. A, B, C & D

Questão 25

Questão
In an experiment designed to investigate the effects of stress-inoculation training on blood pressure in people with Type A personality, the dependent variable is _____.
Responda
  • stress-inoculation training
  • blood pressure
  • Type A personality
  • persons with Type A personality

Questão 26

Questão
According to Hans Selye (the Father of Stress Research), the immediate mobilization of defenses to handle the demands of a stressor occurs during the _____ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome.
Responda
  • conflict
  • opposition
  • alarm
  • resistance
  • challenge

Questão 27

Questão
According to class lecture, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Responda
  • A. The stress response is the product of natural selection
  • B. Stressors are always negative
  • C. Stress can be alleviated (lessened) with good coping skills
  • D. B & C
  • E. A & C

Questão 28

Questão
Which statement is TRUE about psychophysiological (i.e., psychosomatic) disorders?
Responda
  • A. They are associated with no real physical impairment
  • B. They reflect “faking” on the part of the sufferer
  • C. They are unrelated to psychological factors
  • D. They are caused or exacerbated by psychological factors
  • E. A, B & C

Questão 29

Questão
According to class lecture, which of the following is correctly classified as a (potential) stressor?
Responda
  • A. trauma
  • B. cortisol release
  • C. adrenaline release
  • D. B & C
  • E. A, B & C

Questão 30

Questão
According to class lecture, which of the following is correctly classified as stress?
Responda
  • A. trauma
  • B. cortisol release
  • C. adrenaline release
  • D. B & C
  • E. A, B & C

Questão 31

Questão
Which of the following is NOT an example of primary prevention?
Responda
  • using a condom during sexual intercourse
  • engaging in regular exercise
  • getting pre-conception genetic counseling
  • taking a prescribed medicine to treat diabetes type I

Questão 32

Questão
As coined by McEwan, “allostatic load” refers to _____.
Responda
  • the physiological costs caused by chronic activation of the stress response
  • the physiological benefits caused by acute activation of the stress response
  • the physiological state of balance achieved when the demands of the stressor are equivalent to the resources of the individual facing the stressor
  • the psychological state of imbalance that occurs when the fight-or-flight response is activated

Questão 33

Questão
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated during _____.
Responda
  • parasympathetic nervous system activation
  • energy conservation
  • stress
  • rest-and-digest processes

Questão 34

Questão
Compared to the effects of the endocrine system, those of the nervous system are _____.
Responda
  • A. more precise
  • B. more rapid
  • C. longer lasting
  • D. A & B
  • E. B & C

Questão 35

Questão
The main cell types of the central nervous system are _____; the main cell types of the peripheral nervous system are _____.
Responda
  • neurons; glia
  • glia; neurons
  • neurons AND glia; neurons AND glia
  • sensory and motor neurons; interneurons

Questão 36

Questão
According to Lazarus’ Transactional Model, stress arises from a person’s _____.
Responda
  • cognitive appraisal of events
  • negative life events
  • everyday hassles
  • lack of physical health
  • genetically determined reactivity to stressors

Questão 37

Questão
People with positive self-esteem may experience less stress because _____.
Responda
  • demands are perceived as challenges rather than threats in these individuals
  • threatening situations cause more analgesia in these individuals
  • people with positive self-esteem engage in very little secondary appraisal
  • self-confidence is associated with a hardy Type S personality

Questão 38

Questão
Compared to people with Type B personality, people with Type A personality are ___.
Responda
  • less likely to develop coronary heart disease
  • more likely to develop coronary heart disease
  • equally likely to develop coronary heart disease
  • less likely to experience time urgency

Questão 39

Questão
The most stressful occupations are those that involve _____.
Responda
  • low demands and low control
  • low demands and high control
  • high demands and low contro
  • high demands and high control

Questão 40

Questão
Conflict theory emphasizes the impact of _____ on all major health decisions.
Responda
  • only rational thinking
  • only irrational thinking
  • both rational and irrational thinking
  • neither rational nor irrational thinking

Questão 41

Questão
According to the health belief model, women who have annual mammograms to detect breast cancer _____.
Responda
  • A. believe that they are susceptible to breast cancer
  • B. believe that developing breast cancer would cause serious consequences
  • C. believe that the benefits of having annual mammograms outweigh the costs
  • D. A & C
  • E. A, B & C

Questão 42

Questão
The largest white matter structure in the brain is the _____.
Responda
  • central sulcus
  • longitudinal fissure
  • corpus callosum
  • limbic cortex
  • neocortex

Questão 43

Questão
Allowing workers to have some control over their work hours, which tasks to work on, and the order in which they perform the tasks are ways to _____ in workers.
Responda
  • increase pessimistic attributional style
  • promote the use of intellectualization as a coping strategy
  • activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
  • enhance personal control

Questão 44

Questão
The presence of quality social support has been linked to _____.
Responda
  • A. lower coronary heart risk
  • B. fewer pregnancy complications
  • C. lower mortality rate
  • D. quicker recovery from illness
  • E. A, B, C & D

Questão 45

Questão
In research, a “double blind” design eliminates/reduces _____ effects.
Responda
  • A. participant expectancy
  • B. experimenter expectancy
  • C. confounding variable
  • D. A & B
  • E. A, B & C

Questão 46

Questão
The notion that social support is beneficial to health regardless of stress level is called the _____ hypothesis.
Responda
  • buffering
  • health belief
  • direct effects
  • generalizability
  • global network

Questão 47

Questão
Problem-focused coping is LEAST likely to be used under which of the following situations?
Responda
  • destruction of property due to a hurricane
  • loss of a loved one
  • final exams
  • job loss
  • interpersonal conflict

Questão 48

Questão
Stress and BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factor, which promotes the growth of new neurons) are related in some brain regions such that increased stress is linked to decreased BDNF. This relationship illustrates a _____.
Responda
  • positive correlation
  • negative correlation
  • neutral correlation
  • causal correlation

Questão 49

Questão
According to the theory of planned behavior (action), the key determinant of people’s behavior is _____.
Responda
  • self-efficacy
  • social norms
  • perceived behavioral control
  • emotional stability
  • intention

Questão 50

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a useful scientific theory?
Responda
  • It enables predictions that can be empirically tested.
  • It relates information that previously seemed to be unrelated.
  • It is unchanging in the face of new data.
  • It organizes accepted facts in a coherent way.

Questão 51

Questão
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between psychosocial factors and heart disease?
Responda
  • A. Cardiac patients with strong social support recover faster and survive longer than do cardiac patients with little social support.
  • B. Pre-existing family problems can be exacerbated by a heart attack.
  • C. Unhealthy family dynamics can promote cardiac problems.
  • D. A, B & C

Questão 52

Questão
In what way are multiple sclerosis and diabetes type I similar?
Responda
  • They are both characterized by underactive immune systems.
  • They are both endocrine disorders.
  • They are both peripheral nervous system disorders.
  • They are both autoimmune disorders.
  • They are both characterized by decreased insulin release from the pancreas.

Questão 53

Questão
People who have an _____ locus of control believe that their own decisions and behaviors affect their outcomes, and people with such a belief system generally experience _____ physical and psychological health.
Responda
  • external; better
  • external; worse
  • internal; better
  • internal; worse

Questão 54

Questão
Actions taken to help a patient manage complicated, long term health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and chronic musculoskeletal pain are generally referred to as _____.
Responda
  • primary prevention
  • secondary prevention
  • tertiary prevention
  • quaternary prevention

Questão 55

Questão
According to class lecture, which of the following is TRUE about the effects of exercise?
Responda
  • A. Regular exercise lowers cardiovascular reactivity and decreases likelihood of hypertension
  • B. Less illness is noted in those who exercise more
  • C. Stress has less of a deleterious impact on the health of fit people
  • D. Exercise may slow the progression of certain brain disorders
  • E. A, B, C & D

Questão 56

Questão
Who coined the terms homeostasis and fight-or-flight response?
Responda
  • Albert Einstein
  • Hans Selye
  • Richard Lazarus
  • Walter Cannon
  • Sir Isaac Newton

Questão 57

Questão
Positive reinforcement _____ the chances that a behavior will recur; negative reinforcement _____ the chances that a behavior will recur. (Please read this question very carefully!)
Responda
  • increases; decreases
  • decreases; increases
  • increases; increases
  • decreases; decreases

Questão 58

Questão
The nursing home residents who were given greater control over their lives in the Langer and Rodin (1976) study (i.e., they had a plant to tend and could help to plan the menu) were more likely to be _____ than were the control condition participants a year and a half later.
Responda
  • deceased
  • alive and healthier
  • alive, but no healthier
  • a member of the community gardening team (Please do not pick this choice!)

Questão 59

Questão
According to the biopsychosocial model presented in lecture, health and disease outcomes flow directly from ____. (Please note that the answer key is correct this time!)
Responda
  • A. biological factors
  • B. psychological factors
  • C. social factors
  • D. A, B & C

Questão 60

Questão
Brain coral gets its name from the fact that its outer covering (bark) resembles that of the _____.
Responda
  • corpus callosum
  • thalamus
  • tectum
  • spinal cord
  • neocortex

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