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Behavioural Psychology

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Bangor University Behavioural psychology module
Ben Armstrong
Quiz por Ben Armstrong, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Ben Armstrong
Criado por Ben Armstrong quase 8 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
Visual analysis involves looking at the level, trend, and __________ of the data.
Responda
  • Generality
  • Variability
  • Mean
  • Mode

Questão 2

Questão
A common assumption in social science is that variability is ________ to the individual.
Responda
  • Intrinsic
  • Uncontrollable
  • Extrinsic
  • Covert

Questão 3

Questão
___________ are tentative statements for which further support is sought.
Responda
  • Theories
  • Hypotheses
  • Hypothetico-deductions
  • ABA

Questão 4

Questão
Behaviour analysis ___________ ‘off-the-shelf’ designs for particular research questions.
Responda
  • Does not have
  • Uses
  • Deductively uses
  • Sparingly uses

Questão 5

Questão
A ________ of behaviour describes a functional relation between behaviour and controlling variables.
Responda
  • Tactic
  • Theory
  • Principle
  • Hypothesis

Questão 6

Questão
Inductive approaches involve _____________________________ .
Responda
  • giving prominence to hypothesis testing
  • giving prominence to theory rather than data
  • giving prominence to data rather than theory
  • giving prominence to experimental behaviour analysis

Questão 7

Questão
Dissimilarity of scores in an experimental condition is called _________.
Responda
  • Trend
  • Variability
  • Stability
  • A non-parametric test

Questão 8

Questão
When changes in behaviour result from the intervention are meaningful and useful, they are _____________.
Responda
  • reliable and significant
  • statistically significant
  • clinically significant
  • measuring what they are supposed to

Questão 9

Questão
A/an __________ is a brief but specific statement of what the researcher wants to learn from conducting the experiment.
Responda
  • induction
  • hypothesis
  • experimental question
  • abstract

Questão 10

Questão
Beginning with a measure of an individual’s behaviour against which an independent variable is measured is called ___________.
Responda
  • establishing a baseline
  • developing a hypothesis
  • measuring trend
  • measuring variability

Questão 11

Questão
In his book The Behavior of Organisms (1938) Skinner described a science called the ______________.
Responda
  • experimental analysis
  • applied analysis
  • behavioural analysis
  • ABA reversal design

Questão 12

Questão
______________ is antithetical to determinism, which specifies that behaviour is lawful.
Responda
  • Accidentalism
  • Empiricism
  • Mentalism
  • Materialism

Questão 13

Questão
Radical behaviourism does not ignore thoughts and feelings, but treats them like other operant behaviours and calls them _________.
Responda
  • emotive behaviours
  • private events
  • private occurrences
  • emotive feelings

Questão 14

Questão
_____________ are circular arguments that do not help to explain behaviour.
Responda
  • Parsimonious fictions
  • Fictitious explanations
  • Explanatory fictions
  • Facts

Questão 15

Questão
The principle that conclusions drawn from scientific manipulation are tentative is that of ________________.
Responda
  • philosophic doubt
  • scientific doubt
  • empiricism
  • subjective opinion

Questão 16

Questão
A behaviour analyst may use some _______________________.
Responda
  • discrete trial teaching as the main approach.
  • discrete trial teaching, but only for children with autism.
  • discrete trial teaching.
  • biased opinion

Questão 17

Questão
_________________ refers to a variety of techniques designed to reduce the stimulation directly produced by a response.
Responda
  • Planned ignoring
  • Sensory extinction
  • Escape extinction
  • Shaping

Questão 18

Questão
Allen et al. (2013) found that the presence of manic episode in a woman with schizoaffective disorder and an intellectual disability made challenging behaviour sensitive to attention. This indicated that her challenging behaviour was likely maintained by ____________.
Responda
  • negative reinforcement
  • positive punishment
  • positive reinforcement
  • negative punishment

Questão 19

Questão
Escape extinction is ___________ for behaviours maintained by social attention.
Responda
  • irrelevent
  • recommended
  • contraindicated
  • highly recommended

Questão 20

Questão
Holtyn et al. (2014) used negative reinforcement to increase drug abstinence by introducing a _______________ contingent on an employee producing a urine sample showing drug use.
Responda
  • token econonomy
  • base pay reset
  • pay rise
  • sectioning

Questão 21

Questão
A cumulative record shows the pattern of responding _______ sessions.
Responda
  • across
  • within
  • outside
  • dependent on

Questão 22

Questão
Under a fixed-time schedule, reinforcers are delivered __________ behaviour.
Responda
  • Irrespective of
  • contingent on
  • after a
  • before a

Questão 23

Questão
A ________ schedule is an example of a complex schedule of reinforcement.
Responda
  • Variable interval
  • Feedback
  • tandem
  • Fixed ratio

Questão 24

Questão
The pattern of responding under a fixed-ratio schedule involves a post-reinforcement pause and a series of reinforcers; a pattern which is called ______________.
Responda
  • Pause-and-respond
  • scallop
  • break-and-run
  • time-out

Questão 25

Questão
A ratio schedule requires a specified number of ___________ since the last reinforcer for the next reinforcer to be obtained.
Responda
  • stimuli
  • seconds
  • reponses
  • minutes

Questão 26

Questão
Schedule thinning often involves moving from a continuous schedule of reinforcement to an __________ schedule of reinforcement.
Responda
  • intermittent
  • indirect
  • independent
  • complex

Questão 27

Questão
Sometimes, humans are less sensitive to schedules than animals because of instructional control. Instructional control describes how _____________ interferes with the schedule.
Responda
  • verbal behaviour
  • stimulus control
  • motivating operations
  • copulation

Questão 28

Questão
One of the limitations of the research on schedules is that a large proportion of it has been conducted using ______________.
Responda
  • positive reinforcement
  • negative reinforcement
  • positive punishment
  • negative punishment

Questão 29

Questão
Grow et al. (2010) interspersed periods of staff availability with unavailability to put excessive social behaviours of a man with intellectual disabilities under stimulus control. The two schedules (availability and unavailability) were a multiple schedule because they ____________________.
Responda
  • were simultaneous and had discriminative stimuli
  • were successive and had discriminative stimuli
  • were simultaneous and had no discriminative stimuli
  • involved reinforcement

Questão 30

Questão
Saunders et al. (2005) showed that showing their participants how pieces of paper they had to shred to earn reinforcers under a fixed ratio schedule made the schedule more effective. This is an example of a ___________________.
Responda
  • Post-reinforcement pause
  • Fixed time schedule
  • discriminative stimulus
  • punishment

Questão 31

Questão
Reinforcement available for responding outside of schedules in the matching law (Re) is called _______________.
Responda
  • Externalising reinforcement
  • Extraneous reinforcement
  • Experimental reinforcement
  • Equal reinforcement

Questão 32

Questão
In a concurrent schedule, two or more schedules are available at the same time, and they are ______________ .
Responda
  • dependent
  • interdependent
  • independent
  • intradependent

Questão 33

Questão
Matching law analyses usually use ______ schedules as they produce a high, stable rate of responding.
Responda
  • VR
  • VI
  • FI
  • FR

Questão 34

Questão
_______________ response effort on an alternative will result in an increase in responding on that alternative.
Responda
  • Decreasing
  • Increasing
  • Not changing
  • Maximising

Questão 35

Questão
In Herrnstein's (1971) matching law equation, B and R represent _____________________________________ respectively.
Responda
  • behaviour emitted and reinforcers obtained
  • behaviour emitted and reinforcers available
  • behaviour obtained and reinforcers available
  • behaviour obtained and reinforcers obtained

Questão 36

Questão
The allocation of responses to alternatives in a matching analysis is the _________ response ratio
Responda
  • absolute
  • relative
  • independent
  • reverse

Questão 37

Questão
Applied situations can often be analysed as ________________________.
Responda
  • concurrent reinforcement schedules
  • nonconcurrent reinforcement schedules
  • mixed reinforcement schedules
  • Stimulus control

Questão 38

Questão
The opportunity to choose is effective for increasing appropriate behaviour, however it is difficult to tell whether this is because of the reinforcing effects of making a choice, or that making a choice provided access to more reinforcing outcomes. This is called the _____________________________.
Responda
  • choosing effect
  • reinforcing effect
  • differential outcomes effect
  • individual differences

Questão 39

Questão
Borrero et al. (2007) showed that social interactions were aimed at people in a conversation based on how much reinforcement they provided for interactions (i.e., matching). This finding could be used in a classroom by providing a __________________ for children who call out too often and the opposite for children who do not participate enough.
Responda
  • denser schedule
  • leaner schedule
  • concurrent schedule
  • a more compacted schedule

Questão 40

Questão
The opportunity to choose tasks, rather than being assigned tasks, might alter the value of escape (i.e., could be a / an __________________ for escape as a reinforcer).
Responda
  • establishing operations
  • abolishing operation
  • concurrent schedule
  • motivating operation

Questão 41

Questão
Because it can be paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers, money is a _____________________.
Responda
  • generalised unconditioned reinforcer
  • primary reinforcer
  • generalised conditioned reinforcer
  • token economy

Questão 42

Questão
If you add a response cost to a token economy, you are adding a _____________________.
Responda
  • Negative punisher
  • Negative reinforcer
  • Positive reinforcer
  • Positive punisher

Questão 43

Questão
______________________ involves using a tone as a conditioned reinforcer in recall ranching of fish.
Responda
  • Implementing a token economy
  • Temporal discrimination
  • Acoustic conditioning
  • Acoustic encoding

Questão 44

Questão
In a token economy, it is important to clearly explain and arrange how conditioned reinforcers will be ______________________.
Responda
  • exchanged
  • changed
  • unconditioned
  • conditioned

Questão 45

Questão
A person's _________________ can account for variations in the stimuli that will serve as conditioned reinforcers or punishers for that person.
Responda
  • personality
  • learning history
  • motivation
  • discriminative stimuli

Questão 46

Questão
A potential mistake in setting up a token economy is to __________________.
Responda
  • stop the person bargaining with you
  • thin the schedule
  • define behaviours poorly
  • make the schedule denser

Questão 47

Questão
Protopopova and Wynne (2015) found that the behaviour of dogs in a shelter could be improved to increase their chances of adoption. Under a differential reinforcement of other behaviour schedule (DRO), reinforcers are presented ____________________.
Responda
  • at fixed times but only if the undesirable behaviour is not occurring
  • contingent on desirable behaviour
  • contingent on undesirable behaviour
  • regardless of their behaviour (FI)

Questão 48

Questão
TAGTEACH, which involves a clicker as a conditioned reinforcer for human behaviour, is called __________________.
Responda
  • teaching with unconditioned reinforcement
  • teaching with acoustical guidance
  • conditioned teaching
  • teaching by playing tag

Questão 49

Questão
The difference between clicker training in animals and TAGTEACH is __________________________________________________________ .
Responda
  • there is no explicit pairing of the sound with a primary reinforcer in TAGTEACH
  • there is no backup reinforcer in TAGTEACH
  • clicker training in animals is more effective
  • TAGTEACH uses a token economy whereby clicker training does not

Questão 50

Questão
A conditioned reinforcer is also called a _____________________.
Responda
  • primary reinforcer
  • pairing reinforcer
  • secondary reinforcer
  • Token Economy

Questão 51

Questão
When superstitious behaviour occurs because of something in the environment, it is a Type 2 superstition. Behaviour is under superstitious ______________ control.
Responda
  • causal
  • discriminitive
  • reinforcer
  • correlation

Questão 52

Questão
Skinner (1948) showed each pigeon in his study engaged in a dominant superstitious response when he delivered reinforcers on a __ schedule of reinforcement.
Responda
  • FR
  • FT
  • VI
  • VR

Questão 53

Questão
Killeen (1978) showed that superstitious behaviour may not be a result of an inability to discriminate, but of _________ .
Responda
  • chance
  • bias
  • contingency shaping
  • fixed schedules

Questão 54

Questão
Adventitious reinforcement is when a reinforcer __________ a behaviour but is not caused by it
Responda
  • precedes
  • occurs simultaneously with
  • follows
  • motivates

Questão 55

Questão
Superstitious behaviour drifts over time because small ______________ in the behaviour are reinforced and become dominant
Responda
  • consistencies
  • variations
  • motivations
  • contingencies

Questão 56

Questão
Rule-governed behaviour arises with instruction; it is ______________.
Responda
  • shaped
  • affected by contingencies
  • not shaped
  • chained

Questão 57

Questão
The law of effect is a _______________ ; it’s about things happening close together in time.
Responda
  • temporal law
  • temperate law
  • discriminative law
  • fixed ratio schedule

Questão 58

Questão
Supersitious behaviour is NOT _____________ .
Responda
  • Difficult to produce
  • persistent
  • Behaviour that drifts over time
  • in fact, real

Questão 59

Questão
Wager and Morris (1978) found that when a clown dispensed marbles on a fixed-time schedule, children developed superstitious behaviour that was characteristic of scalloped responding under a _____________ schedule.
Responda
  • Fixed-ratio
  • Fixed-interval
  • Variable-ratio
  • Variable-interval

Questão 60

Questão
A behaviour analytic account of values is that ________________________ .
Responda
  • Values don’t exist
  • Values are unconditioned
  • we learn to call some things good and some things bad
  • Values that exist

Questão 61

Questão
To facilitate generalisation to the real-world setting when teaching someone to order at McDonalds, you might use a real McDonalds menu during training. This is called _______________ .
Responda
  • multiple exemplar training
  • discrimination training
  • incorporating common stimuli
  • naturally-occuring stimuli

Questão 62

Questão
A prominent stimulus in the environment can be called _________ .
Responda
  • salient
  • generalisable
  • discrete
  • Insignificant

Questão 63

Questão
The occurrence of behaviour in untrained settings is ___________.
Responda
  • generalisation
  • discrimination
  • salience
  • incorporating common stimuli

Questão 64

Questão
Untrained behaviours that are _______________ to the behaviour that was trained appear under response generalisation.
Responda
  • functionally irrelevant
  • functionally equivalent
  • topographically equivalent
  • naturally-occurring stimuli

Questão 65

Questão
Training can be said to be effective when behaviour comes under the control of ___________________________.
Responda
  • discriminated operants
  • prompts
  • naturally-occurring stimuli
  • incorporating common stimuli

Questão 66

Questão
Discrimination is when different stimuli ________________________________.
Responda
  • evoke the same response
  • do not evoke the same response
  • evokes a prompt
  • prevents the same response

Questão 67

Questão
A generalisation gradient shows how much responding occurs as a dimension of the _________________ varies (e.g., colour).
Responda
  • reinforcer
  • discriminative stimulus
  • behaviour
  • stimuli

Questão 68

Questão
Lalli et al. (1998) found that the probability of self-injurious behaviour varied based on how close the therapist stood to the child. They were able to plot a generalisation gradient and the discriminative stimulus was __________________.
Responda
  • the child
  • the therapist
  • attention
  • the classroom

Questão 69

Questão
Guttman and Kalish (1956) showed that pigeons' responding to keys that were a slightly different colour to the training key colour made a generalisation gradient. The shape of this gradient was ______________________________ .
Responda
  • a peak in the middle at the training key colour, with fewer and fewer responses the further away the colour was from the training colour.
  • more responding to shades of yellow, with no peak
  • a dip in responses at the training colour, with more responding to other colours
  • a bell-curve

Questão 70

Questão
When you make a generalisation gradient, you plot the ___________________________________ x- and y-axes, respectively.
Responda
  • dimension of the discriminative stimulus and number of responses
  • number of responses and dimension of the discriminative stimulus
  • number of responses and reinforcers
  • data points

Questão 71

Questão
The consequence of another person terminating an aversive task, interaction, or activity contingent on a behaviour is ______________________.
Responda
  • Social positive reinforcement
  • Social negative reinforcement
  • Social negative punishment
  • Social positive punishment

Questão 72

Questão
Automatic reinforcement occurs when _____________________.
Responda
  • behaviour is followed by a conditioned reinforcer
  • behaviour is followed by praise
  • behaviour provides stimulation
  • contingencies are met

Questão 73

Questão
Indirect methods as also called ______________ because they involve gathering information from people in the environment.
Responda
  • direct observation
  • descriptive methods
  • informant methods
  • covert attention

Questão 74

Questão
A _______________ involves manipulating antecedents or consequences to determine their effect on behaviour.
Responda
  • functional analysis
  • scatterplot
  • direct observation
  • simple regression

Questão 75

Questão
In a functional analysis, function is indicated in the condition with the _________________.
Responda
  • the lowest rate of responding
  • the highest rate of responding
  • an average rate of responding
  • generalisation of the behaviour

Questão 76

Questão
Behaviour change as a result of a specific change in the environment as part of a procedure shows a _____________________.
Responda
  • topography of behaviour
  • functional relation
  • purposeful behaviour
  • generalised behaviour

Questão 77

Questão
Sharp et al. (2012) showed that liquid rescheduling was effective in decreasing rumination (repetitive regurgitation and re-swallowing of food). Liquid rescheduling is ___________________.
Responda
  • An antecedent intervention
  • An intervention for behaviours maintained by escape
  • A reinforcer
  • A punisher (Frank Castle)

Questão 78

Questão
Dozier et al. (2011) arranged their functional analysis conditions to reflect the ______________________ of a man's inappropriate sexual behaviour involving feet and shoes. This helped them identify antecedents.
Responda
  • Reinforcers
  • relevant stimulus conditions
  • extinction conditions
  • punishers

Questão 79

Questão
Scratching a poison ivy rash is an example of _______________________ . A functionally-equivalent response would be to put calamine lotion on it.
Responda
  • Automatic negative reinforcement
  • Automatic positive reinforcement
  • Social negative reinforcement
  • Social positive reinforcement

Questão 80

Questão
Tangible reinforcement is also called _______________.
Responda
  • escape
  • social positive reinforcement
  • automatic positive reinforcement
  • automatic negative reinforcement

Questão 81

Questão
Explaining animal behaviour in terms of human motives is _______________________.
Responda
  • problem solving
  • functional equivalence
  • an anthropomorphism
  • preposterous

Questão 82

Questão
Novel behaviours can arise from trial-and-error, stimulus generalisation, and _____________________.
Responda
  • imitation
  • response generalisation
  • problem solving
  • shaping

Questão 83

Questão
A dog looking 'guilty' could be negatively reinforced because _______________________.
Responda
  • it results in being petted
  • it results in the scolding stopping
  • it results in being forgiven
  • the dog actually feels guilty

Questão 84

Questão
When Epstein's pigeons were placed in the problem solving situation there was ________________________________________.
Responda
  • imitation of previous responses
  • shaping of behaviour
  • an initial conflict between responses
  • great cognitions within the pigeons

Questão 85

Questão
Keeping the Russian anti-tank dogs hungry created _____________________________.
Responda
  • stimulus control
  • a motivating operation
  • generalisation
  • a discriminative stimulus

Questão 86

Questão
Performing novel behaviours in a situation that you've never been in before to produce certain consequences is __________.
Responda
  • trial and error
  • problem solving
  • anthropomorphising
  • looking like a fool

Questão 87

Questão
The purpose of conducting a preference assessment for dogs such as in Vicars et al. (2014) is to identify stimuli that might serve as ____________________.
Responda
  • reinforcers
  • motivating operations
  • punishers
  • abolishing operations

Questão 88

Questão
Vicars et al. (2014) used a paired stimulus preference assessment for dogs. This involved presenting pairs of stimuli from which the dogs could choose, an approach based on _____________________.
Responda
  • Supersitious behaviour
  • Stimulus control
  • the matching law
  • previous research

Questão 89

Questão
Martin et al. (2011) conducted a functional analysis on a chimpanzee's faeces throwing behaviour. They found that the chimpanzee was engaging in this behaviour ____________________________.
Responda
  • Because it was angry
  • Because it was being punished
  • Because it received reinforcers for doing so
  • because it wanted to be a major league baseball player

Questão 90

Questão
Improving the quality of life of animals in captivity would NOT include ________________________to manage difficult behaviour.
Responda
  • Environmental enrichment
  • implementing function-based interventions
  • Forcing compliance
  • forcing conformity

Questão 91

Questão
Criminal profiling is a process by which evidence (particularly that found at a crime scene) is analysed to determine ______________ offender characteristics.
Responda
  • probable
  • personality
  • with certainty
  • deep

Questão 92

Questão
Kocsis, Hayes, and Irwin (2002) found the _______________ was not a factor in the accuracy of profiling.
Responda
  • gender
  • age
  • experience
  • genetics

Questão 93

Questão
______________ assumes that offenders engaging in similar behaviours will display similar characteristics.
Responda
  • Homology
  • Behaviourism
  • Empiricism
  • Hetrology

Questão 94

Questão
Ferguson (2013) suggested that there are only five relevant offender characteristics in a profile - motive, special skills or knowledge of methods and materials, relationship to the victim, __________________ and criminal skill or forensic awareness.
Responda
  • personality
  • knowledge of the crime scene or location
  • history of abuse
  • drunk and disorderly

Questão 95

Questão
One of the challenges is behaviour analysis of criminal behaviour is that often, the behaviours are _________.
Responda
  • not measurable
  • internal
  • covert
  • overt

Questão 96

Questão
A challenge in teaching incarcerated offenders new behaviours whilst they are in prison is ______________.
Responda
  • They don’t want to change
  • generalisation to outside settings
  • there is no evidence that it works
  • extensively researched and completely effective

Questão 97

Questão
Being sent to prison after committing a crime could be a ___________________.
Responda
  • Delayed punisher
  • Punisher with good temporal contiguity
  • Discriminative stimulus for crime
  • an ineffective means of teaching someone a lesson. Bring back public execution! :D

Questão 98

Questão
Committing crimes can be on _______________ schedule of reinforcement – sometimes you don’t get caught
Responda
  • a continuous
  • no
  • intermittent
  • fixed interval

Questão 99

Questão
Schnelle et al. (1978) found that adding a helicopter decreased burglaries and the cash benefits outweighed the cost of the helicopter. The helicopter was most likely a ___________________________.
Responda
  • discriminative stimulus for a punisher (being caught)
  • punisher
  • motivating operation
  • reinforcer

Questão 100

Questão
Bassett and Blanchard (1977) found that the number of behaviours punished and the frequency of punishment increased when a prison token economy was unsupervised. This could have been because implementing punishment was a _____________ for the behaviour of the guards running the token economy.
Responda
  • punisher
  • motivating operation
  • reinforcer
  • jeez why did i even start this quiz 100 QUESTIONS!!!?? you're having a laugh mate...

Questão 101

Questão
You have been asked to assess and change a child’s disruptive behaviour at school. The teacher reports that he engages in the behaviour most during maths class. When is the best time to observe?
Responda
  • During maths lessons.
  • During all lessons.
  • At home.
  • During school and at home.

Questão 102

Questão
The research approach that looks at generating theories from carefully collected data is called...
Responda
  • behaviour analysis.
  • deduction.
  • induction.
  • the scientific method.

Questão 103

Questão
Which of the following is accurate from the perspective of behaviour analysis?
Responda
  • Positive means additive and negative means subtractive.
  • Positive means good and negative means bad.
  • Positive means in the desired direction and negative means contrary to the desired direction
  • Positive means reinforcing and negative means punishing

Questão 104

Questão
Behaviour analysts look for causes of psychological behaviour in the...
Responda
  • mind.
  • behaver’s repertoire.
  • DSM.
  • environment

Questão 105

Questão
Behaviour can be defined as...
Responda
  • anything a person does.
  • the interaction of an organism in an environment.
  • thoughts and feelings.
  • all of the answers

Questão 106

Questão
Which of the following is a principle?
Responda
  • Shaping
  • Reinforcement
  • Chaining
  • Discrimination training

Questão 107

Questão
The use of visual analysis requires which of the following assumptions?
Responda
  • That the data are accurate.
  • That all variables (other than the independent variable) were held consistent across phases
  • That the baseline comes first followed by intervention.
  • The data is accurate, and the variables are consistent

Questão 108

Questão
The experimental analysis of behaviour as defined by Skinner, involves:
Responda
  • Mentalisms
  • Hypothetical constructs
  • A focus on the environment
  • A focus on the cognitions

Questão 109

Questão
The dimension of applied behaviour analysis ‘generality’ refers to...
Responda
  • Behaviour change being meaningful
  • Behaviour change persisting across time
  • Behaviour change persisting across time and across settings
  • Behaviour change methods are described in detail

Questão 110

Questão
How are reinforcement and bribery different?
Responda
  • Bribery doesn’t work
  • Reinforcement doesn’t work
  • Bribery precedes behaviour and benefits the briber, reinforcement follows behaviour and is intended to benefit the learner
  • Reinforcement follows behaviour and benefits the person reinforcing the behaviour, bribery precedes a behaviour and benefits the briber

Questão 111

Questão
Removing reinforcement for a previously reinforced behaviour is....
Responda
  • Punishment
  • Ignoring
  • Extinction but is never ignoring
  • Extinction and can be ignoring

Questão 112

Questão
Motivating operations...
Responda
  • Permanently change the value of a reinforcer and frequency of behaviours previously reinforced by that reinforcer
  • Momentarily change the value of a reinforcer and frequency of behaviours previously reinforced by that reinforcer
  • Deprivation
  • The value of a punisher

Questão 113

Questão
A schedule is defined as...
Responda
  • A rule that describes a contingency.
  • A type of reinforcer specific to that individual
  • A visual system used to help children with autism manage transitions
  • Reinforcing every instance of behaviour.

Questão 114

Questão
Which of the following schedules are intermittent?
Responda
  • variable interval and fixed interval
  • CRF
  • variable ratio and fixed ratio
  • VI, VR, FI, FR

Questão 115

Questão
How do behaviour analysts measure choice?
Responda
  • Using Maslow’s theory of motivation
  • Using concurrent schedules of reinforcement
  • Using consecutive schedules of reinforcement
  • D. None of the answers, behaviour analysts do not believe choice exists

Questão 116

Questão
Which of the following ALL affect matching?
Responda
  • Magnitude, delay, punishment, quality, and response effort
  • Force, punishment, reinforcement, stimulus control, and motivation.
  • Response effort, delay, time of day, individual differences, and inter-response time.
  • Cumulative responses, aversive control, timing, quantity, and qualitative choice.

Questão 117

Questão
Choice...
Responda
  • is only determined by an individual’s genetic history
  • can be used as a antecedent manipulation
  • can be used as a consequence
  • can be used as both a consequence, and an antecedent manipulation

Questão 118

Questão
In the matching law, what does Re represent?
Responda
  • Extraneous reinforcement: that occurs outside of what we are measuring
  • External reinforcement: outside the person
  • External responses: what we can measure
  • Extraneous reinforcement: that occurs within complex schedules

Questão 119

Questão
Choice responding to an alternative can be measured by...
Responda
  • The number of responses only
  • The discriminative stimulus
  • The number of responses or time allocated
  • The value of the schedule

Questão 120

Questão
What is the ‘take home message’ of the matching law in regards to explaining choice?
Responda
  • Discriminative stimuli shape choices
  • Responses match reinforcers
  • Choice cannot be measured
  • Preference is more important than choice

Questão 121

Questão
Timmy’s teacher sets up a token economy to teach him to participate during carpet time. She puts a sticker on his chart every time he puts his hand up to answer a question. At the end of the day she tells him how many stickers he achieved. Identify the problem with this system
Responda
  • Timmy should only get a sticker if he answered the question correctly
  • Stickers should never be used as tokens
  • There is no backup reinforcer
  • The teacher should not tell Timmy how many stickers he earned.

Questão 122

Questão
A token economy should always be introduced on a __ schedule and then changed to a ___ schedule of reinforcement
Responda
  • CRF, denser
  • CRF, thinner
  • Thin, CRF
  • Thin, denser

Questão 123

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a mistake when implementing a token economy?
Responda
  • Negotiating the backup reinforcer part way through
  • Maintaining a CRF schedule
  • Not exchanging the token economy for a backup reinforcer
  • Changing the backup reinforcer to something more reinforcing

Questão 124

Questão
Select the correct answer. Target training during animal husbandry…
Responda
  • Punishes the animal for incorrect responses
  • Is only useful for primates and exotic animals
  • Increases animal interactions with humans
  • Decreases animal interactions with humans

Questão 125

Questão
When should you not use shaping?
Responda
  • To teach a new behaviour
  • When you can tell or show someone how to engage in the target behaviour.
  • To increase a previously-engaged in behaviour.
  • D. To teach verbal behaviour.

Questão 126

Questão
What is the cause of superstitious behaviour?
Responda
  • Supernatural forces
  • Concurrent schedules
  • Complex schedules
  • Adventitious reinforcement

Questão 127

Questão
Culture is transmitted...
Responda
  • Through verbal behaviour alone
  • Through rule-governed behaviour, contingency-shaped behaviour and imitation
  • Only though contingency-shaped behaviour
  • Genetically

Questão 128

Questão
When good events occurs, we tend to attribute the cause to ________ and when negative events occur, we tend to attribute the cause to _______.
Responda
  • Ourselves, ourselves.
  • The environment, ourselves
  • Ourselves, the environment
  • The environment, the environment

Questão 129

Questão
An S∆ signals
Responda
  • The learner will get reinforcement for choosing the triangle
  • Reinforcement is available
  • This is a discriminate stimulus
  • Extinction

Questão 130

Questão
Find the correct answer. In the original Epstein (1984) paper…
Responda
  • Other pigeons trained only in one of the prerequisite skills could not solve the problem
  • Jumping to peck at the banana was extinguished
  • The box being under the banana was an SD for standing on it to peck
  • All of the answers

Questão 131

Questão
What is generalisation?
Responda
  • The occurrence of behaviour in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some way to the SD present during training
  • an increase in the likelihood of a behaviour in the presence of a stimulus or setting as a result of being reinforced in the presence of a different stimulus or setting
  • When a behaviour is influenced by reinforcement
  • none of the answers

Questão 132

Questão
Interventions based on the ______________ of behaviour are more likely to be effective.
Responda
  • topography
  • function
  • stimuli
  • superstition

Questão 133

Questão
What is the principle of parsimony?
Responda
  • All simple logical explanations should be ruled out experimentally before more complex explanations are considered.
  • Should always go for the most complex explanation, as that is more scientific
  • Simple explanations are usually wrong
  • Should rule out foolish explanations

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