Examen General

UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS FACULTAD DE ARTES Y HUMANIDADES DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS Y LITERATURA EXAMEN GENERAL DE COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA EN INGLÉS Formato B DO NOT WRITE OR MAKE ANY MARKS ON THIS TEST READING COMPREHENSION: For problems 1 to 40, read the passages, then answer the questions following them according to the information given in each passage. Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 1. With what topic does this passage primarily deal?

READING COMPREHENSION: For problems 1 to 40, read the passages, then answer the questions following them according to the information given in each passage. Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 2. The word "Marring" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS FACULTAD DE ARTES Y HUMANIDADES DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS Y LITERATURA EXAMEN GENERAL DE COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA EN INGLÉS Formato B DO NOT WRITE OR MAKE ANY MARKS ON THIS TEST READING COMPREHENSION: For problems 1 to 40, read the passages, then answer the questions following them according to the information given in each passage. Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 3. The word "clog" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS FACULTAD DE ARTES Y HUMANIDADES DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS Y LITERATURA EXAMEN GENERAL DE COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA EN INGLÉS Formato B DO NOT WRITE OR MAKE ANY MARKS ON THIS TEST READING COMPREHENSION: For problems 1 to 40, read the passages, then answer the questions following them according to the information given in each passage. Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 4. Which of the following terms does the author define in the first paragraph?

UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS FACULTAD DE ARTES Y HUMANIDADES DEPARTAMENTO DE LENGUAS Y LITERATURA EXAMEN GENERAL DE COMPRENSIÓN LECTORA EN INGLÉS Formato B DO NOT WRITE OR MAKE ANY MARKS ON THIS TEST READING COMPREHENSION: For problems 1 to 40, read the passages, then answer the questions following them according to the information given in each passage. Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 5. With which of the following statements about the use of chemical agents as herbicides would the author most likely agree?

Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 6. Which of the following is NOT given as an advantage of biological agents over chemical herbicides?

Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 7. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “Hence” in line 10?

Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 8. The word "innate" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 9. According to the passage, biological agents consist mainly of

Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 10. The word "those" in line 14 refers to

Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 11. The word "applications" in line 16 could best be replaced by which of the following?

Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants. The global need for weed control has been answered mainly by the chemical industry. Its herbicides are effective and sometimes necessary, but some pose serious problems, particularly if misused. Toxic compounds threaten animal and public health when they accumulate in food plants, ground water, and drinking water. They also harm workers who apply them. In recent years, the chemical industry has introduced several herbicides that are more ecologically sound. Yet new chemicals alone cannot solve the world’s weed problems. Hence, scientists are exploring the innate weed-killing powers of living organisms, primarily insects and micro organisms. The biological agents now in use are harmless to humans and are environmentally benign. They can be chosen for their ability to attack selected targets and leave crops and other plants untouched. In contrast, some of the most effective chemicals kill virtually all the plants they come in contact with, sparing only those that are naturally resistant or have been genetically modified for resistance. Furthermore, a number of biological agents can be administered only once, after which no added applications are needed. Chemicals typically must be used several times per growing season. 12. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

West Side Story is a musical tragedy based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is set in the early 1950's, when gang warfare in big cities led to injuries and even death. West Side Story transforms the Montagues and Capulets of Shakespeare's play into feuding street gangs, the Jets and the Sharks, one consisting of newly arrived Puerto Ricans and the other of native-born New Yorkers. The plot, tightly choreographed by Jerome Robbins, tells the story of the love of Maria, a Puerto Rican, for Tony, who, while attempting to stop a street fight, kills Maria's brother and is ultimately killed himself. Leonard Bernstein's musical score is brilliant, and Stephen Sondheim, making his Broadway debut, reveals a remarkable talent for writing lyrics. Among the hit songs of the play are "Tonight," "Maria," "America," and "I Feel Pretty" The play opened on September 26, 1957. It ran for 734 performances, toured for 10 months, and then returned to New York for an additional 246 performances. A film version was released in 1961, and a successful New York revival opened in 1980. 13. The author's attitude toward the play is generally

West Side Story is a musical tragedy based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is set in the early 1950's, when gang warfare in big cities led to injuries and even death. West Side Story transforms the Montagues and Capulets of Shakespeare's play into feuding street gangs, the Jets and the Sharks, one consisting of newly arrived Puerto Ricans and the other of native-born New Yorkers. The plot, tightly choreographed by Jerome Robbins, tells the story of the love of Maria, a Puerto Rican, for Tony, who, while attempting to stop a street fight, kills Maria's brother and is ultimately killed himself. Leonard Bernstein's musical score is brilliant, and Stephen Sondheim, making his Broadway debut, reveals a remarkable talent for writing lyrics. Among the hit songs of the play are "Tonight," "Maria," "America," and "I Feel Pretty" The play opened on September 26, 1957. It ran for 734 performances, toured for 10 months, and then returned to New York for an additional 246 performances. A film version was released in 1961, and a successful New York revival opened in 1980. 14. According to the passage, when does the action of the play West Side Story take place?

West Side Story is a musical tragedy based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is set in the early 1950's, when gang warfare in big cities led to injuries and even death. West Side Story transforms the Montagues and Capulets of Shakespeare's play into feuding street gangs, the Jets and the Sharks, one consisting of newly arrived Puerto Ricans and the other of native-born New Yorkers. The plot, tightly choreographed by Jerome Robbins, tells the story of the love of Maria, a Puerto Rican, for Tony, who, while attempting to stop a street fight, kills Maria's brother and is ultimately killed himself. Leonard Bernstein's musical score is brilliant, and Stephen Sondheim, making his Broadway debut, reveals a remarkable talent for writing lyrics. Among the hit songs of the play are "Tonight," "Maria," "America," and "I Feel Pretty" The play opened on September 26, 1957. It ran for 734 performances, toured for 10 months, and then returned to New York for an additional 246 performances. A film version was released in 1961, and a successful New York revival opened in 1980. 15. It can be inferred from the passage that the Capulets and Montagues

West Side Story is a musical tragedy based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is set in the early 1950's, when gang warfare in big cities led to injuries and even death. West Side Story transforms the Montagues and Capulets of Shakespeare's play into feuding street gangs, the Jets and the Sharks, one consisting of newly arrived Puerto Ricans and the other of native-born New Yorkers. The plot, tightly choreographed by Jerome Robbins, tells the story of the love of Maria, a Puerto Rican, for Tony, who, while attempting to stop a street fight, kills Maria's brother and is ultimately killed himself. Leonard Bernstein's musical score is brilliant, and Stephen Sondheim, making his Broadway debut, reveals a remarkable talent for writing lyrics. Among the hit songs of the play are "Tonight," "Maria," "America," and "I Feel Pretty" The play opened on September 26, 1957. It ran for 734 performances, toured for 10 months, and then returned to New York for an additional 246 performances. A film version was released in 1961, and a successful New York revival opened in 1980. 16. The word "feuding" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

West Side Story is a musical tragedy based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is set in the early 1950's, when gang warfare in big cities led to injuries and even death. West Side Story transforms the Montagues and Capulets of Shakespeare's play into feuding street gangs, the Jets and the Sharks, one consisting of newly arrived Puerto Ricans and the other of native-born New Yorkers. The plot, tightly choreographed by Jerome Robbins, tells the story of the love of Maria, a Puerto Rican, for Tony, who, while attempting to stop a street fight, kills Maria's brother and is ultimately killed himself. Leonard Bernstein's musical score is brilliant, and Stephen Sondheim, making his Broadway debut, reveals a remarkable talent for writing lyrics. Among the hit songs of the play are "Tonight," "Maria," "America," and "I Feel Pretty" The play opened on September 26, 1957. It ran for 734 performances, toured for 10 months, and then returned to New York for an additional 246 performances. A film version was released in 1961, and a successful New York revival opened in 1980. 17. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “ultimately” in line 5?

West Side Story is a musical tragedy based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is set in the early 1950's, when gang warfare in big cities led to injuries and even death. West Side Story transforms the Montagues and Capulets of Shakespeare's play into feuding street gangs, the Jets and the Sharks, one consisting of newly arrived Puerto Ricans and the other of native-born New Yorkers. The plot, tightly choreographed by Jerome Robbins, tells the story of the love of Maria, a Puerto Rican, for Tony, who, while attempting to stop a street fight, kills Maria's brother and is ultimately killed himself. Leonard Bernstein's musical score is brilliant, and Stephen Sondheim, making his Broadway debut, reveals a remarkable talent for writing lyrics. Among the hit songs of the play are "Tonight," "Maria," "America," and "I Feel Pretty" The play opened on September 26, 1957. It ran for 734 performances, toured for 10 months, and then returned to New York for an additional 246 performances. A film version was released in 1961, and a successful New York revival opened in 1980. 18. According to the article, the words to the songs of West Side Story were written by

West Side Story is a musical tragedy based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is set in the early 1950's, when gang warfare in big cities led to injuries and even death. West Side Story transforms the Montagues and Capulets of Shakespeare's play into feuding street gangs, the Jets and the Sharks, one consisting of newly arrived Puerto Ricans and the other of native-born New Yorkers. The plot, tightly choreographed by Jerome Robbins, tells the story of the love of Maria, a Puerto Rican, for Tony, who, while attempting to stop a street fight, kills Maria's brother and is ultimately killed himself. Leonard Bernstein's musical score is brilliant, and Stephen Sondheim, making his Broadway debut, reveals a remarkable talent for writing lyrics. Among the hit songs of the play are "Tonight," "Maria," "America," and "I Feel Pretty" The play opened on September 26, 1957. It ran for 734 performances, toured for 10 months, and then returned to New York for an additional 246 performances. A film version was released in 1961, and a successful New York revival opened in 1980. 19. The word "score" in line 6 could best be replaced by which of the following?

West Side Story is a musical tragedy based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is set in the early 1950's, when gang warfare in big cities led to injuries and even death. West Side Story transforms the Montagues and Capulets of Shakespeare's play into feuding street gangs, the Jets and the Sharks, one consisting of newly arrived Puerto Ricans and the other of native-born New Yorkers. The plot, tightly choreographed by Jerome Robbins, tells the story of the love of Maria, a Puerto Rican, for Tony, who, while attempting to stop a street fight, kills Maria's brother and is ultimately killed himself. Leonard Bernstein's musical score is brilliant, and Stephen Sondheim, making his Broadway debut, reveals a remarkable talent for writing lyrics. Among the hit songs of the play are "Tonight," "Maria," "America," and "I Feel Pretty" The play opened on September 26, 1957. It ran for 734 performances, toured for 10 months, and then returned to New York for an additional 246 performances. A film version was released in 1961, and a successful New York revival opened in 1980. 20. During its initial appearance in New York, how many times was West Side Story performed?

West Side Story is a musical tragedy based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is set in the early 1950's, when gang warfare in big cities led to injuries and even death. West Side Story transforms the Montagues and Capulets of Shakespeare's play into feuding street gangs, the Jets and the Sharks, one consisting of newly arrived Puerto Ricans and the other of native-born New Yorkers. The plot, tightly choreographed by Jerome Robbins, tells the story of the love of Maria, a Puerto Rican, for Tony, who, while attempting to stop a street fight, kills Maria's brother and is ultimately killed himself. Leonard Bernstein's musical score is brilliant, and Stephen Sondheim, making his Broadway debut, reveals a remarkable talent for writing lyrics. Among the hit songs of the play are "Tonight," "Maria," "America," and "I Feel Pretty" The play opened on September 26, 1957. It ran for 734 performances, toured for 10 months, and then returned to New York for an additional 246 performances. A film version was released in 1961, and a successful New York revival opened in 1980. 21. Where in the passage is the basic story of West Side Story summarized?

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 22. Approximately how many cars were there in the United States in 1900?

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 23. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "By happenstance" as used in line 3?

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 24. Approximately how many of the cars assembled in the year 1900 were gasoline powered?

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 25. According to the passage, people at the 1900 New York Auto Show favored cars powered by

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 26. The word "fumes" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 27. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "launched" in line 8?

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 28. The purpose of the additive mentioned in line 11 was to

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 29. What was the highest price asked for a car at the 1900 New York Auto Show in the dollars of that time?

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 30. The word "cumbersome" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 31. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as steering with a tiller rather than with a steering wheel?

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 32. The passage implies that the audience viewed the 1900 New York Auto Show primarily as

About 8,000 people looked over the horseless carriages on November 3, 1900, the opening day of the New York Auto Show, and the first opportunity for the automobile industry to show off its wares to a sizable audience. By happenstance, the number of people at the show equaled the entire car population at that time. At that time, 10 million bicycles and an unknown number of horse-and-buggies provided the prime means of transportation. Only about 4,000 cars were assembled in the United States in 1900, and only a quarter of those were gasoline powered. (The rest ran on steam or electricity.) After viewing the cars made by 32 car makers, the show's favored electric cars because they were quiet. The risk of a boiler explosion turned people away from steamers, and the gasoline powered cars produced smelly fumes. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company, which launched the American auto industry in 1892; offered an additive designed to mask the smell of the naphtha that it burned. The prices were not that different from what they are today Most cost between $800 and $1,500, or roughly $11,000 to $18,500 in today's prices. Many of the 1900 models were cumbersome—the Gasmobile, the Franklin, and the Orient, for example, steered with tillers like boats rather than with steering wheels. The black-tie audience at the show viewed the display more as a social outing than as the extravaganzas that auto shows were about to become. 33. It can be inferred from the passage that auto shows held after 1900

When drawing human figures, children often make the head too large for the rest of the body. A recent study offers some insights into this common disproportion in children's illustrations. As part of the study, researchers asked children between four and seven years old to make several drawings of men. When they drew front views of male figures, the size of the heads was markedly enlarged. However, when the children drew rear views of men, the size of the heads was not so exaggerated. The researchers suggest that children draw bigger heads when they know they must leave room for facial details. Therefore, the odd head size in children's illustrations is a form of planning, and not an indication of a poor sense of scale. 34. The main subject of the passage is

When drawing human figures, children often make the head too large for the rest of the body. A recent study offers some insights into this common disproportion in children's illustrations. As part of the study, researchers asked children between four and seven years old to make several drawings of men. When they drew front views of male figures, the size of the heads was markedly enlarged. However, when the children drew rear views of men, the size of the heads was not so exaggerated. The researchers suggest that children draw bigger heads when they know they must leave room for facial details. Therefore, the odd head size in children's illustrations is a form of planning, and not an indication of a poor sense of scale. 35. It can be inferred that, during the research project, the children drew

When drawing human figures, children often make the head too large for the rest of the body. A recent study offers some insights into this common disproportion in children's illustrations. As part of the study, researchers asked children between four and seven years old to make several drawings of men. When they drew front views of male figures, the size of the heads was markedly enlarged. However, when the children drew rear views of men, the size of the heads was not so exaggerated. The researchers suggest that children draw bigger heads when they know they must leave room for facial details. Therefore, the odd head size in children's illustrations is a form of planning, and not an indication of a poor sense of scale. 36. The word "they" in line 3 refers to

When drawing human figures, children often make the head too large for the rest of the body. A recent study offers some insights into this common disproportion in children's illustrations. As part of the study, researchers asked children between four and seven years old to make several drawings of men. When they drew front views of male figures, the size of the heads was markedly enlarged. However, when the children drew rear views of men, the size of the heads was not so exaggerated. The researchers suggest that children draw bigger heads when they know they must leave room for facial details. Therefore, the odd head size in children's illustrations is a form of planning, and not an indication of a poor sense of scale. 37. The word "markedly" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

When drawing human figures, children often make the head too large for the rest of the body. A recent study offers some insights into this common disproportion in children's illustrations. As part of the study, researchers asked children between four and seven years old to make several drawings of men. When they drew front views of male figures, the size of the heads was markedly enlarged. However, when the children drew rear views of men, the size of the heads was not so exaggerated. The researchers suggest that children draw bigger heads when they know they must leave room for facial details. Therefore, the odd head size in children's illustrations is a form of planning, and not an indication of a poor sense of scale. 38. The findings of the experiment described in the passage would probably be of LEAST interest to which of the following groups?

When drawing human figures, children often make the head too large for the rest of the body. A recent study offers some insights into this common disproportion in children's illustrations. As part of the study, researchers asked children between four and seven years old to make several drawings of men. When they drew front views of male figures, the size of the heads was markedly enlarged. However, when the children drew rear views of men, the size of the heads was not so exaggerated. The researchers suggest that children draw bigger heads when they know they must leave room for facial details. Therefore, the odd head size in children's illustrations is a form of planning, and not an indication of a poor sense of scale. 39. The word "odd" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

When drawing human figures, children often make the head too large for the rest of the body. A recent study offers some insights into this common disproportion in children's illustrations. As part of the study, researchers asked children between four and seven years old to make several drawings of men. When they drew front views of male figures, the size of the heads was markedly enlarged. However, when the children drew rear views of men, the size of the heads was not so exaggerated. The researchers suggest that children draw bigger heads when they know they must leave room for facial details. Therefore, the odd head size in children's illustrations is a form of planning, and not an indication of a poor sense of scale. 40. The word "scale" in line 7 is closest in meaning to