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Chapter 1 Comprehensive Review

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Two, three, four
Zachariah Atteberry
Quiz por Zachariah Atteberry, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Zachariah Atteberry
Criado por Zachariah Atteberry quase 8 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of
Responda
  • Behavior and mental processes
  • Diagnosing and treating behavioral disorders
  • Conscious and unconscious mental processes
  • The mind

Questão 2

Questão
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes describe?
Responda
  • Behavorism
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Psychology
  • Clinical psychology

Questão 3

Questão
As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?
Responda
  • Eliminate behavior
  • Explain behavior
  • Predict behavior
  • Control behavior

Questão 4

Questão
A ____ proposes a relationship among observed events
Responda
  • Science
  • Theory
  • Prediction
  • School of psychology

Questão 5

Questão
Theories allow psychologists to make ___ such as a client's chance of recovery
Responda
  • Descriptions
  • Explanations
  • Predictions
  • Beliefs

Questão 6

Questão
Which is not true of psychological theories?
Responda
  • Theories that make assumptions about behavior
  • Theories explain behavior and mental processes
  • Theories are used to make predictions
  • Theories are always discarded as new observations are made

Questão 7

Questão
The results of ________ research in the study of perceptual development in lower animals are often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.
Responda
  • Pure
  • Basic
  • Controlled
  • Action

Questão 8

Questão
Applied research is research undertaken
Responda
  • With humans
  • With lower animals
  • For its own sake
  • To find solutions to specific problems

Questão 9

Questão
The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between
Responda
  • Prediction and control
  • Practice and theory
  • Research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems
  • Applications and adaptation

Questão 10

Questão
Which of these is NOT one of the three main things psychologists engage in?
Responda
  • Analyzing
  • Practice
  • Research
  • Teaching

Questão 11

Questão
__________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the individual through the life span.
Responda
  • Health
  • Personality
  • Developmental
  • Social

Questão 12

Questão
__________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.
Responda
  • Environmental
  • Forensic
  • Personality
  • Social

Questão 13

Questão
Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT
Responda
  • Aristotle
  • Democritus
  • Pythagoras
  • Socrates

Questão 14

Questão
The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was
Responda
  • Willhelm Wundt
  • William James
  • Charles Darwin
  • Gustav Fechner

Questão 15

Questão
Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent a “near-death” experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is called
Responda
  • Insight
  • Self-revelation
  • Recovered memory
  • Introspection

Questão 16

Questão
What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution from other contributions to psychology?
Responda
  • he wrote the first textbook of psychology
  • He defined psychology as the science of behavior
  • He established psychology as a laboratory science
  • He studied insight in lower animals

Questão 17

Questão
Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called?
Responda
  • Functionalism
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Behavorism
  • Structuralism

Questão 18

Questão
Under the school of structuralism, Wundt used a method called ____________ to look into one’s own objective sensations and subjective feelings.
Responda
  • Conditioning
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Introspection
  • Insight

Questão 19

Questão
Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was to
Responda
  • Break down conscious experience into basic elements
  • Focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior
  • Analyze the relationship between sensory stimuli and behavior
  • Determine the functions of conscious experience

Questão 20

Questão
Structuralism defined experience in terms of?
Responda
  • Behavioral tendencies and habits
  • Continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes
  • Functions of consciousness
  • Sensations, feelings, mental images

Questão 21

Questão
Functionalism was established by
Responda
  • G. Stanely Hall
  • Wilhelm Wundt
  • John Watson
  • William Jones

Questão 22

Questão
Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?
Responda
  • The mind is composed of discrete elements.
  • Perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
  • The only object of psychology is the study of behavior.
  • Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.

Questão 23

Questão
The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is called
Responda
  • Functionalism
  • Behavorism
  • Structuralism
  • Psychoanalysis

Questão 24

Questão
A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements?
Responda
  • Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts.
  • Consciousness is a continuous process.
  • Behavior and mental processes are adaptive.
  • All of the above

Questão 25

Questão
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.
Responda
  • More intelligent
  • Better adapted to the environment
  • More conscious
  • Better at problem solving

Questão 26

Questão
The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior
Responda
  • were broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts.
  • were part of the unconscious.
  • led the individual to self-knowledge.
  • assisted the organism to adapt to the environment.

Questão 27

Questão
John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of
Responda
  • stream of consciousness.
  • unconscious mental processes.
  • measurable behavior.
  • sensation, feelings, and mental images.

Questão 28

Questão
John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.
Responda
  • behaviorism
  • functionalism
  • structuralism
  • psychoanalysis

Questão 29

Questão
John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all of the following EXCEPT
Responda
  • mental processes.
  • behavior.
  • consciousness.
  • feelings and thoughts.

Questão 30

Questão
B. F. Skinner made major contributions to
Responda
  • structuralism.
  • functionalism.
  • behaviorism.
  • Gestalt psychology.

Questão 31

Questão
Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. From Skinner’s perspective the treat would be considered a
Responda
  • Bribe
  • Stimulus
  • Reinforcer
  • Control

Questão 32

Questão
Watson and Skinner had one objective in common, which was the
Responda
  • Treatment of disorders
  • Explanation of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement
  • Use of mental imagery
  • Discovery of unconscious conflicts

Questão 33

Questão
The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed
Responda
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Functionalism
  • Structuralism
  • Gestalt psychology

Questão 34

Questão
Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to
Responda
  • Psychotherapy
  • Adaptation to the enviornment
  • Perception
  • Habit

Questão 35

Questão
Gestalt psychologists believed that problem solving is not always accomplished by mechanical repetition but rather is accomplished by sudden ___________ in which a solution
Responda
  • Insight
  • Reinforcement
  • Introspection
  • Evolution

Questão 36

Questão
For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter of
Responda
  • Trial and error
  • Insight and understanding
  • Rote practice and repetition
  • habit and environmental adaptation.

Questão 37

Questão
In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solved a problem and reached the banana because of
Responda
  • Intelligence
  • Reinforcement
  • Environment clues
  • Insight

Questão 38

Questão
Which of these sayings would a Gestalt psychologist most likely agree with?
Responda
  • If you can conceive it and believe it, you can achieve it
  • Monkey see, monkey do
  • The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
  • What you see is what you get

Questão 39

Questão
Psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes while behaviorism emphasizes
Responda
  • Perception
  • Observation
  • Sensation
  • Introspection

Questão 40

Questão
The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is
Responda
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Structuralism
  • Functionalism
  • Gestalt psychology

Questão 41

Questão
The psychodynamic theory of human motivation centers on
Responda
  • Insight
  • Unconscious
  • Reinforcement
  • Introspection

Questão 42

Questão
Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method of
Responda
  • Scientific inquiry
  • Introspection
  • Self-knowledge
  • Psychotherapy

Questão 43

Questão
Freud’s technique of psychotherapy is called
Responda
  • Reality therapy
  • Insight therapy
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Behavior therapy

Questão 44

Questão
Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology
Responda
  • Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior
  • Learning is the basis of behavior
  • Humans are potentially good
  • The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts

Questão 45

Questão
The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.
Responda
  • Sociocultural
  • Humanistic-existential
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Social-cognitive

Questão 46

Questão
Dr. Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant children. Most likely, Dr. Maloff is a __________ psychologist.
Responda
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Behavioral
  • Sociocultural
  • School

Questão 47

Questão
Which of the following is NOT likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists?
Responda
  • Alcohol abuse among ethnic minority groups
  • Color perception
  • Gender roles
  • Racial bias

Questão 48

Questão
Dr. Rabin is studying whether Asian men are more or less likely to seek treatment for clinical depression as part of a larger study of Asian men’s attitudes toward health issues. Dr. Rabin is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
Responda
  • Humanistic-existential
  • Sociocultural
  • Industrial
  • Personality

Questão 49

Questão
Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish has an impact on intelligence scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.
Responda
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Humanistic-exitstential
  • Learning
  • Sociocultural

Questão 50

Questão
The sociocultural perspective is concerned with the
Responda
  • Behavior of society
  • Influence of a group on the behavior of the individual
  • Issues of gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status
  • Makeup of social and cultural organizations

Questão 51

Questão
Critical thinking is associated with
Responda
  • Skepticism
  • Respect
  • Disbelief
  • Opposition

Questão 52

Questão
A(n) __________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.
Responda
  • Observation
  • Scientific method
  • Theory
  • Hypothesis

Questão 53

Questão
The scientific method allows us to
Responda
  • Support popular opinion
  • Maintain traditions
  • Justify our values
  • Test ideas and refine knowledge

Questão 54

Questão
Which of the following is a valid hypothesis?
Responda
  • Viewing TV violence increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in children.
  • Viewing TV violence may influence children’s behavior.
  • Viewing TV violence is unlikely to change children’s behavior.
  • None of these.

Questão 55

Questão
A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that
Responda
  • becomes a selection factor in research
  • can be tested by gathering evidence
  • is accepted if it is popular
  • provides an operational definition

Questão 56

Questão
If participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study, this is called a ____________ that is a source of bias that could influence the results.
Responda
  • Correlation
  • Selection factor
  • Hypothesis
  • Placebo

Questão 57

Questão
As a scientist, you try not to speculate or draw conclusions when you do not have evidence. This approach is consistent with your use of
Responda
  • Common sense
  • Personal experience
  • Good economic decisions
  • The scientific method

Questão 58

Questão
In selecting research participants, the results can be generalized if the sample represents the
Responda
  • Ideas of the researcher
  • Common sense views of the times
  • Target population
  • Theory in question

Questão 59

Questão
A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.
Responda
  • Sample
  • Group
  • Team
  • All of these

Questão 60

Questão
Dr. Davis wants to study the TV viewing habits of elementary school children. He selects 50 children from local schools to participate in his research. These groups of students would be considered the
Responda
  • Population
  • Sample
  • Representative group
  • None of these

Questão 61

Questão
If you conclude that the participants in a study are a representative sample, then you can __________ from the research sample to the larger population.
Responda
  • Replicate
  • Speculate
  • Generalize
  • Conclude

Questão 62

Questão
n a __________, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.
Responda
  • Random sample
  • Selection sample
  • Stratified sample
  • Free sample

Questão 63

Questão
If 12% of the American population is Hispanic, what percentage of a stratified sample would be Hispanic?
Responda
  • 6%
  • 24%
  • 12%
  • 88%

Questão 64

Questão
Would a sample of children from an affluent suburban school district be considered a representative sample of American children?
Responda
  • No, because affluent suburban schools tend to be less racially, ethnically, and economically diverse than the nation as a whole.
  • No, because they are nothing like the average American child.
  • Yes, because public education is available to all children.
  • Yes, because they have all the advantages and none of the disadvantages.

Questão 65

Questão
A ________ is a method of collecting information about individuals or small groups.
Responda
  • Correlation
  • Journal
  • Survery
  • Case Study

Questão 66

Questão
Case study methods are often used to study __________ cases.
Responda
  • Controversial
  • Rare
  • Stratified
  • Random

Questão 67

Questão
The ___________ method(s) of observation may produce inaccurate results because of inaccuracies in people’s memory.
Responda
  • Case study
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Survery
  • Case study and survery

Questão 68

Questão
The __________ method uses interviews and questionnaires to collect information from large numbers of people.
Responda
  • Case study
  • Scientific
  • Experimental
  • Survery

Questão 69

Questão
An advantage of survey research is that
Responda
  • it allows you to get in-depth information.
  • it allows you to have a large sample size.
  • it allows you to work in a lab.
  • it is less subject to volunteer bias.

Questão 70

Questão
Working for a consumer research organization, a woman needs to learn about behavior that she can neither observe in its natural setting nor study experimentally. She probably will use the __________ method.
Responda
  • observational
  • case study
  • experimental
  • survey

Questão 71

Questão
By using the __________ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another behavior or trait.
Responda
  • correlational
  • statistical
  • experimental
  • survey

Questão 72

Questão
A correlation coefficient is a number
Responda
  • indicating the percentile of a score.
  • representing a location on the normal curve.
  • that expresses the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
  • that presents the average relationship.

Questão 73

Questão
You design a test of intelligence. Based on the idea that intelligence is related to academic performance, you use __________ to test the relationship between performance on your new test and grades in school.
Responda
  • an experimental method
  • a test-retest method
  • the correlational method
  • naturalistic observation

Questão 74

Questão
Which represents the strongest correlation?
Responda
  • +.97
  • +.90
  • +.09
  • -.99

Questão 75

Questão
Which of the following is most likely a correlation coefficient for a relationship between stress and health?
Responda
  • -0.78
  • +1
  • 0
  • +0.98

Questão 76

Questão
Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation?
Responda
  • salary and years of education
  • age and incidence of illness
  • studying and GPA
  • all of these

Questão 77

Questão
In correlational research, when one variable increases as the other variable decreases, it is a __________ correlation.
Responda
  • positive
  • dubious
  • invalid
  • negative

Questão 78

Questão
There is a good chance that we will find a __________ correlation between time spent watching TV and grades in school.
Responda
  • Perfect
  • negative
  • positive
  • weak

Questão 79

Questão
The best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is
Responda
  • observation.
  • correlation.
  • an experiment.
  • a case study

Questão 80

Questão
In an experiment, a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature has received a __________.
Responda
  • dependent variable
  • treatment
  • random effect
  • consequence

Questão 81

Questão
If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, you could vary the consumption levels of caffeine. The administration of caffeine is
Responda
  • the treatment.
  • the control
  • unethical
  • the dependent variable

Questão 82

Questão
In an experiment, the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined.
Responda
  • dependent variable
  • independent variable
  • placebo
  • observer

Questão 83

Questão
If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior, temperature would be the __________ variable.
Responda
  • dependent
  • Independent
  • hypothetical
  • correlated

Questão 84

Questão
The experimental group participants in an experiment receive
Responda
  • no treatment.
  • the dependent variable
  • the independent variable
  • the same treatment as the control group participants

Questão 85

Questão
The measured outcomes or results in an experiment are called
Responda
  • the independent variable
  • treatments
  • dependent variables
  • controls

Questão 86

Questão
In an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol consumption on aggression, aggressive behavior would be the
Responda
  • treatment
  • independent variable
  • control variable.
  • dependent variable

Questão 87

Questão
An experiment in which the independent variable is noise level and the dependent variable is resistance to distraction, the goal is to observe whether distractibility is a(n) __________ noise
Responda
  • cause of
  • correlate of
  • treatment for
  • effect of

Questão 88

Questão
In an experimental design, participants in an experimental group receive ___________.
Responda
  • no treatment
  • conditions
  • Treatment
  • the answers

Questão 89

Questão
Participants who go through an experiment but who do not receive any treatment or manipulation are called the __________ group.
Responda
  • self-selected
  • random
  • control
  • experimental

Questão 90

Questão
Examples of a __________ would be the use of a “sugar pill” instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However, the individual must believe that he or she is experiencing the real thing.
Responda
  • Confederate
  • Placebo
  • Treatment
  • Bias

Questão 91

Questão
Well-designed experiments control for the effects of expectations by creating conditions under which participants are unaware of, or __________, the treatment.
Responda
  • Blind to
  • Indifferent to
  • Unconscious of
  • Singled out for

Questão 92

Questão
Experimenters may believe that a certain kind of treatment is effective. Consequently, experimenter expectations can bias research outcomes. One way to control for experimenter and participant bias is to
Responda
  • be sure they understand ethics
  • debrief them
  • remind them of the importance of the research
  • Use the double-blind technique

Questão 93

Questão
In a __________ study, neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has obtained
Responda
  • Single blind
  • Double blind
  • Confounded
  • Debriefed

Questão 94

Questão
Ethical standards in human research allow researchers to balance interests in acquiring new information with concern about
Responda
  • Ethical review
  • Debriefing
  • Informed consent
  • Confidentiality

Questão 95

Questão
____________ is a process of explaining the purposes and methods of the research after a study has been completed.
Responda
  • Debriefing
  • Controlling
  • Reviewing
  • Consenting

Questão 96

Questão
When research cannot be carried out with human participants, researchers
Responda
  • Must abandon the issues
  • Often rely on volunteers
  • Rely on theoretical models
  • Often use animals

Questão 97

Questão
The benefits of animal research
Responda
  • Are obvious to everyone
  • Can never justify the loss of the animal's right to freedom
  • Cannot be demonstrated
  • Must justify the harm that might be done to an animal

Questão 98

Questão
As an animal lover, you find it difficult to participate in the destruction of animals for research purposes. As a scientist, you
Responda
  • Fight the use of animal models by your colleagues
  • Know that these models are unjustified
  • Realize that ethical animal models are never uncomfortable for the animals
  • Understand the value of animal research and promote ethical standards.

Questão 99

Questão
Brain lesioning studies in rats have provided insights regarding
Responda
  • Abuses of animals in laboratories
  • Attachment in monkeys
  • Regulation of eating and eating disorders
  • Social evolution

Questão 100

Questão
Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying what?
Responda
  • Animal learning and motivation
  • Human thinking and memory
  • Genetic and hormonal effects on behavior
  • Introspection and behavioral disorders(

Questão 101

Questão
The humanistic-existential perspective unities ____ and ____ as central principles to this approach
Responda
  • Brain; behavior
  • Self-fulfillment; free choic
  • Mental processes; consciousness
  • Culture; values

Questão 102

Questão
Cathy was a successful real estate agent. At age 36, she decided to to donate her wealth to charity and become a missionary in Haiti, where she has been living in relative contentment for the past two years. Which perspective would best explain Cathy's behavior?
Responda
  • Psychodynamic
  • Social-cognitive
  • Humanistic-existential
  • Developmental

Questão 103

Questão
Five-year old Todd watched his father at his workbench, hammering together a bird house. Soon Todd was next to his father, hammer in tapping the workbench. Todd's behavior is best described as?
Responda
  • Social-cognitive
  • Behavioral
  • ociocultural
  • Neoanalytic

Questão 104

Questão
In ____ researchers study behavior when it actually happens or in the field.
Responda
  • Experiments
  • Correlational research
  • Naturalistic observations
  • Case studies

Questão 105

Questão
Unobtrusive measures strive to minimize ____ during naturalistic observation
Responda
  • Experimenter's expectations
  • Time involved
  • Inaccurate reporting
  • Interference with behaviors being observed

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