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Atomic pollution and Climate Change

Descrição

Economics
June May
Quiz por June May, atualizado more than 1 year ago
June May
Criado por June May mais de 7 anos atrás
84
2
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
Which factors contribute to sea level rise due to climate change?
Responda
  • Increased numbers of floods
  • Rapid melting of arctic ice
  • Thermal expansion and melting of land-bound ice
  • Slow sinking of the continents
  • Enhanced precipitation

Questão 2

Questão
The green house gas effect can be explained by
Responda
  • Wavelength dependence of absorption of radiation by GHG
  • Ozone depletion in the stratosphere
  • The elliptic path of the earth around the sun
  • Enhanced reflection of long wave radiation by GHG
  • Enhanced concentration of dust and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere

Questão 3

Questão
Because saturation vapour pressure depends on the surface on which it occurs
Responda
  • Lifting of air masses leads to condensation
  • Clouds grow rapidly when ice particles are introduced
  • Small drops grow at the cost of large drops
  • Mixing of warmer and colder air masses can lead to mixing fog

Questão 4

Questão
Airborne radionuclide concentrations are especially relevant for
Responda
  • Infiltration and Submersion
  • Ingestion and Inhalation
  • Ingestion and Submersion
  • Inhalation and Submersion
  • Exposition and Ingestion

Questão 5

Questão
Occult deposition is
Responda
  • An as yet undiscovered deposition
  • Deposition that is not yet fully understood
  • Deposition by fog, dew, etc.
  • Deposition pollutants attached to aerosols

Questão 6

Questão
For the development of the ozone hole in the Antarctic the following are decisive:
Responda
  • High CFC concentrations and lack of solar radiation
  • High CFC concentrations and temperatures below zero
  • High CFC concentration and climate change
  • Temperatures below -80°C and little air mass exchange

Questão 7

Questão
the double strategy in Austrian air pollution policy consists of
Responda
  • Limiting synergistic pollutants simultaneously
  • Requiring the pollutants and the affected to contribute to emission reductions
  • Increasing stack heights and emission standards
  • Limiting emission according to state-of-the-art-technology and to stay within air quality

Questão 8

Questão
An end-of-pipe measure is e.g.:
Responda
  • Using more efficient technologies
  • Implementing an emission trading scheme
  • Filter flue gases
  • Technological improvements in the process
  • Desulfurization of oil

Questão 9

Questão
Present day GHG emissions of the average Austrian are around
Responda
  • 50 t per year
  • 1 t per year
  • 100 t per year
  • Not quantifiable
  • 10 t per year

Questão 10

Questão
Climate change does not involve
Responda
  • Changes in precipitation
  • Frequency of extreme events
  • More intense earthquakes
  • Melting of polare ice
  • Temperature change

Questão 11

Questão
Which are not typical effects of mountain valleys or basins?
Responda
  • Inducing thermally driven circulations
  • Strong dispersion of pollutants
  • Development of cold air basins due to drainage flow
  • Inversions
  • Channelling flow

Questão 12

Questão
Stratospheric ozone concentration
Responda
  • Is falling in midlatitudes in winter, constant in summer
  • Is falling worldwide
  • Is falling in equatorial regions in winter
  • Is falling in midlatitudes in winter and strongly falling over Antarctica

Questão 13

Questão
In the climate debate tipping points are understood to describe
Responda
  • Points ate which the planet becomes uninhabitable
  • Points beyond which positive feedback mechanisms can no longer be contained by humans
  • Points of time in policy debate when decisive steps are taken
  • Geographical locations where decisive climate process

Questão 14

Questão
Under clear sky conditions in summer ozone levels are especially high in Vienna
Responda
  • On weekdays
  • During traffic peaks
  • On Sundays and holidays
  • On Mondays
  • On Saturdays
  • In the early morning

Questão 15

Questão
What is NOT true of radioactive decay
Responda
  • Is the only way to deplete radio nuclei
  • Disappears after 5 half-life times
  • Depends only on the radio nuclide
  • Is independent of external influences
  • Can vary over orders of magnitude

Questão 16

Questão
Which of the following issues is not a mesoscale pollution problem
Responda
  • Fine particles (PM)
  • Tropospheric zone
  • Persistent organic compounds (POP)
  • Green house gases
  • Radio active substances

Questão 17

Questão
The IPAT equation or Kaya Identity can be used to explain
Responda
  • The impact of population, air pollution and technology on environmental degradation
  • The impact of green house gas emission on climate
  • The extent to which ecological boundaries have been crossed
  • The impact of world population, affluence and technology on green house gas emission
  • The impact of lifestyles on environmental quality and tipping points

Questão 18

Questão
What was the original definition of smog
Responda
  • A combination of smoke and fog
  • High concentration of photo chemicals
  • Cigarette smoke
  • High ozone concentrations

Questão 19

Questão
Dispersion models typically consists of 3 modules:
Responda
  • Transport Module, Immission Module, Impact Module
  • Meteorology Module, Chemistry Module, Deposition Module
  • Emission Module, Transmission Module, Immission Module
  • Meteorology Module, Chemistry Module, Transport Module
  • Meteorology Module, Transport Module, Deposition Module

Questão 20

Questão
Trajectories are an important part of which kind of dispersion models?
Responda
  • Gaussian models
  • Diffusion models
  • Langrangian models
  • Richardson models
  • Eulerian models

Questão 21

Questão
Near the earths surface temperature increases with height
Responda
  • When wind speed increase with height
  • When wind speed is low and the radiation balances at the surface is negative
  • Because the distance from sun decrease
  • When atmospheric radiation exceeds terrestrial radiation
  • When warm air rises from heated surfaces
  • When an inversion break up

Questão 22

Questão
Chronic damage caused by air pollution can be prevented
Responda
  • Standards expressed in high percentiles
  • Limiting maximum concentration
  • Short term standards, e.g.: hourly means
  • Long term standards, e.g.: yearly means

Questão 23

Questão
In an idealised valley the following local circulations are to be expected in fair weather on the early afternoon
Responda
  • only valley wind
  • valley- and down slope wind
  • valley and up slope wind
  • only down slope wind
  • Mountain and down slope wind

Questão 24

Questão
In order for a cloud to rain, cloud droplets must grow
Responda
  • through coagulation and coalescence with other droplets
  • through freezing and melting
  • and rech a size 100 times that a small cloud droplet
  • through transpiration and evaporation
  • through compression and density increase
  • through condensation and diffusion

Questão 25

Questão
Which of the following radiative processes leads to energy conversion?
Responda
  • Reflexion
  • Absorption
  • Refraction
  • Diffusion

Questão 26

Questão
Concentrations caused at a specific point by a continuous point source vary strongly
Responda
  • in inversions
  • in unstable layers
  • in neutral layers
  • in stable layers under strong wind conditions
  • in isothermal layers near the ground

Questão 27

Questão
The troposphere
Responda
  • is the bottom layer of the atmosphere in which temperature decreases with height
  • is the lower part of the planetary boundary layer
  • is the lower part of the stratosphere and characterised by temperature increases with height
  • consists of the planetary boundary layer and the turbulent surface layer

Questão 28

Questão
Boundaries of the global ecological system seem to have been exceeded regarding
Responda
  • climate change, nitrogen cycle and phosphorus cycle
  • nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle and biodiversity loss
  • ocean acidification, nitrogen cycle and biodiversity loss
  • climate change, nitrogen cycle and biodiversity loss
  • climate change, ocean acidification and biodiversity loss

Questão 29

Questão
The following is NOT correct regarding albedo
Responda
  • Average over the whole globe, albedo is about 5%
  • Albedo is higher for snow than for bitumen
  • Albedo is reflectivity averages over all wave lengths
  • Albedo is the ration of reflected to incoming radiation
  • Albedo increases with the temperature of the reflecting body

Questão 30

Questão
The atmosphere is characterised by
Responda
  • about 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen and 1% Argon content
  • about 0,03 CO2 and 0,05 water vapour content
  • about 80% oxygen and 20% hydrogen content near the surface
  • rapid increase of CO2 and decreases of oxygen concentration
  • good mixing of gases up to 120km height

Questão 31

Questão
Which of the following does not heat up faster than global average
Responda
  • Continents
  • Arctic
  • Alpine region
  • Oceans

Questão 32

Questão
In what latitudes do the highest stratospheric ozone concentration occur?
Responda
  • 20°
  • 60°
  • 80°
  • 45°

Questão 33

Questão
The declared aim of the policy of high stacks was to
Responda
  • Enhanced the chimney effect and create higher effective stack heights
  • Make use of higher wind speed
  • Reduce maximum immissions on the ground
  • Delay deposition
  • Distribute pollutants over larger areas

Questão 34

Questão
Global temperatures increases over the last 150 years is about
Responda
  • 0,2°C
  • 1,2°C
  • 0,8°C
  • 0,4°C

Questão 35

Questão
What process is not part of dispersion of pollutants in air?
Responda
  • Interception
  • Diffusion
  • Decay
  • Deposition
  • Sedimentation

Questão 36

Questão
Clinical studies to determine concentration limits for humans help to
Responda
  • Replace experiments using animals
  • Study exposures under normal conditions
  • Understand systematic dose-effect relationships
  • Study the effect of high exposures

Questão 37

Questão
What is characteristic of an Eulerian model?
Responda
  • The limited amount of input data and numerical capacity needed
  • A coordinate system that is fixed relative to the earth surface
  • The good representation of point sources
  • A grid with increasingly smaller dimensions

Questão 38

Questão
What is the dual role of CFCs in the atmosphere?
Responda
  • Enhanced chemical reactions and produce stratospheric ozone
  • Enhanced chemical reactions and destroy tropospheric ozone
  • Contribute to global warming as GHG and deplete ozone
  • Destroy ozone and contribute to Global Dimming

Questão 39

Questão
Inversions can cause high immission concentrations near the ground
Responda
  • When pollutants are emitted below the inversion
  • Because heating is especially intense in these periods
  • When pollutants are emitted into the inversion through high stacks
  • Because pollutants are pressed downward

Questão 40

Questão
Sulfates can cover large distances in the atmosphere because
Responda
  • They are released in great heights
  • They are not easily washed-out
  • Their lifetime in the atmosphere is long
  • They are especially light compared to their size

Questão 41

Questão
What data are not relevant for emission inventories?
Responda
  • Geographical position of sources
  • Flue gas temperature
  • Stack height
  • Wind speed
  • Emission rates of different pollutant groups

Questão 42

Questão
What human impact does not (yet) exceed the resilience boundaries of the global ecosystems?
Responda
  • Climate change
  • Biodiversity loss
  • Acidification of the ocean
  • Nitrogen cycle

Questão 43

Questão
Gaussian models for continuous point sources assume that
Responda
  • Emission occur at least 10 m above ground
  • life time of pollutants is limited
  • Wind speed exceeds 1 m/s
  • Pollutant concentration is uniform within the plume

Questão 44

Questão
Stratospheric ozone concentration
Responda
  • Is falling in midlatitudes in winter, constant in summer
  • Is falling worldwide
  • Is falling in midlatitudes and strongly over Antarctica
  • Is falling in equatorial regions in winter

Questão 45

Questão
What part of the solar spectrum is primarily responsible for the cancer in human skin?
Responda
  • UVA
  • UVC
  • Roentgen waves
  • UVB
  • Infra-red

Questão 46

Questão
Protections regarding climate in the future do not rely on:
Responda
  • Assumptions on GHG emissions
  • An understanding of radiation
  • Assumptions on the development of the world population
  • Mathematical models to simulate physical processes in the atmosphere
  • Statistical extrapolations of the climate change of the past

Questão 47

Questão
Air flow is influences near buildings
Responda
  • But the induced turbulence is irrelevant for dispersion
  • Up to about 150m behind the building
  • The stronger, the smaller the building is
  • In the vertical within about 2,5 times the height of the building

Questão 48

Questão
Which is no Green House Gas (GHG
Responda
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water vapour
  • Methane
  • Ozone

Questão 49

Questão
What feedback mechanism is reinforcing (=positive)?
Responda
  • Increase in CO2, increased biomass, increased evaporation, cooling
  • Temperature decreases, more glaciers, higher Albedo
  • Temperature increase, increased evaporation, increased cloud cover
  • Temperature increase, forest fires, increased Albedo

Questão 50

Questão
Deposition reaches generally its highest values
Responda
  • Chemical transformation
  • Occult deposition
  • Sedimentation
  • Wet deposition

Questão 51

Questão
Emission reductions necessary to meet the 2°C goal are consistent with
Responda
  • 80% reduction in industrialised and unlimited emissions in other nations
  • 50% reduction of GHG emissions in industrialised nations
  • Full use of conventional and unconventional reserves
  • About 1t of CO2 per person and year till 2050 in industrialised nations
  • GHG emissions about three times the amount already emitted

Questão 52

Questão
Which is a secondary pollutant?
Responda
  • Aerosols
  • Sulfur dioxide
  • Nitrogen oxide
  • Ozone

Questão 53

Questão
Expected temperature increases in Austria in the next 20-50 years is about
Responda
  • 2-4°
  • 0,5-1°
  • 4-6°
  • 5-10°

Questão 54

Questão
Which is not a component of the radiation balance at the earth's surface
Responda
  • diffuse or sky radiation
  • atmospheric radiation
  • celestrial radiation
  • terrestrial radiation
  • direct solar radiation

Questão 55

Questão
The effect source height
Responda
  • is defined as the sum of stack height and plume rise
  • depends on the emitted pollutants
  • is equal to stack height for hot effluents
  • is near 40 km for stratospheric ozone
  • increases with air temperature

Questão 56

Questão
Climate change is scientifically proven by... increase of global mean temperature
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 57

Questão
What is the significance of oceans in the global carbon cycle? A sink, but may become a source
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 58

Questão
What is not part of geo-engineerying? Substitution of fossil energy sources
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 59

Questão
Which of the following pollutants are GHGs? All? Ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 60

Questão
Radiation balances is clearly negative... night time, strong wind, fog
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 61

Questão
Which of the following radiative processes leads to energy conversion?
Responda
  • Reflexion
  • Diffusion
  • Refraction
  • Absorption

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