Cognitive Psych Lecture/Tute Qs

Question

Cognition Definition:

Answer 1

Cognition is the activity of acquiring, organising and using information to enable adaptive, goal-directed behavior

Answer 2

Cognition is conceived of as a flow of information through information processing devices that encode, store and retrieve symbolic representations of knowledge.

Answer 3

Includes mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, language, reasoning, decision making.

Answer 4

All answers are correct

Answer 5

Symbolic representations are used to compute the difference in angular rotation between two images.

Answer 6

An analogue representation can be rotated mentally as if manipulating an actual object in space.

Answer 7

Complex problem solving relies exclusively on analogue representations.

Answer 8

All answers are correct

Answer 9

Turing’s work inspired subsequent innovations in Artificial Intelligence (AI) – a research programme dedicated to developing intelligent machines, modelled on human cognitive processes. The approach to cognition that developed from this work in AI is referred to as Classical Cognition

Answer 10

Turing Test” The Turing Test equates cognition with disembodied linguistic output. For a machine to pass a strong version of the Turing test its programme would need to encode all of the knowledge a human has acquired over a lifetime and it would need to have a procedure for matching any text input with an appropriate response.

Answer 11

20th century mathematician, computer science innovator. Computing became a metaphor for cognitive processes.

Answer 12

All of these answers are correct

Answer 13

that it provides no account for how symbols are learned. We are not born knowing about all the different kinds of things that exist in the world and the relationships between them

Answer 14

Our conceptual knowledge must be “grounded” in our bodily interactions with the world and our perceptions – things that cause us to feel (sense and perceive)

Answer 15

There are only 3 types of mental representations

Answer 16

All the above

Answer 17

in a range of different formats, from analogue to symbolic representations

Answer 18

as a "language of thought" composed of symbols and syntactic rules for combining them

Answer 19

as propositinally encoded mental representations which ground higher level representations such as mental images

Answer 20

at increasingly abstract levels so that the symbolic level is grounded in more basic representations such as mental images

Answer 21

– Sensory-based representations (warm, red) – Image-based representations (relations between elements) – Propositional/linguistic representations

Answer 22

Symbolic representations are “grounded” in sensory, perceptual and emotional representations derived from experience with the world

Answer 23

representations become increasingly independent of the environmental stimuli they represent

Answer 24

all answers are correct

Answer 25

Gave(Kevin, kiss, Julia); where "gave" is the argument, and "Kevin", "Julia" and "kiss" form the predicates

Answer 26

Kevin(gave, Julia, kiss); where "Kevin" is the predicate, and "gave", "Julia" and "kiss" form the arguments.

Answer 27

The natural language sentence "Kevin gave Julia a kiss" would be represented propositionally as:

Answer 28

Kiss(Julia, Kevin, gave); where "kiss" is the predicate, and "Julia", "Kevin" and "gave" are the arguments

Answer 29

Computations carried out over symbolic representations in the mind

Answer 30

The manipulation of analogue representations in memory

Answer 31

Real time dynamic processes situated in a physical context

Answer 32

All of the above

Answer 33

Adaptive learning in real time based on sensing and a direct representation of the environment

Answer 34

Building models of cognition from the bottom up

Answer 35

The retrieval of stored programmes coded as symbolic rules to guide adaptive navigation of the environment

Answer 36

Both a "Adaptive" and b "Building" above

Answer 37

The testing effect ensures a mapping of the contexts between study and retrieval

Answer 38

The testing effect ensure you get an H1 on the test

Answer 39

The testing effect ensures that you are skeptical of misinformation

Answer 40

The testing effect ensures that distance effects perception

Answer 41

Corrections are more effective when they contain an alternative causal story

Answer 42

Recall alone is not reposible for the persistent influence of misinformation

Answer 43

People remember all of the details, which allows restrospective revision of memory.

Answer 44

Even when you know something has been retracted, it continues to influence your memory

Answer 45

Simple Learning: Association build up gradually over time

Answer 46

Attentional Learning Selective attention allows for some aspects of an event to be associated more strongly than others

Answer 47

One-Shot/Fast Mapping Learning by exclusion, based on what is already known (our expectations)

Answer 48

They are all true

Answer 49

When asked to estimate how fast the car was going when it smashed into the other car, P's generated faster speed estimates

Answer 50

When asked whether they remembered seeing any broken glass, estimates were increased when P's were asked to judge how fast the car was going when it contacted the other car.

Answer 51

When asked to estimate how fast the car was going when it hit the other car, P's generated faster speed estimates

Answer 52

When warned that the perpetrator's appearance may have changed, eyewitnesses make more false alarms.

Answer 53

Trade offs between salience and validity

Answer 54

Highlighting

Answer 55

Learning rules of different complexity

Answer 56

All these answers are correct

Answer 57

A schema is a concept or set of ideas or a framework for representing some aspect of the world. Also called frames, mental sets or scripts but can be generally thought of as a concept.

Answer 58

Schemata influence how you interpret new information and play a large role in determining what you pay attention to when learning (i.e., what is valid for your current understanding of the situation).

Answer 59

Schema determine what you learn and how you represent that knowledge

Answer 60

All of the above are correct

Answer 61

Involuntary processing of "flanking" stimuli occurs even when attempting to ignore them

Answer 62

Stimuli falling within spotlight processed automatically

Answer 63

Implies some parallel processing of conjunction stimuli

Answer 64

All answers are correct

Answer 65

assuming that long-term memory is used to fill in details which are lost to an attentional or retrieval bottleneck

Answer 66

assuming that each memory trace is comprised of perceptual, context and semantic meaning features

Answer 67

assuming that some features are lost due to imperfect attention and recall

Answer 68

by retrieving memory traces in parallel

Answer 69

limits the amount of information that is perceived

Answer 70

is influenced by the fact that sensory limitations prevent all of the details of a scene or an event from being registered in memory

Answer 71

Attention, salience, & distraction affect what “gets in” to memory

Answer 72

All of the above

Answer 73

Cultural Bias can inform memory formation

Answer 74

If not recalled, the details gradually are forgotten until only the gist of what occurred remains

Answer 75

Manipulating prior knowledge of Native Stories influences the consolidation of the memory schema

Answer 76

None of the avove

Answer 77

Stimuli are made up of a multitude of different features or dimensions that can be used to guide attention (encoding) and retrieval

Answer 78

Words and linguistic stimuli

Answer 79

Memory Traces (more generally) Perceptual features, Semantic Meaning, Action

Answer 80

All these answers are true

Answer 81

It would take you some time to shift your attention to the new diagnostic feature if analysing new categories

Answer 82

Children have a hard time focusing attention on one important thing. Instead, children seem to use all of the features

Answer 83

You can’t attend to everything at once. If you’re attending to one aspect then you’re not attending to other aspects

Answer 84

All these answers are correct

Answer 85

All of the answers are true

Answer 86

Cues are data, the schema is a hypothesis which adapts to explain that data

Answer 87

Providing a misleading cue affects how the schema is retrieved and altered to explain that detail

Answer 88

The number of false assertions incorrectly remembered increases across time and prompting

Answer 89

All of these answers are true

Answer 90

Memory is comprised of a few salient details, but is “knitted together” at retrieval by expectation

Answer 91

Expectation can be altered through asking leading questions or presenting people with misinformation

Answer 92

Once misinformation is present, its influence is difficult to remove

Answer 93

Because our expectations affect what we remember, it makes particularly susceptible to misinformation

Answer 94

People are bad discounting incorrect information even when we know it is false

Answer 95

Unless we have a alternative theory (or schema) which explains the incorrect information

Answer 96

All these answers are true

Answer 97

Some pairs or collections of attributes tend to co-occur together; other combinations are rare or do not logically occur. The implication of this structure is that we can use knowledge about the category to predict missing information (or infer missing information)

Answer 98

In Exemplar theory, we do have access to all of the members of the category so we compute the distance between the probe item and all of the members of category A and all of the members of category B. Then we add up the distances and choose the category with the smallest overall distance. Attention: Accentuates differences on attended dimensions and Reduces differences on unattended dimensions

Answer 99

When learning proceeds via feature inference, people are sensitive to the correlations between features. Categorization focuses on attention on diagnostic features. Consequently, people are less sensitive to correlations during categorization

Answer 100

None of these are correct

Answer 101

Because memory for detail is poor, people can be influenced by questions which suggests specific expectations

Answer 102

Providing a misleading cue affects how the schema is retrieved and altered to explain that detail

Answer 103

It helps evolve our schemas

Answer 104

All of these answers are true

Answer 105

Provides a means of identification.

Answer 106

Allows organization of knowledge. We can respond to single items based on category membership rather than as unique items

Answer 107

Reduces the complexity of the environment

Answer 108

All these answers are correct

Answer 109

Stopping the search when target is found

Answer 110

Constant scanning rate predicts 2:1 slope ratio

Answer 111

On average, search half the display on target-present trials, all of the display on target-absent trials

Answer 112

All these answers are true

Answer 113

shows that category learning difficulty depends on how many different dimensions are used to define the category

Answer 114

Selective attention has limited capacity. You can’t attend to everything at once. If you’re attending to one aspect then you’re not attending to other aspects

Answer 115

Not everyone can access the same features, a vast array of different perceptual features. Not all of these are relevant for categorization

Answer 116

None of these are correct

Answer 117

Typical: Instance- The more typical the examples are of the category in the conclusion, the more the conclusion is supported by the premises. Typical instances are more strongly related to the category……and so allow for greater generalization

Answer 118

Typical Conclusion- Conclusions are supported more by premises that are similar. Generalization is greater to more typical category members

Answer 119

Size: More specific conclusions are supported more than less specific conclusions.

Answer 120

Variability: The less similar the premises are among themselves, the more they confirm the conclusion

Answer 121

All of these answers are correct

Answer 122

unobservable attributes (e.g., love, doubt, thought)

Answer 123

relational concepts (e.g., enemy or barrier)

Answer 124

rules (e.g., island, uncle, or acceleration)

Answer 125

All these answers are correct

Answer 126

Categorization focuses on attention on diagnostic features. When the correlation is diagnostic, people learn to use it

Answer 127

Factor which determines the influence or weight of a stimulus dimension or attribute on categorization. Categories which require you to pay attention to more dimensions are harder to learn

Answer 128

Habituation has used to assess simple visual preferences for particular stimuli from iinfancy. There is amazing flexibility in categorization. Adults can acquire exceedingly complex, non-perceptual categories; children cannot

Answer 129

All of the above are true

Answer 130

Different animals to have different strengths

Answer 131

Different light waves to be focused on by different animals

Answer 132

Selective attention can be used to tune into to specific features which are important for differentiating categories. The structure of that world will depend on the perceptions of the agents in that world.

Answer 133

None of these are true

Answer 134

Categories allow marketing firms to selectively target which products you might like to purchase based on your past purchasing behavior.

Answer 135

Categories provide a means for identification.

Answer 136

Categories provide a basis for deciding what constitutes appropriate action

Answer 137

Categories enable organization and relation of classes of objects and events.

Answer 138

Selective attention

Answer 139

Integral stimulus dimensions.

Answer 140

Separable stimulus dimensions.

Answer 141

Distance-based generalization.

Answer 142

Generalization is greater to less specific (i.e., larger categories)

Answer 143

Generalization is greater when the examples are more variable

Answer 144

Typical instances are more strongly related to the category and allow for greater generalization than atypical instances

Answer 145

Generalization is greater to other typical category members than to less typical members

Answer 146

Separable stimulus dimensions are processed faster than integral dimensions in Garner's (1974) filtration categorization condition.

Answer 147

Integral stimulus dimensions are primarily found in basic level categories but separable dimensions are found in subordinate level categories

Answer 148

Separable stimulus dimensions are processed slower than integral dimensions in Garner's (1974) correlated categorization condition.

Answer 149

Integral stimulus dimensions can not be selectively attended to in isolation, but separable dimensions can.

Answer 150

Even when you know something has been retracted, it continues to influence your memory

Answer 151

Recall alone is not responsible for the persistent influence of misinformation

Answer 152

Corrections are more effective when they contain an alternative causal story

Answer 153

People remember all of the details, which allows restrospective revision of memory.

Answer 154

A: Learning involves not only learning what things are associated… …but also where to attend

Answer 155

B: In simple, associative learning models, it’s assumed that it takes time to build up connections between cues and their associates

Answer 156

C: Expectations provide hypotheses which we use to: Explain the thing we’re trying to learn Evaluate our experiences (which in turn allow us to update our expectations)

Answer 157

A and B are correct

Answer 158

assuming that long-term memory is used to fill in details which are lost to an attentional or retrieval bottleneck

Answer 159

assuming that each memory trace is comprised of perceptual, context and semantic meaning features

Answer 160

assuming that some features are lost due to imperfect attention and recall

Answer 161

by retrieving memory traces in parallel

Answer 162

Holmesian Deduction - Once you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth

Answer 163

Judicial Exoneration - If one suspect confesses, then we let the other suspect go

Answer 164

Inference to the best explanation I have some prior beliefs in a hypothesis, H, which predicts that I should observe some data, D. If I observe D, then H is supported

Answer 165

All these answers are correct

Answer 166

The testing effect ensures that distance effects perception

Answer 167

The testing effect ensures a mapping of the contexts between study and retrieval

Answer 168

The testing effect ensure you get an H1 on the test

Answer 169

The testing effect ensures that you are skeptical of misinformation

Answer 170

When asked to estimate how fast the car was going when it smashed into the other car, P's generated faster speed estimates

Answer 171

When asked whether they remembered seeing any broken glass, estimates were increased when P's were asked to judge how fast the car was going when it contacted the other car.

Answer 172

When asked to estimate how fast the car was going when it hit the other car, P's generated faster speed estimates

Answer 173

When warned that the perpetrator's appearance may have changed, eyewitnesses make more false alarms.

Answer 174

by presenting survivors with a sequential line-up

Answer 175

by presenting each of the survivors with misinformation and determining whether it influenced their recall

Answer 176

weighting each of the coordinates by how likely that survivor was to know the true coordinate

Answer 177

determining whether the survivors recall of certain events followed Zipf's law.?

Answer 178

Mental images are merely symbolic representations of an object and may not appear the same as they do in real life

Answer 179

Some of our cognitive processes are carried out using analogue representations

Answer 180

The time taken to 'manipulate' mental images in our mind takes twice as long as it would to physically manipulate it in real life

Answer 181

We can manipulate an image in our mind in a different manner to how we may physically manipulate a real object

Answer 182

The angle at which the object had to be rotated was inversely proportional to the mean response time to 'same' pairs

Answer 183

Fairness, Loyalty, Compassion and Empathy

Answer 184

Risks, Harm, Discomfort and Inconvenience

Answer 185

Research Integrity and Merit, Respect, Justice and Beneficence

Answer 186

Research Integrity, Distributive Justice, Respect and Harm

Answer 187

In the absence of validity, high salience cues will attract attention

Answer 188

Low salience cues will not attract attention

Answer 189

Utilization is like validity but concerns how much people will learn about or use a cue on which to base their response.: high validity increases utility

Answer 190

All these answers are correct

Answer 191

Human Autonomy and Procedural Distribution

Answer 192

Voluntary Decision-Making and Informed consent

Answer 193

Harm and Discomfort

Answer 194

Distributive Justice and Procedural Justice

Answer 195

Your expectations are hypotheses that you use to evaluate information in the world

Answer 196

Our Experience is Enhanced through Interaction with Design that is Consistent with Expectations

Answer 197

a person’s expectations can be described as perceptual, inductive, and reconstructive biases, as they pertain to perception, learning, and memory, respectively. Bias in this sense means merely that the distribution of expected designs is not uniform — some match expectations better than others

Answer 198

All these answers are true

Answer 199

A schema is a concept or set of ideas for representing some aspect of the world

Answer 200

Schemata are also known as frames, mental sets or scripts

Answer 201

Having a schema can cause information to be reinterpreted or distorted

Answer 202

Schemata can be changed when faced with contradictory information

Answer 203

Your updated belief should be proportional to your prior belief times the likelihood of the observed event (i.e., how much did your hypothesis actually predict the event?) (Prior Beliefs x Likelihood of Observed Event)

Answer 204

Bayes’s rule suggests that possible explanations should be combined with the data to update our beliefs in each hypothesis Data are our observations Not all explanations are created equal because we have different degrees of prior belief

Answer 205

Occam’s Razor: “The simplest explanation (that fits the observed data) is probably the correct explanation. People prefer explanations that explain more data with a minimal number of assumptions.

Answer 206

All these answers are true

Answer 207

Learning based on exclusion

Answer 208

rapidly developing a graph of similarity relations between objects

Answer 209

an increase in inhibitory connections between neurons

Answer 210

a reduction in the action potentials at the stimulated neurons

Answer 211

Learning involves attention

Answer 212

Learning is context specific

Answer 213

Learning is based on changes in a neuron's membrane permeability

Answer 214

Learning is about how you update your prior beliefs based on data

Answer 215

Frequency of co-occurrence an important factor in determining what is learned in the simple learning model

Answer 216

The difference between the predicted and actual outcomes are an important component of the simple learning model

Answer 217

The speed of learning is determined by a parameter in the model

Answer 218

All of these are correct

Answer 219

Target defined by combination of colour and orientation

Answer 220

RT increases linearly with display size

Answer 221

Increase in RT is twice as steep for target absent as target present trials

Answer 222

All these answers are true

Answer 223

Updated beliefs in a hypothesis should be proportional to our prior belief in that hypothesis multiplied by the likelihood that that hypothesis could have generated the observed event

Answer 224

once you eliminate the impossible whatever remains however improbable must be the truth

Answer 225

The simpliest explanation (that fits the observed data) is probably the correct explanation

Answer 226

None of these answers are true

Answer 227

In the pursuit of some goal, organisms must overcome initial fascination (attention) to salient but irrelevant attributes

Answer 228

Organisms must figure out what is relevant for achieving a particular goal

Answer 229

The nature of selective attention determines the mental representations we form about the world

Answer 230

All these answers are correct

Answer 231

Pop out sometimes depends on complex object properties, not just simple features

Answer 232

High-level, not low-level properties predict pop out.

Answer 233

Inconsistent with idea that pop out only occurs at level of simple features

Answer 234

All of these answers are correct

Answer 235

Selectivity of categorisation

Answer 236

Typicality of instances

Answer 237

Typicality of generalisation

Answer 238

Category size

Answer 239

Category variability

Answer 240

A Bounded rationality: Humans reason and choose rationally, but only within the constraints imposed by their limited search and computational capacities.

Answer 241

B Judgment and decision-making often rests on simplifying heuristics instead of extensive algorithmic processing

Answer 242

CSatisficing: “[U]sing experience to construct an expectation of how good a solution we might reasonably achieve, and halting search as soon as a solution is reached that meets the expectation. Expressed more simply, satisficing is a rule of thumb which says ‘pick the first satisfactory alternative’. It’s likely to be useful when there are a large number of alternatives to compare and the problem is such that determining the optimal choice would necessitate comparing all alternatives.

Answer 243

D A and C are correct

Answer 244

All these answers are correct

Answer 245

Clinical (a.k.a. case) prediction: “Based on intuitions I have developed during interviews with you, I believe you are rehabilitated and should be released from prison.

Answer 246

Clinical prediction performs very poorly relative to statistical prediction

Answer 247

Clinical prediction overweights case characteristics and underweights base rates

Answer 248

A System 1: fast, automatic, non conscious

Answer 249

B System 2: Reflective, conscious, controlled

Answer 250

C Question substitution: Instead of seeking the answer to some complex question, seek the answer to an easier question you believe to be related.

Answer 251

A and B are correct

Answer 252

Provide rewards to motivate participants to check their intuitive impressions

Answer 253

Ensure that participants are not simultaneously having to perform other kinds of mental effort.

Answer 254

Increase metacognitive difficulty

Answer 255

All these answers are correct

Answer 256

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 257

Affect heuristic

Answer 258

Availability heuristic

Answer 259

None of these are true

Answer 260

All these answers are true

Answer 261

The hot hand fallacy

Answer 262

The Law Of Small Numbers

Answer 263

Misperceptions of randomness

Answer 264

Learn about them as concepts

Answer 265

we can learn to recognise situations in which mistakes are likely

Answer 266

easier to notice biases in others than in oneself

Answer 267

All these answers are true

Answer 268

Yes. Heuristics can only be used unconsciously.

Answer 269

No. Heuristics can also be used consciously.

Answer 270

Depends on the context

Answer 271

It's inconclusive

Answer 272

Role of attention is to bind features into perceptual compounds

Answer 273

Each feature (lines, colours etc.) registered in its own feature map

Answer 274

Conjunction targets require feature binding, so need focused attention – leads to serial search

Answer 275

Feature targets don’t require feature binding, don’t need focused attention – leads to parallel search

Answer 276

All answers are true

Answer 277

when estimating quantities people start with an intuitive reference point (the ‘anchor’) and make adjustments to it

Answer 278

This was the first study to demonstrate that anchoring worked even when participants believed the anchor to be totally arbitrary

Answer 279

That people's level of expertise influences the base expectations of their answers

Answer 280

All these answers are true

Answer 281

If one of two objects is recognized and the other is not, then infer that the recognized object has the higher value.

Answer 282

Eliciting frequencies rather than probabilities

Answer 283

Non- anchoring heuristic is the only thing that actually is supported by studies

Answer 284

All answers are true

Answer 285

Kahneman’s biases lack external validity

Answer 286

Kahneman’s heuristics are vaguely theorized/specified and there has been a lack of formal modelling

Answer 287

.Kahneman overstates the problems caused by the computational limitations of our brains

Answer 288

All the above are true

Answer 289

Attentional Learning describes the method of learning by exclusion, based on what we already know

Answer 290

Attentional Learning describes how we typically make trade-offs when we draw inferences

Answer 291

Attentional Learning describes how selective attention allows for some aspects of an event to be associated more strongly than others

Answer 292

Attentional Learning describes how associations build up over time

Answer 293

 Attentional selection based on simple physical features (location in space, voice, etc.)

Answer 294

 Meaning requires access to limited capacity channel, only extracted if stimulus is attended

Answer 295

Brain's ability to self-regulate input from the environment

Answer 296

All these answers are true

Answer 297

Related to psychological arousal (continuum from drowsy, inattentive to alert, attentive)

Answer 298

Problem of vigilance: performance declines over a long watch (radar operators, quality control inspectors, etc.)

Answer 299

All these answers are true

Answer 300

None of these answers are true

Answer 301

Semantic content not analysed (language, meaning)

Answer 302

Translation is selective (stimuli not all treated equally)

Answer 303

No memory/detail for unattended message despite changes to it

Answer 304

All these answers are true

Answer 305

Automaticity is a basis for skill acquisition (reading, driving, playing a musical instrument, etc.)

Answer 306

Criteria for automaticity: Fast, parallel, effortless, doesn't require capacity

Answer 307

Learned S-R associations

Answer 308

All these answers are correct

Answer 309

Source localisation in space important cue

Answer 310

Binaural presentation (both ears receive both messages in the same voice)

Answer 311

None of these are true

Answer 312

All these answers are true

Answer 313

Cherry only looked at what's remembered in referring to aural stimuli

Answer 314

Confounds perception and memory

Answer 315

Stimuli may be perceived but then forgotten

Answer 316

All these answers are true

Answer 317

Filter precedes channel, protects it from overload

Answer 318

All stimuli stored briefly in short term store (STS): stimuli stay for a second, some selected by filter to pass into LC channel

Answer 319

Raw acoustic trace, decays quickly if not selected

Answer 320

Preferred way to recall info is Ear-by-ear recall had more correct stimuli repetition

Answer 321

A Dear Aunt Jane” experiment (Gray & Wedderburn, 1960)

Answer 322

B Moray (1959)

Answer 323

C Filter theory explains simple findings, but can't explain semantic processing of unattended stimuli

Answer 324

D both B and C are true

Answer 325

Many tasks show intermediate pattern, don’t provide clear evidence of either serial or parallel search

Answer 326

parallel and serial functions look like ends of continuum

Answer 327

No evidence of dichotomous population of search slopes (2 different search types)

Answer 328

All these answers are correct

Answer 329

Partially attended stimulus in the LTM is partially activated

Answer 330

Two radios playing simultaneously, filter turns volumes up or down

Answer 331

Filter biased by context, message salience

Answer 332

All answers are correct

Answer 333

Late selection: Differs in where filter is located, after LTM instead of before LTM

Answer 334

Complexity of filter: Needs to respond to semantic context, distinguish related from unrelated stimuli – simpler alternative?

Answer 335

 LS theory: All stimuli access LTM, not sufficient for awareness  ES theory: LTM activation = conscious awareness

Answer 336

All these answers are true

Answer 337

Bottom-up and top-down selection mechanisms

Answer 338

Stimuli selection by “pertinence” (relevance to task/behavior)

Answer 339

Need both kinds of activation to get through filter, otherwise fades away

Answer 340

All answers are correct

Answer 341

Initial parallel stage provides a candidate list of possible targets Second serial stage checks candidate list for targets

Answer 342

Similar targets and distractors lead to large candidate list and inefficient search

Answer 343

Dissimilar targets and distractors lead to small candidate list and efficient search

Answer 344

All answers are correct

Answer 345

McKay (1973) Semantic processing on unattended channel: Recognition biased by previous shadowing task

Answer 346

Von Wright, Anderson & Stenman (1975): Conditioned response/activation based acoustics of words,

Answer 347

Neither answers are true

Answer 348

Both answers are true

Answer 349

Conjuction targets pop out; Feature targets don't

Answer 350

Conjunction targets don't pop out; Feature targets do

Answer 351

All these answers are correct

Answer 352

None of the above are true

Answer 353

All answers are correct

Answer 354

reduced detection accuracy on unattended channel

Answer 355

 Filter before LTM

Answer 356

 Semantic activation on unattended channel in the LST

Answer 357

 LS: Semantic activation on unattended channel shown by indirect means

Answer 358

ES: Doesn't deny weak activation of semantic material on unattended channel. Indirect measures don't show it occurs to the same degree

Answer 359

Both answers are correct

Answer 360

Neither answer is correct

Answer 361

A. Is a process of which we are unconscious

Answer 362

B. Is a limited capacity process

Answer 363

C. Is a process that runs inside focal attention

Answer 364

D. Is a process that runs outside of focal attention

Answer 365

Neither of these answers are true

Answer 366

Both these answers are true

Answer 367

Seem to need to focus attention on target to detect it – focus attention on each item in turn

Answer 368

Constant scanning rate predicts linear RT/display size function

Answer 369

Neither answers are true

Answer 370

 Both answers are true

Answer 371

 Capacity (Resource) Theories:  Information processing is mental work  Work requires activation of neural structure  Limited capacity to activate structure

Answer 372

 Structural (Bottleneck) Theories:  Some neural structures can only deal with one stimulus at a time  Competition produces processing “bottleneck” (filter theory)  (ES: bottleneck getting into LTM; LS bottleneck getting out)

Answer 373

All answers are true

Answer 374

Can make capacity theories (mathematically) precise using Signal Detection Theory

Answer 375

Emphasises divided attention, flexibility of attentional control

Answer 376

 Value of capacity theory is new experiments it led to

Answer 377

bottom-up (something captures attention)

Answer 378

 Natural environment: Shifts in attention can be top-down (decide to shift attention)

Answer 379

None of these answers are true

Answer 380

 Need both kinds of systems to function

Answer 381

A. The location of stimuli in space

Answer 382

B. Information about stimulus identity

Answer 383

C. Fine spatial detail

Answer 384

D. Colour and texture

Answer 385

Some search targets require attention

Answer 386

Some search targets seem to “pop out” from the background

Answer 387

All of the above

Answer 388

None of the above

Answer 389

All these answers indicate a failure of theories/knowledge gaps of focussed attention

Answer 390

Visual search looks at costs of divided (distributed) attention: performance decline with increasing display size is evidence of capacity limitations

Answer 391

Situations where there is a benefit not to divide attention: avoid processing distractor stimuli

Answer 392

Failing to factor in Limitations of focused attention and involuntary processing of irrelevant stimuli

Answer 393

Consistent with the idea that automatic processing is capacity-free, effortless encoding (no need for cognitive resource)

Answer 394

Subjectively effortless, spontaneous pop-out of targets from text increased automatic processing

Answer 395

Neither of these answers are true

Answer 396

Both answers are true

Answer 397

None of these answers are true

Answer 398

Objects occupy same region of space, attend to one and rate aesthetic appeal; ignore other

Answer 399

Memory test: good memory for attended figure, none for unattended figure

Answer 400

All the answers are true

Answer 401

RT to name trumpet is slower if ignored on previous trial

Answer 402

Means ignored shape must have been perceived to produce effect on subsequent trial (cf. late selection

Answer 403

attend to one object and ignore another when both occupy same region of space

Answer 404

All answers are true

Answer 405

B More accurate if the two attributes belonged to same object than different objects

Answer 406

A Evidence that attention operates on whole objects

Answer 407

C This study disproved these theories

Answer 408

A and B are correct

Answer 409

Control of attention involves balance of top-down and bottom-up systems

Answer 410

Reflexive system orients to new stimuli, voluntary system provides sustained attentional focus

Answer 411

Failure to focus and failure to disengage and reorient both found in clinical cases  Damage to right parietal lobe

Answer 412

All answers are true

Answer 413

A Computations carried out over symbolic representations in the mind

Answer 414

B The manipulation of analogue representations in memory

Answer 415

C Real time dynamic processes situated in a physical context

Answer 416

D All of the above

Answer 417

A. Tradeoffs only when the capacity demands of both tasks exceed some threshold

Answer 418

B. Performance in both tasks will degrade by about the same amount when they are performed together

Answer 419

C. Tradeoffs that vary smoothly as a function of the capacity allocated to each task

Answer 420

D. A catastrophic decline in performance if the combined capacity demands of the two tasks exceeds the capacity available

Answer 421

A. Lexical feedback to the phoneme level

Answer 422

B. Lateral inhibitory signals

Answer 423

C. Transitional probabilities between syllables

Answer 424

D. Parallel activation of lexical nodes

Answer 425

A. Easier than dichotic listening tasks

Answer 426

B. Harder than dichotic listening tasks

Answer 427

C. About as hard as dichotic listening tasks

Answer 428

D. Harder than dichotic listening tasks when the messages are in the same voice but easier when they are in different voices

Answer 429

Ventral pathway, temporal lobe: form, colour – what pathway

Answer 430

Dorsal pathway, parietal lobe: direction of motion, spatial location – where pathway  Parietal lobe damage disrupts “where” pathway

Answer 431

Neither answer is true

Answer 432

Both answers are true

Answer 433

Deficit in processing spatial information  Not blind, but difficulty in making left side of space accessible to conscious awareness

Answer 434

Right parietal lobe damage leads to left visual field neglect and vice versa

Answer 435

Behavioural manifestation: failure to dress left side of body, shave left side of face, etc.

Answer 436

All answers are correct

Answer 437

A. Shorter for cued stimuli than neutrally-cued stimuli and shorter for neutrally-cued stimuli than miscued stimuli

Answer 438

B. Shorter for cued stimuli than neutrally-cued stimuli and about the same for neutrally-cued and miscued stimuli

Answer 439

C. About the same for cued stimuli and neutrally-cued stimuli and shorter for neutrally-cued stimuli than miscued stimuli

Answer 440

D. About the same for cued stimuli, neutrally-cued stimuli and miscued stimuli

Answer 441

Simultaneous identification of two stimuli  Unimpaired with only one stimulus

Answer 442

left visual field deficit with two simultaneous stimuli  Perceptual response to one stimulus “extinguishes” response to the other

Answer 443

Late selection theory: Only one signal can get through filter to consciousness at a time  Extinction: Two competing perceptual representations can't co-exist

Answer 444

Recognition, identification require activation of neural structures  Damaged hemisphere chronically underactive, stimuli don't provide activation they should  Effects strongest with activity in other hemisphere (invalid cue, competing stimulus)

Answer 445

All of these answers are correct

Answer 446

D. Both B and C above

Answer 447

C. The chimps tended to focus on the rewards associated with the lexigrams rather than on the relationship between the lexigrams and their referents

Answer 448

B. The chimps were relying on the iconic properties of the lexigrams rather than symbolic reference

Answer 449

A. The chimps were able to learn the higher-order relationships between the lexigrams

Answer 450

A. Show impairment in responding to two weak, near-threshold visual stimuli

Answer 451

B. Show impairment in responding to two strong stimuli

Answer 452

C. Show impairment in responding to a weak stimulus presented in the left visual field

Answer 453

D. Show impairment in responding to a strong stimulus presented in the right visual field

Answer 454

B. An analogue representation can be rotated mentally as if manipulating an actual object in space.

Answer 455

C. Complex problem solving relies exclusively on analogue representations

Answer 456

D. Both b. and c. above

Answer 457

A. Symbolic representations are used to compute the difference in angular rotation between two images.

Answer 458

A. Adaptive learning in real time based on sensing and a direct representation of the environment

Answer 459

B. Building models of cognition from the bottom up

Answer 460

C. The retrieval of stored programmes coded as symbolic rules to guide adaptive navigation of the environment

Answer 461

D. Both a and b above

Answer 462

A. Parallel activation

Answer 463

B. Lateral inhibition

Answer 464

C. Lexical feedback

Answer 465

D. Segmentation of the speech stream

Answer 466

A. Gave(Kevin, kiss, Julia); where "gave" is the argument, and "Kevin", "Julia" and "kiss" form the predicates.

Answer 467

B. Kevin(gave, Julia, kiss); where "Kevin" is the predicate, and "gave", "Julia" and "kiss" form the arguments.

Answer 468

C. Gave(Kevin, Kiss, Julia) where "gave" is the predicate, and "Kevin","Julia" and "kiss" form the arguments.

Answer 469

D. Kiss(Julia, Kevin, gave); where "kiss" is the predicate, and "Julia", "Kevin" and "gave" are the arguments.

Answer 470

Bilateral lesions in parietal and/or occipital cortex

Answer 471

Inability to focus on individual objects and to see more than one object at a time (Simultanagnosia) – prone to illusory conjunctions

Answer 472

Occurs even when objects overlap (Object based!)

Answer 473

All answers are correct

Answer 474

Inhibition of return: cued spatial location tagged as uninteresting, so slower RT there  Tagging associated with objects, not just they space they occupy

Answer 475

Neither answer is true

Answer 476

All answers are correct

Answer 477

A. RTs are shorter when the stimulus is an identifiable perceptual object than when it is not

Answer 478

B. RTs to stimulus objects composed of conjunctions of features are longer than RTs to stimulus objects composed of single features

Answer 479

C. RTs to miscued stimuli are longer when they are part of an uncued perceptual object than when they are part of a cued object

Answer 480

D. RTs to miscued stimuli are longer when they are part of a perceptual object to which attention had been attracted by a peripheral cue presented at a long SOA

Answer 481

A. In Treisman?s theory, messages can be selected based on their meaning

Answer 482

B. Treisman?s theory predicts that the word ?tap? will be detected more accurately if it occurs on an attended than unattended channel

Answer 483

C. In Treisman?s theory, unattended messages are attenuated rather than blocked

Answer 484

D. In Treisman?s theory, there is no switching cost delay in processing an unattended message

Answer 485

• Indexical relationships are crucial to establish the link between a word and its referent

Answer 486

• Word reference is often supplemented by pairing the sound of the word with an iconic gesture/images

Answer 487

• Iconic relationships between one instance of a word and another (similarity of one word/past exposure to the word in the past) become important to establish reliable word recognition

Answer 488

All of these answers are correct

Answer 489

A. Counting the number of times a basketball is passed around

Answer 490

B. Matching a character description with an occupation

Answer 491

C. Working out that a person?s face is angry

Answer 492

D. Working out the answer to 2 + 2

Answer 493

A. Mean RTs with peripheral cues and short SOAs are shorter at cued locations than at miscued locations

Answer 494

B. Mean RTs with peripheral cues and short SOAs are longer at cued locations than at miscued locations

Answer 495

C. Mean RTs with peripheral cues and long SOAs are shorter at cued locations than at miscued locations

Answer 496

D. Mean RTs with peripheral cues and long SOAs are longer at cued locations than at miscued locations

Answer 497

A. in a range of different formats, from analogue to symbolic representations

Answer 498

B. as a "language of thought" composed of symbols and syntactic rules for combining them

Answer 499

C. as propositinally encoded mental representations which ground higher level representations such as mental images

Answer 500

D. at increasingly abstract levels so that the symbolic level is grounded in more basic representations such as mental images

Answer 501

A. Participants rated Linda as being slightly less likely to be a bank teller than a bank teller active in the feminist movement

Answer 502

B. Participants rated Linda as being slightly more likely to be a bank teller than a bank teller active in the feminist movement

Answer 503

C. Performance became a great deal better; a much smaller proportion of participants committed the conjunction fallacy than in the 8-option version of the study

Answer 504

D. Results were essentially the same as in the 8-option version of the study

Answer 505

A The testing effect ensures that distance effects perception

Answer 506

B The testing effect ensures that you are skeptical of misinformation

Answer 507

C The testing effect ensures a mapping of the contexts between study and retrieval

Answer 508

D The testing effect ensure you get an H1 on the test

Answer 509

A. The nodes representing the lexical representations for low frequency words in the lexical route take longer to activate than those representing high frequency words, giving the non-lexical route time to produce a competing regularised pronunciation for low frequency irregular words.

Answer 510

B. The nodes representing the lexical representations for low frequency words in the non-lexical route take longer to activate than those representing high frequency words, giving the lexical route time to produce a competing regularised pronunciation for low frequency irregular words.

Answer 511

C. The nodes representing low frequency words in the orthographic lexicon have a lower threshold for activation than those representing high frequency words, giving time for the non-lexical route to produce a competing regularised pronunciation for low frequency irregular words.

Answer 512

D. Both A and C above

Answer 513

A assuming that long-term memory is used to fill in details which are lost to an attentional or retrieval bottleneck

Answer 514

B assuming that each memory trace is comprised of perceptual, context and semantic meaning features

Answer 515

C assuming that some features are lost due to imperfect attention and recall

Answer 516

D by retrieving memory traces in parallel

Answer 517

Symbolic- Symbolic reference is based on some formal or agreed upon link (social convention) Symbolic reference holds irrespective of: The similarity in physical characteristics between sign or object (iconic). there is nothing about the sound of the word CAT that resembles cattishness any physical or temporal contiguity between sign and object (index)

Answer 518

• Indexical- Indexical reference is based on a physical or temporal contiguity (correlation, co-occurrence) between a sign and what it signifies: • Words can be used indexically when they point directly to their meaning: • here, there, I, me, you, this, etc. • Nouns and verbs are initially used indexically in the presence of the thing or action to which they refer

Answer 519

• Iconic- Iconic reference is based on a physical similarity (resemblance) between the sign and what it signifies. A portrait or landscape painting relies on the physical similarity between the painting and that which is represented.

Answer 520

All these answers are correct

Answer 521

A. Availability is positively related to ease of processing

Answer 522

B. Availability is positively related to the amount of content recalled

Answer 523

C. If you?re asked to recall assertive behaviors then assertiveness will be more available than if you were asked to recall unassertive behaviours

Answer 524

D. If you?re asked to recall unassertive behaviors then assertiveness will be more available than if you were asked to recall assertive behaviors

Answer 525

A. Eliciting frequencies instead of probabilities

Answer 526

B. Emphasizing the role of random sampling to participants

Answer 527

C. Getting participants to hold a 7-digit number in their head while doing the task

Answer 528

D. Printing the questionnaire in a hard-to-read font

Answer 529

A When asked to estimate how fast the car was going when it smashed into the other car, P's generated faster speed estimates

Answer 530

B When asked whether they remembered seeing any broken glass, estimates were increased when P's were asked to judge how fast the car was going when it contacted the other car.

Answer 531

C When asked to estimate how fast the car was going when it hit the other car, P's generated faster speed estimates

Answer 532

D When warned that the perpetrator's appearance may have changed, eyewitnesses make more false alarms.

Answer 533

A) People remember all of the details, which allows restrospective revision of memory

Answer 534

b) Corrections are more effective when they contain an alternative causal story

Answer 535

(c) Recall alone is not reposible for the persistent influence of misinformation

Answer 536

(d) Even when you know something has been retracted, it continues to influence your memory

Answer 537

The Lexical Route: For recognising familiar words rapidly on the basis of a stored lexical orthographic representation for the whole word, the whole spelling holistically Used for familiar words (both regular and irregular) Necessary for reading irregular words.

Answer 538

The Non-lexical Route: Knowledge of rules for translating letters into sounds Grapheme-Phoneme-Conversion rules (GPC rules). For “sounding-out” unfamiliar words. Phonological Recoding Irregular words will be ‘regularised’ (i.e., mispronounced)

Answer 539

Both answers are correct

Answer 540

Neither answer are correct

Answer 541

A. Abnormally long RTs in responding to cued stimuli in the left visual field

Answer 542

B. Abnormally long RTs in responding to miscued stimuli in the left visual field

Answer 543

C. Abnormally long RTs in responding to cued stimuli in the right visual field

Answer 544

D. Abnormally long RTs in responding to miscued stimuli in the right visual field

Answer 545

(1) determining whether the survivors recall of certain events followed Zipf's law.

Answer 546

(2) weighting each of the coordinates by how likely that survivor was to know the true coordinate

Answer 547

(3) by presenting each of the survivors with misinformation and determining whether it influenced their recall

Answer 548

(4) by presenting survivors with a sequential line-up

Answer 549

A. Selective attention, divided attention with one target, and divided attention with two targets were all about as hard as each other

Answer 550

B. Divided attention was harder than selective attention; divided attention with one target was about as hard as divided attention with two targets

Answer 551

C. Divided attention with one target was harder than selective attention; divided attention with two targets was harder than divided attention with one target

Answer 552

D. Divided attention with one targets was about as hard as selective attention; divided attention with two targets was harder than divided attention with one target

Answer 553

A. Performance on the first target is worse if it is followed by a second target that must be processed

Answer 554

B. Performance on the second target is worse if the first target is to be ignored

Answer 555

C. Performance on the second target is worse if the first target must be processed

Answer 556

D. Performance on the second target is better if the first target is masked by an immediately following letter to make it harder to see

Answer 557

The Frequency effect Frequently encountered words are read more quickly than less frequently encountered words

Answer 558

The regularity effect Irregular words are read more slowly than regular words.

Answer 559

Frequency x Regularity Interaction Regularity affects low frequency words (pint) more than high frequency words

Answer 560

All of the above

Answer 561

a. ...the subject tends to make the response which leads to reward Y indicating that cue D has been highlighted by cue A's previous association with response X.

Answer 562

b. ...the subject tends to be distracted by highlighted information and chooses response Y because it is more salient

Answer 563

c. ...bees waggle to highlight which direction the food source is

Answer 564

d. ...the subject chooses response D because A is highlighted by the previous association with B.

Answer 565

A. Their semantic content

Answer 566

B. Their location in space

Answer 567

C. The language in which they are spoken

Answer 568

D. The volume of the speaker?s voice

Answer 569

A. There is a limit on the amount of neural structure we can activate to process stimuli

Answer 570

B. Stimuli in divided attention tasks compete for the same neural structures

Answer 571

C. The semantic analysis system imposes a processing bottleneck on performance

Answer 572

D. The sensory analysis system imposes a processing bottleneck on performance

Answer 573

A. A word from a target category that was used in the conditioning phase evokes a GSR when it is presented on an attended channel

Answer 574

B. A word from a target category that was used in the conditioning phase evokes a GSR when it is presented on an unattended channel

Answer 575

C. A word from a target category that was not used in the conditioning phase evokes a GSR when it is presented on an attended channel

Answer 576

D. A word from a target category that was not used in the conditioning phase evokes a GSR when it is presented on an unattended channel

Answer 577

A. The rapid recognition of familar regular and irregular words by the automatic application of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules

Answer 578

B. The rapid recognition of familiar irregular words by the automatic application of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules

Answer 579

C. The rapid recognition of familiar regular words on the basis of a match between the input and a stored lexical orthographic representation

Answer 580

D. The rapid recognition of familiar regular and irregular words?on the basis of a match between the input and a stored lexical orthographic representation

Answer 581

• S-SR Wanted to teach Sherman and Austin to communicate symbolically with each other about an object that was not visible.

Answer 582

– comprehension (receptive language) rather than on production – and symbolic reference rather than syntax.

Answer 583

• Apes can comprehend symbols, but production does not lead spontaneously to comprehension • In order to function "representationally”, the symbols learned by apes must become decontextualized and freed for use in novel situation

Answer 584

All of these answers are true

Answer 585

A. RTs to a target stimulus are shorter if it was also a target stimulus on a preceding trial

Answer 586

B. RTs to a target stimulus are longer if it was also a target stimulus on a preceding trial

Answer 587

C. ?RTs to a target stimulus are shorter if it was a to-be-ignored stimulus on a preceding trial

Answer 588

D. RTs to a target stimulus are longer if it was a to-be-ignored stimulus on a preceding trial

Answer 589

– (The chimps) Had to separate the names of things from the contingencies associated with the learning of those names. They needed to be able to separate the names of things from the contingencies associated with learning those names.

Answer 590

• Teaching the names of objects by association • Sherman and Austin had great difficulty with this task once there were two or more lexigrams to choose from. • They were paying attention to the rewards that followed the symbol, not to the object-symbol relationship.

Answer 591

• Subsequently generalised learning to learning names of new objects in a single trial

Answer 592

Behaviourist Skinner- symbolic communication (mere associative learning) with pidgeons.

Answer 593

A. Sometimes conjunctions of features pop out

Answer 594

B. Some tasks show patterns of search intermediate between serial and parallel search

Answer 595

C. Some search tasks are better described as efficient and inefficient rather than serial and parallel

Answer 596

D. All of the above

Answer 597

The likelihood (probability) that any given syllable follows another differs within words, and across word boundaries.

Answer 598

Infants’ sensitivity to such adjacent transitional probabilities in continuous speech enables them to parse speech.

Answer 599

Both answers are correct

Answer 600

Neither answer is correct

Answer 601

A. It is easier to program letters and digits on a computer

Answer 602

B. Skilled readers are familiar with letters and digits, which reduces variability in performance and makes statistical inference easier

Answer 603

C. It allows quantification of the overall processing load

Answer 604

D. It is easier to control the overall contrast of the stimuli, which is known to have an effect on RT

Answer 605

The regularity x frequency interaction: Low frequency irregular words are processed slower in the lexical route due to low frequency words being coded with higher thresholds of activation. This gives time for a competing “regularised” pronunciation to be generated by the non-lexical route.

Answer 606

Neither answer is correct

Answer 607

Both answers are correct

Answer 608

High frequency irregular words are recognised fast enough in the lexical route to avoid significant interference from the output of the non-lexical route

Answer 609

(a) Learning involves attention

Answer 610

b) Learning is context specific

Answer 611

(c) Learning is based on changes in a neuron's membrane permeability

Answer 612

(d) Learning is about how you update your prior beliefs based on data

Answer 613

1). Regular words cat, spank, cowboy, apple Follow spelling-sound correspondence rules

Answer 614

2). Irregular words /Exception words/ inconsistent words yacht, sew, colonel, pint, what, head Break the usual spelling-sound rules Must be recognised on the basis of their unique spelling pattern

Answer 615

3). Novel words (nonwords) jusk, lelt, dockel, bunset Must use the rules, or an analogy to a similar word, to produce a candidate pronunciation

Answer 616

All answers are correct

Answer 617

A. A serial exhaustive search

Answer 618

B. A serial self-terminating search

Answer 619

C. A parallel exhaustive search

Answer 620

D. A parallel self-terminating search

Answer 621

A. There was a consistent mapping between target and distractor categories

Answer 622

B. There was a varied mapping between target and distractor categories

Answer 623

C. People practised the same task for a long time

Answer 624

D. There were rewards for correct detections and punishments for incorrect detections

Answer 625

regularities in the stress-patterns of their native language. The stress pattern (metrical rhythm) of a language is one element of the prosody of the language

Answer 626

This strong–weak (trochaic) pattern is the opposite to that used in languages such as Polish, in which a weak–strong (iambic) pattern predominates

Answer 627

All languages contain words of both kinds of rhythems , but one pattern typically predominates

Answer 628

Stress provides a prosodic cue to help infants identify potential words within the speech stream

Answer 629

C. The intensity of the calls is associated with the urgency of the threat

Answer 630

B. The calls are produced only in the presence of the associated threat

Answer 631

A. Each call is associated with a specific behavioural response

Answer 632

D. All of the above

Answer 633

A source of ambiguity in speech is caused by the time it takes for spoken words to unfold

Answer 634

speech is being evaluated and re-evaluated continuously against numerous potential lexical candidates, activated in parallel.

Answer 635

Both answers are correct

Answer 636

Neither answer is correct

Answer 637

a. Learning based on exclusion

Answer 638

b. rapidly developing a graph of similarity relations between objects

Answer 639

c. an increase in inhibitory connections between neurons

Answer 640

d. a reduction in the action potentials at the stimulated neurons

Answer 641

Frequency of co-occurrence an important factor in determining what is learned in the simple learning model

Answer 642

Generalization based on a single observation determines what is learned

Answer 643

Judicial exoneration is a good way to describe how the model works

Answer 644

The model should be preferred because it is simple

Answer 645

Laughter, facial expressions, tone of voice (prosody) and gestures all provide paralinguistic cues to meaning

Answer 646

– Syntax • rules for combining words into sentences

Answer 647

– Word meaning • symbolic reference

Answer 648

All of these answers are correct

Answer 649

because what determines the meaning of a symbol is not the probability of co-occurrence with its referent (object or event) in time or space.

Answer 650

symbolic meaning is a complex function of the relationship that a symbol has to other symbols within a symbolic system

Answer 651

• Words are defined by their relationship to other words • Higher-order correlations between words within a grammar begin to matter more than the co-occurrence of a word and its referent in time or space • Words with similar meanings are often used alternatively, not together • Words with different meanings tend to be adjacent to one another in sentences. • The frequency with which specific word combinations are repeated is extremely low, language is on the fly, don’t use standard combinations.

Answer 652

All answers are correct

Answer 653

This explicit knowledge of the phonemic structure of spoken language is known as phonemic awareness (PA)

Answer 654

PA can be distinguished from the implicit knowledge that underpins your ability to recognise spoken words that differ by a single phoneme.

Answer 655

Both answers are correct

Answer 656

Neither answer are correct

Answer 657

D. All of the above

Answer 658

C. A physical similarity between the sign and the thing signified

Answer 659

B. A temporal and/or spatial relationship between the sign and the thing signified

Answer 660

A. A socially defined relationship between the sign and the thing signified

Answer 661

Neither answer is correct

Answer 662

Both answers are correct

Answer 663

For example, while hearing "beetle", TRACE will initially build activation for both "beetle" and "beaker". However, over time, "beetle" inhibits (suppresses) "beater"

Answer 664

As activation accumulates in multiple lexical nodes, the nodes compete via lateral inhibitory mechanisms.

Answer 665

C. No, because symbolic reference is defined by the interpretation of the sign within a linguistic system, not by whether individual signs within the system retain aspects of iconicity or indexicality.

Answer 666

A. Yes, because symbolic reference is defined by all signs within the linguistic system being arbitrarily related to their referents rather than being inconic or indexical

Answer 667

B. Yes, because languages must be spoken, not visual-spatial

Answer 668

D. No, because sign languages are better thought of as primitive proto-languages

Answer 669

C. Sherman and Austin used symbolic lexigrams to communicate

Answer 670

B. Sherman and Austin named the hidden food on the first trial based on their prior learning of naming and requesting

Answer 671

A. Sherman and Austin were highly motivated by food rewards

Answer 672

D. Sherman and Austin were trained on each component of the task in sequence

Answer 673

The model includes two lexical-level mechanisms for word recognition. Lexical feedback Lateral inhibition

Answer 674

It is based on a system of processing units called nodes. Nodes represent elements of information within the system, from the lowest perceptual level of phonetic features, through the phonemic level (for individual speech sounds) and the word level (where nodes represent individual word forms).

Answer 675

Each kind of node is organised within a separate layer of the system, with the phonetic features, phonemes, and words constituting separate layers of nodes within the network. Each node has a resting level and a threshold for activation. When the input is consistent with one of the nodes, the activation level of the node rises from its resting state towards its threshold. Nodes within this system are highly interconnected and when a given node reaches threshold it may influence other nodes to which it is connected. An active node can both raise the level of activation of nodes that are consistent with it (excitation) and lower the level of activation of nodes that are inconsistent with it (inhibition). The connections between layers are excitatory. Excitatory activation flows upwards (feed-forward) through the layers of the system from the phonetic feature level to the word level. This is referred to as “bottom-up” activation from the perceptual level. Activation can also flow back down through the system from the word level to the phonetic feature level. This is referred to as feedback, or “top-down” activation. In addition to the excitatory connections between layers, there are also inhibitory connections between nodes within each layer. These connections are known as lateral inhibitory connections. Inhibitory connections enable a node to suppress the activation of a competing node.

Answer 676

All answers are correct

Answer 677

A. Words with regular spelling-sound correspondences (e.g., MINT) are recognised more quickly in visual word recognition tasks than words with irregular spelling-sound correspondences (e.g., PINT).

Answer 678

B. Words that are similar in spelling to many other words (e.g., CAT) are recognised more slowly in visual word recognition tasks than words that have unusual spelling patterns (e.g., YACHT).

Answer 679

C. Words that are high in written frequency are responded to more quickly in visual word recognition tasks than words that are low in frequency.

Answer 680

D. Words with spellings that are associated with more than one meaning (e.g., BANK) are responded to more slowly in visual word recognition tasks than words whose spellings are associated with only one meaning

Answer 681

Word recognition (recognition of the physical forms of words) provides the window through which we access meaning.

Answer 682

This effortlessness is based on the recognition of individual words in the speech stream, or in print.

Answer 683

None of these answers are correct

Answer 684

All these answers are correct

Answer 685

The process whereby the memory for a specific word form is located, “opened”, or “activated”

Answer 686

linguistic modalities that are for perceptual word forms (arbitrary signs) that map onto concepts (semantics

Answer 687

A mental dictionary

Answer 688

All these answers are correct

Answer 689

All answers are correct

Answer 690

The ability to segment the speech stream despite “noisy”(i.e., imperfect, variable) input and great variability between speakers begins early in development.

Answer 691

spoken words are perceived as coherent, discrete, events – auditory objects

Answer 692

Segmenting the speech stream is a non-trivial task

Answer 693

All of these answers are true

Answer 694

The ability to ascribe value, or valence, (i.e., positive or negative) to events in the world

Answer 695

Value in this sense refers to an organism’s ability to sense whether events and stimuli in its environment are more or less desirable.

Answer 696

The range of emotions that an organism experiences will reflect the complexity of its specific adaptive niche. For humans, this involves the adaptive demands of physical, sociocultural, and interpersonal contexts

Answer 697

All these answers are correct

Answer 698

One way to think about the interplay between cognition and emotion is to consider emotion as a source of information for cognitive processes.

Answer 699

For example, emotional prosody in language Provides important information beyond the meaning of the individual words

Answer 700

• Facial expressions also provide important non-verbal information to the cognitive system Informs approach and avoidance behaviour

Answer 701

a two dimensional state-space

Answer 702

Valence •Positive/pleasant •Negative/unpleasant Arousal •Calm •Aroused

Answer 703

Neither answer is correct

Answer 704

All answers are correct

Answer 705

two factors were independently varied on the critical trials: the position of the threat term (threat position) and the position of the subsequent visual probe (probe position).

Answer 706

The classic finding using the dot-probe task is that participants who score highly on measures of state or trait anxiety, and clinically anxious patients, show an attentional bias towards threat-related material. Most common explanation is in terms of attentional capture

Answer 707

While such an attentional bias to threat-related stimuli has been shown to operate rapidly in anxiety, it is evident in depression only when more time is permitted for stimulus processing

Answer 708

All these answers are true

Answer 709

– Distance between the nodes represents similarity between the items.

Answer 710

– Category membership at each level entails a number of properties that are shared by the members of the more specific included categories

Answer 711

– This model provided an elegant mechanism for property inheritance and generalization of new knowledge: new facts could be stored with the appropriate category node, and would then automatically be inherited by all subordinate concepts

Answer 712

All answers are true

Answer 713

All answers are true

Answer 714

MCM and MDM effects.

Answer 715

Inhibitory connections between opposing emotions.

Answer 716

Spreading activation from emotion nodes to associated semantic nodes

Answer 717

All answers are true

Answer 718

in a processing advantage for stimuli that are related to these primed representations.

Answer 719

the representations of the primed nodes require less activation for retrieval (‘access’) to occur than do the representations of non-primed nodes,

Answer 720

the concepts represented by nodes that have been inhibited will be harder to retrieve.

Answer 721

A MCM recall is better if mood at retrieval matches mood at encoding compared to MDM

Answer 722

B MDM recall is best when mood and content are congruent (i.e., match) than MCM

Answer 723

C MCM recall is best when mood and content are congruent (i.e., match) than MDM

Answer 724

D MDM recall is better if mood at retrieval matches mood at encoding compared to MCM

Answer 725

C and D are correct

Answer 726

A and B are correct

Answer 727

Positively valenced concepts and memories are inhibited

Answer 728

Depressed mood lowers the threshold for associated concepts and events, making them more available for retrieval

Answer 729

the kinds of thoughts and memories that come to mind when people are in particular emotional states

Answer 730

All these answers are true

Answer 731

Parallel Activation of Lexical Candidates

Answer 732

Lexical Feedback

Answer 733

Lateral Inhibition

Answer 734

Metrical Rhythm

Answer 735

His Biases lacked external validity.

Answer 736

His theories were too vague, and could be easily exploited post hoc.

Answer 737

He overlooked the computational limitations of the brain.

Answer 738

All of the above were criticisms of Kahneman's work.

Answer 739

Typicality of Instances

Answer 740

Typicality of Induction

Answer 741

Typicality of Generalisation

Answer 742

Category Size

Answer 743

Category Variability

Answer 744

The Availability Heuristic

Answer 745

The Descriptive Heuristic

Answer 746

The Representative Heuristic

Answer 747

The 'So Called' Anchoring Heuristic

Answer 748

observable features relational concepts rules

Answer 749

unobservable features typicality rules

Answer 750

observable features typicality relational concepts

Answer 751

unobservable features relational concepts rules

Answer 752

On the standard task 2-3 yr old children tended to categorise based on similarity. On the discriminable task, they tended to put all the circles in the same category. in the extreme task, they tended to use similarity or put each circle in its own category. Adults use similarity on the discriminable task but one dimensional on the other 2 tasks.

Answer 753

On the standard task 2-3 yr old children tended to categorise based on similarity. On the discriminable task, they tended to put all the circles in the same category. In the extreme task, they tended to use similarity or put each circle in its own category. Adults tended to use one dimensional categorisation on all 3 tasks

Answer 754

On the discriminable task 2-3 yr old children tended to categorise based on similarity. On the standard task, they tended to put all the circles in the same category. in the extreme task, they tended to use similarity or put each circle in its own category. Adults tended to use one dimensional grouping on all 3 tasks

Answer 755

On the standard task 2-3 yr old children tended to categorise based on similarity. On the discriminable task, they tended to put all the circles in the same category. in the extreme task, they tended to only use similarity Adults used similarity on standard task but one dimensional on the other 2

Answer 756

That categorisation is based on a list of diagnostic criteria for members of that category

Answer 757

That categorisation is based on a prototype that 'best' represents all the instances of that category (best represents all the category members)

Answer 758

Assumes that we have access to all instances of that category that we have experienced and categorisation is based on how well thing we are trying to categorise best fits with the instances of a certain category

Answer 759

That categorisation is based on how much we know about the category

Answer 760

People's knowledge about the object's label superseded their memory of the details of the object

Answer 761

People recalled the details of the object well and the label assigned to it did not influence this

Answer 762

People estimated a faster speed of the car when the experimenter suggested it had 'smashed' into another car

Answer 763

People estimated a faster speed of the car when the experimenter suggested it had 'contacted' the other car

Answer 764

Mood and emotions exist independently of each other

Answer 765

Moods are low in intensity, diffuse and relatively enduring, whereas emotion is intense and short-lived

Answer 766

Mood tends to be unconscious, whereas emotion is a consciously available cognitive representation

Answer 767

Cognition can be used to arouse, reduce and maintain emotion

Answer 768

Immediate and delayed free recall performance is better for images that are negatively valenced.

Answer 769

Immediate and delayed free recall performance is better for images that are high in arousal

Answer 770

Recognition memory performance is the same for neutral and emotional images.

Answer 771

both A and B are correct

Answer 772

Emotions are states represented on two scales, arousal and valence

Answer 773

the distribution of emotions on the dimensional spaces are C shaped.

Answer 774

This approach is able to explain complex emotions such as nostalgia and exhilaration

Answer 775

Both A and B are correct

Answer 776

Leonardo has an object appraisal system that tags novel objects and elicit subsequent anxiety responses

Answer 777

Joint attention allows Leonardo to transfer human responses into emotion towards the novel object.

Answer 778

Emphatic mechanism changes the internal affective state of the Leonardo, which triggers long-term memory response with socially referenced emotional information

Answer 779

Leonardo is able to analyse human language in terms of prosody and semantic meaning

Answer 780

RT is slower in incongruent trials for anxious participants than non-anxious participants

Answer 781

There is an anxious related attentional bias towards emotionally loaded words, that interference with the processing of perceptual features of the words

Answer 782

Emotion aroused by anxiety related words elicit mental imagery in participants mind that impedes the perceptual representation of the letter's colors

Answer 783

Both A and B are correct

Answer 784

cognition should be analysed as a continuously dynamic biological processes, not a sequence of logical operations of computer-like symbols.

Answer 785

Cognition unfolds over time and space, and is inseparable from perceptual and motor processes

Answer 786

Outcome based measures are better measurements of cognitive processes than eye tracking and computer mouse tracking.

Answer 787

Both A and B is true

Answer 788

cognition should be analysed as a continuously dynamic biological processes, not a sequence of logical operations of computer-like symbols.

Answer 789

Cognition unfolds over time and space, and is inseparable from perceptual and motor processes

Answer 790

Outcome based measures are better measurements of cognitive processes than eye tracking and computer mouse tracking.

Answer 791

Both A and B is true

Answer 792

Attentional bias to threat-related stimuli is modulated by exposure time of the stimuli

Answer 793

Anxious people identified location of the dot probe significantly faster when it is presented in the same region as the preceding threat-related word.

Answer 794

The attentional bias happens for both anxious and depressed people, even under the exposure conditions with limited awareness (words are primed / masked)

Answer 795

The pattern of attentional bias is not restricted to verbal stimuli, but also observed with emotional pictures and faces

Answer 796

Propositions are symbolic code representing the relationship among concepts

Answer 797

Propositions represents the underlying meaning structure independent of the surface structure of an utterance or an witness event.

Answer 798

Propositions is composed of several predicates and an argument

Answer 799

a propositional template can express the property of or relationship between semantic elements

Answer 800

classical cognition focuses on pure, disembodied thought processes

Answer 801

thoughts are manipulations of symbols according to syntactic rules

Answer 802

cognition is the use of natural language to process encoded information

Answer 803

cognition involves a large range of mental processes, including attention, memory, reasoning

Answer 804

They influence your interpretation of information

Answer 805

They determine what you attend to

Answer 806

They aren't beneficial for recall

Answer 807

They can lead to distortions in memory

	Criado por Taylor Carre-Riddell mais de 7 anos atrás

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