anglo saxon

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    ANGLO SAXON AND NORMAN ENGLAND , 1060 - 88

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monarchy and government
monarchy There were both powers of the king and powers of the people. powers of the king included: law making, money, landownership, military power, taxation. powers of the people included: obeying the law, using kings coins, payment of tax, military service.   government.   witan = a council that advised the king on issues of govenment it consisted of archbsihops and earls.  witan chose the new king  king decided who was in the witan and didnt have to listen.   
Witan (binary/octet-stream)
Rubrica: : the witan

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the economic system
they managed to trade effectively  wool and cloth products were most salient in society Eastern England had drier conditions and fertile soil which made it perfect for farming there were over 6,000 mills throughout the country used to grind the local communities grain.  the silver made from our coins was imported from Germany which was highly valuable meaning England must have been making impressive profit. towns grew in importance due to international trading links  London was the biggest trading hub
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social structure
Peasant farmers  majority of the population were peasant farmers, they had a set amount of work to complete or they lost the right to land Slaves this was 10 percent of the population who were bought and sold and seen as property not people which shocked the Normans. Thegns  these were local lords who payed heriot tax for war gear. there were 4-5,000 by 1060. known as the warrior class, aristocracy of Anglo Saxon age. Earls most important aristocrats after king, relationship based on loyalty  and obedience. "danish " Jary = landowner for king. 
Witan (binary/octet-stream)

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influence of the church
the church was traditionally minded  the church was organised into large areas each controlled by a wealthy bishop who served as a member of the witan.  religion was extremely important to members of the anglo saxon society people feared judgment and therefore resulted in dedicating their lives to religion and the church in order to avoid fatal after life church and religion was extremely important to king Edward, who devoted his later years to re building westminster  the king was an agent of god 

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house of godwin
in symmary  godwin had helped edward the confessor to become king. in return the king married godwins daughter the family link to the throne was very significant in anglo saxon society  

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Harold's embassy to normandy
Harold went to find king Edward in 1064 on a mission known as an embassy Harold travelled to France but found himself in Pontheiu  here he was captured by count guy duke William demanded Harold to be free and from there their relationship developed resulting in him helping William in two military campaigns  William in return gave him gifts of weapons and armour symbolising the strength of their relationship as a result, Harold made a solemn oath to William, swearing on two holy relics this could have been an oath of allegiance = Harold swearing to support Williams claim to the throne.   

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why was there a rising against Earl Tostig
tostig taxed northumbria too heavily  danelaw residents were not used to heavy tax and therefore resented the heavy taxation tostig has ordered the assassisnation of northumbrian rivals whilst theyy were guests tostig was a southener, northumbria always governed by northeners tostig abused power for revenge tostigs freinshship with malcom 111 of scotland meant he allowed them to be invaded by scotish army

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motives and claims to the throne
name   Edgar Aethling                              claim  royal blood  strength of claim strong in theory but no power to back it up chance of success weak, anglo saxons needed a warrior king to defeat foreign invaders.    name Harald Hadrada  claim secret deals with viking  strength of claim weak, although Danelaw may welcome viking king.  chance of success good, he had 15,000 warriors and over 300 viking longships   name william of normandy  claim agreement with king edward  strength of claim backed by the pope but lacks evidence  chance of success quite good, the normans were europes best warriors but hed have to convince his men to risk it all    

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harold godwinsons coronation
his corornation was the 6th january 1066 (same day as edwards burial) the witan chose harold he faced challenges from : anglo saxon earls, acceptance in the north, tostig and william of normandy  met with the witan who were missing before his coronation to gain full support gained the strongest and largest army england had ever seen gained support in flanders  

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Gate Fulford
reasons for : The brothers had decided on an open battle to defend York rather than staying behind the security of the city's heavy fortifications    significance of: Edith and Morcar survived Gate Fulford but unable to fight Hastings weakening Harolds army.    outcome of : it was a crushing defeat for Edith and Morcar  military reasons outnumbered, 6-9,000 troops of Tostigs  Tostig placed weak troops at sides  Marshland behind edwin and morcars troops.

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stamford bridge
reasons for :  After battle of Gate Fulford, Hardrada and Tostig had exchanged hostiges with city of york, who surreneded without a fight. demanded york hostiges.  they were told the hostiges would be handed over when harold launched a suprise attack.   significance: most impressive victories any saxon king ever won, harolds men killed hadrada and tostig.   results:   success for harold killing both hadrada and tostig with many thousands of their men killed . 24/200 longships returned. 

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key events of the battle of hastings
Harold losed better land position William sent foot soldiers in first  William showed his face subverting rumours providing moral Harold's shield wall was torn down, the normans gradually reduced  saxon forces until the shield wall became less effective the last stand = Harold and brothers killed.
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Rubrica: : the battle of hastings was an 8 hour long battle to the death

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williams army
knights   advantage was their charge potential disadvantage was horses were vulnerable they carried shields had elite skills  tight saddles specially bread horses  gontanon foot soldiers  they were a mixture of  un experienced norman men for hire   
840220e3bebbb045bec01ec2bec93ffc Medieval Armor Normandy France (binary/octet-stream)

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harolds army
Housecarls  carried axes advantage was their heavy shields disadvantage was their lack of endurance  elite skills armour Frydsmen his men who fought in south. 

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Reasons for William's victory
tactics - used cavalry agaisnt shield wall and once broken alowed his archers to get closer to the opposition  feigned retreat -  William's troops faked to run away, Harold's wall lost dicipline and chased them, william's troops led harold's into death leadership - strategically waited before he arrived perfectly timed entrance, kept his army together, took risks luck - william decieded to sail to enlgand after winter storms and was lucky to survive. 
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why Harold lost the Battle of Hastings?
leaderships - he called out his southern army too early, rushed to fight William   luck -  gods will and Harold's invasion happened when it did. 

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why did the earls submit?
The earls felt submission was greater than fighting and their weaknesses were greater than Norman Strengths. STRENGTHS control over royal treasury effective leader brutal strategies  london strongly fortified better throne claim strongest earldom 
key: EARLS + WILLIAM  WEAKNESS no secure place to retreat irrelevant claim to throne ill soldiers small army weak defences Edgar made no decisive decisions  battle of hastings was a crushing defeat.

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rewarding followers and establishing control
december 1066 william was crowned king of england by archbishop Eddred in Westminster cathderal William swore an oath that he would rule England

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rewarding anglo saxon loyalty
promised his daughter to edwin promised land holders promised bishops position

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rewarding loyalty- norman
awarded the pope gifts distributed land

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the reasons for building castles
key way william establsihed control over england 500 castles were built during his reign this was unusual in anglo-saxon england his first resort was to build castles  

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why were castles important
strategical locations used as a base dominate territory symbol of power

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the revolt of edwin and morcar and north rebellion
spring 1067 william felt england was secure so he returned to normandy by the time william came back to england in december 1067, normans were underthreat events of the revolt  1068 edwin and morcar fled from williams court all protesting about the imjustice and tyranny of his rule other suporters of his revolt were unknown causes of the revolt  edwins resentment bad goverment morcars resentment loss of lands castles taxes.  outcomes of the revolt  collapsed quickly  wiliam pardoned them yet kept as guests for control  they escaped (again) 1071 when they thought they were going prison the escpe sparked other rebel leaders- new centre of resistance to williams controlfor next rebellion their revlt gathered wide support over the country for E+M proving williams predicted strength wrong  E+M threatened william for his land   william did not need to compromise with the rebels due to his effective castle building.

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hereward the wake - rebellion
once returned from flanders 1069 herewards land was taken local thegn exhiled by edward the c norman replaced arch bishop of peterborough hereward used the terrrain to his advantage fighting a gorilla war against anglo saxons the danes turned up in 1070, king sweyn threatened an invasion in ely (marshland) isle of ely became a rebel centre hereward was an effective leader who would never recieve support of king edward first action was to attack peterborough abbey  stole jewls back to ely (island) needed local knowledge to get to managed to hold ely for a year with an increase in rebels william left it to his local leaders to deal with the rebeliions william tried to bribe the danes to lessen the rebellions support william bribed local monks to persuade rebels

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harrying of the north
reasons for william swore revenge because earl RC and his men had been slaughtered along with thousands of his men  the northern rebels were refusing to meet him in open battle so williams response was to make it impossivble for anyone to stay in local areas william hads not realised how different north was from south immediate impact no crops and little protection from winter williams troops destroyed seeds for next years crops people sold themselves and indulged in canabalism long term effects 66 percent of yorkshire was classed as waste meaning no economic affects there were 80-150000 fewer people than in 1066 as a result will had to pay the church back

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landownership change
by 1066 Normans replaced the Anglo Saxons as landholders  by 1087 over 1/2 land in England was held by 190 Tenanat in chiefs 1/4 was held by the church 1/5 was held by kings royal estates  75 percent of the land still held by Anglo Saxon aristocrats   

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how did the anglo saxons lose their land
forefeit= punishment if acted against the king new earldoms= defended trouble spots land grabs = illegal theft 

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how did William maintain his royal power
there were 7 reasons  military strength = ruthless  legitimate successor travelled around england = needed to be seen  land holders= important regarding obedience  oaths = swearing loyalty  coins ceremonies 

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reasons for the revolt of the earls
loss of land William's absence  loss of privldges loss of power Anglo Saxon rebelliousness

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why were the earls defeated
wife of ralph was trapped in a castle his soldeiers were either blinded or banished william imprisoned kofer for life ralphs catsles were all seized 

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what were the effects of the earls being defeated
william was now careful with his own earls anglo saxons joined the loyal normans in stopping the revolt spreading  suggesting the amglo saxons now supported normans ending the viking threat to england. 

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feudal system
an agreement between the ranks provides a strating point for british goverment the  king ruled and protected the country barons supplied an army peasants done labouring work  

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the role of the church
education land holding protection faith

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