Anuran Families (Overlap Lecture and Lab)

Family: Ascaphidae

1 genus, 2 sp Has a true intermittent organ, and is one of the few frogs with internal fertilization Disjunct dist. in Pacific NW, where they inhabit cold rapid streams A few large eggs laid under rocks in streams Tadpoles have well-developed oral suction disks, and development can take years Adults are aquatic and lack calls and external ears

Family Leiopelmatidae

1 genus, 4 sp Resemble Ascaphids Terrestrial or streamside Small clutches of large eggs laid on land, with direct development to near-metomorphic larvae Some M attend eggs and carry larvae on back Threatened by habitat loss and disease

Family Bombinatoridae

2 genera, 10 sp Defined by technical skeletal characters Have warning coloration on belly and exhibit the unken response Most likely lay few large eggs

Family Alytidae

3 genera, 11 sp Small to medium terrestrial frogs with aquatic tadpoles Most probably have unpalatable skin secretions Significant genera: Alytes (midwife toad)

Family Rhinophrynidae

Monotypic Explosive breeders after heavy rains Loud call Larvae develop in temporary ponds Fossorial exomorph Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and hyoid modified for eating ants and termites underground Tongue protrudes straight from a groove

Rhinophrynidae (binary/octet-stream)

Family Pipidae

4 genera, 41 sp Flattened, lack tongues and eyelids Highly aquatic with lateral lines, long fingers, and webbed feet Call underwater, have modified ear and vocal apparatus Genetic evolution involves polyploidy Significant genus: Xenopus Significant species: Pipa pipa (nightmare frog)

Pipidae (binary/octet-stream)

Family Megophryidae

6 genera, 240+ sp Streamsides or rainforest floow Disruptive shape camouflage Lavae aquatic but otherwise vary greatly Skin highly glandular

Megophryidae (binary/octet-stream)

Family Pelodytidae

1 genus, 5 sp Squat, warty, dessication tolerant Usually nocturnal but become diurnal to breed Explosive breeders in temporary ponds Hard tubercle spade on outside rear foot

Pelodytidae (binary/octet-stream)

Family Scaphiopodidae

2 genera, 7 sp Squat, warty, dessication tolerant Hard tubercle spade on outside rear foot Explosive breeders in temporary ponds Chemical indicators of past failed transformations accelerate larval development Dual tadpole genotypes produce different larval phenotypes in different environmental conditions (example: cannibal morph)

S.Holbrookii (binary/octet-stream)

Family Heleophrynidae

2 genera, 6 sp Strongly webbed feet and prominent toe-disks Larvae inhabit swift streams, stick to rocks with oral disk and eat algae Eggs in puddles or damp ground, but tadpoles develop in streams (washed in) Vertical pupils in bright light "Squared off" toepads

Heleophrynidae (binary/octet-stream)

Family Bufonidae

52 genera, 630+ sp Anaxyrus is the new name for NA Bufonids Cosmopolitan distribution except Aus/NG, deserts, and Madagascar Most terrestrial, teeth absent Diverse repro modes, most put strings of many small eggs in temp water Males have Bidders Organ Cutaneous glands Many have toxic secretions, some aposematic Toad morphotype: squat, warty, big head

B.Nebulifer (binary/octet-stream)

Family Eleutherodactylidae

4 genera, 225+ sp Assemblage of 4 genera in W Indies, NA, SA Characterized by direct development

E.Planirostris (binary/octet-stream)

Family Sooglossidae

2 genera, 4 sp Endemic to granitic Seychelles Islands in Indian Ocean Most closely related to Indian Nasikabatrachidae Small, terrestrial Have larval/tadpole and direct development

Sooglossidae (binary/octet-stream)

Family Nasikabatrachidae

1 genus, 2 sp. Recently described W Ghats in S India Large (bloated) body, small eyes, no tympanum Snout with distinct white protrusion Sister to Sooglossidae

Nasikabatrachidae (binary/octet-stream)

Family Hylidae

53+ genera, 1k+ sp Claw shaped phlanges, usually end in toe disks Most species are arboreal climbers with arboreal ecomorphs Diverse reproductive modes

H.Cinerea (binary/octet-stream)

Family Rhacophoridae

20 genera, 425+ sp Mostly arboreal with toe disks and adherant toe pads Many are foam nesters, but repro is varied In many tropical areas, occupy the treefrog niche Significant species: Cristalus effingeri breeds in broken bamboo

Rhacophoridae (binary/octet-stream)

Family Rhinodermatidae

2 genera, 3 sp Small, with fleshy rostral appendage at the end of the snout Eggs laid on land and attended by M M carried tadpoles to water in mouth or broods them in vocal sacs

Rhinodermatidae (binary/octet-stream)

Family Dendrobatidae

20 genera, 323+ sp Large terrestrial eggs guarded by parent Newly hatched tadpoles are carried on the back of guarding parent to water Most have poisonous skin secretions Advertised by bright colors Some only breed in bromeliads and FM nourish larvae with trophic eggs

Dendrobatidae (binary/octet-stream)

Family Microhylidae

69 genera, 678+ sp Almost all ecomorphs Enormous morphological, reproductive, and ecological diversity In parts of SE Asia, may occupy niches frequently held by other families

G.Carolinensis (binary/octet-stream)

Family Ranidae

26 genera, 413+ sp "Catch all" family with no defining synpomorphies Non-monophyletic The genus Rana with the most species is rather uniform, other genera are not

R.Catesbieana (binary/octet-stream)