Week 4 - Operant Conditioning

[blank_start]Instrumental Conditioning[blank_end]: the behaviour in which the organism engages in is instrumental to achieving some desirable outcome. [blank_start]Operant Conditioning[blank_end]: the organism operates on its environment in some way to achieve some desirable outcome.

[blank_start]Positive Reinforcement[blank_end]: application of a pleasant stimulus ([blank_start]happiness[blank_end]). [blank_start]Negative Reinforcement[blank_end]: removal of an unpleasant stimulus ([blank_start]relief[blank_end]). [blank_start]Positive Punishment[blank_end]: application of an unpleasant stimulus ([blank_start]fear[blank_end]). [blank_start]Negative Punishment[blank_end]: removal of a pleasant stimulus ([blank_start]anger[blank_end]).

The point of too much energy expended in exchange for too little in return is known as [blank_start]ratio[blank_end] strain.

Participants given a 10-stamp card with no stamps filled are less motivated than participants with a 12-stamp card with 2 stamps already completed.

Variable-Ratio schedules:

Fixed-Interval schedules:

Variable-Interval schedules:

Many small rewards is greater than 1 large reward.

[blank_start]Primary Reinforcer[blank_end]: a stimulus that is reinforcing without previous training; e.g. food. [blank_start]Conditioned Reinforcer[blank_end]: an arbitrary event that increases the frequency of an operant response; e.g. money.

[blank_start]Elicited[blank_end] Behaviour: the specific result of presenting a particular stimulus. [blank_start]Emitted[blank_end] Behaviour: response that occurs without any readily identifiable eliciting stimulus.