4 Ethnography and KM and Indigenous Research

[blank_start]Ethnography[blank_end] is the scientific description of peoples and cultures with their customs, habits, and mutual differences.

Ethnography is traditionally a

Ethnography is... A [blank_start]qualitative[blank_end] research [blank_start]process and method[blank_end]: A person [blank_start]conducts[blank_end] an ethnography. A qualitative research [blank_start]product[blank_end]: The [blank_start]outcome[blank_end] of the process is an ethnography. The aim of ethnography is [blank_start]cultural interpretation[blank_end]. Ethnography's roots are in [blank_start]anthropology[blank_end].

The aim of ethnography is cultural interpretation.

Ethnography is not a qualitative research product

Ethnography is a qualitative research product and method

A focus group is a good substitute for conducting an ethnography.

Ethnography is not limited to using qualitative methods with some ethnographers using quantitative methods.

A census is an example of a ethnographic study using quantitative methods

An ethnographic study should use the [blank_start]methods[blank_end] that create the most [blank_start]holistic[blank_end] understanding of the [blank_start]cultural[blank_end] system or group being studied. Ethnographers' methods [blank_start]choices[blank_end] are aligned to their [blank_start]ontological and epistemological[blank_end] viewpoints. An [blank_start]effective[blank_end] ethnographer is a [blank_start]bricoleur[blank_end] a jack of all trades.

Classical ethnographic data collection methods include

Non-classical ethnographic methods include

A central tenet of ethnography is that people's behaviour can not be understood in context.

A central tenet of [blank_start]ethnography[blank_end] is that people's behaviour [blank_start]can only[blank_end] be understood in context. The ethnographer is interested in the [blank_start]socio-cultural[blank_end] contexts and processes in which people live their lives as well as the meaning systems that motivate them. People and their actions, behaviours and beliefs are examined within the cultural and [blank_start]societal[blank_end] context in which they take place. The focus is not on separate [blank_start]behavioural[blank_end] acts but on how behavioural processes are linked.

A central [blank_start]tenet[blank_end] of ethnography is that people's [blank_start]behaviour[blank_end] can only be understood in [blank_start]context[blank_end]. The ethnographer is interested in the [blank_start]socio-cultural[blank_end] contexts and processes in which people live their [blank_start]lives[blank_end] as well as the [blank_start]meaning[blank_end] systems that motivate them. People and their actions, behaviours and [blank_start]beliefs[blank_end] are examined within the [blank_start]cultural[blank_end] and societal context in which they take place. The focus is not on [blank_start]separate[blank_end] behavioural acts but on how behavioural processes are [blank_start]linked[blank_end].

The primary aim of ethnography is to understand the socio-cultural contexts, processes and meanings of a cultural system from the perspective of the members of that system and produce a descriptive reconstruction of the host communities' own construction of their worlds.

One of the primary aims of ethnographic research is to understand a cultural system from an outsiders perspective.

The emic perspective is from the inside. The etic perspective is from the outside.

The etic perspective is from the inside. The emic perspective is from the outside.

The [blank_start]emic[blank_end] perspective is from the inside. The [blank_start]etic[blank_end] perspective is from the outside.

The emic perspective includes

The etic perspective includes

The etic perspective complements the etic perspective

The emic perspective helps provide etic validity

The emic perspective (think M for member) is the insider perspective while the etic perspective (think T for sTranger) is the outsider perspective.

Ontology is about what knowledge is.

Epistemology is about what knowledge is.

Ethnography entails continual observations, asking questions, making inferences and continuing these processes until the questions are answered with as much emic validity as possible.

With ethnographic research, all research findings are not interpretations but concrete fixed findings.

[blank_start]Interpretive bias[blank_end] may come from the researcher or from the interactions between the researcher and the host community. [blank_start]Reflexivity[blank_end] is the best approach to address interpretive validity.

Ethnological research is not concerned with interprative validity.

In terms of an ethnography, reality is

Reality is jointly constructed by the ethnographer in conjunction with the host community.

Ethnography can help to Reveal [blank_start]unique insights[blank_end] about a culture. Provide a vehicle to conduct [blank_start]collaborative and participatory[blank_end] research. Help [blank_start]bridge the gap[blank_end] between research and practice. Promote the [blank_start]welfare[blank_end] of communities and their right to [blank_start]self-determination[blank_end].

According to Case, Todd and Kral, ethnography is a method that resonates with community psychology.

Reciprocity is not important when conducting an ethnography.

The core values of ethnography are not aligned with community psychology.

Indigenous research methodologies include a [blank_start]relational[blank_end] view where the researcher interacts with the knowledge holders. Indigenous research is built on the [blank_start]strength[blank_end] of the relationships, is [blank_start]co-created, reciprocal[blank_end] and the outcomes become [blank_start]collectively held knowledge[blank_end] with the final product requiring [blank_start]community approval[blank_end]. Knowledge holders can also be known as [blank_start]co-researchers[blank_end] to show respect and trust.

When conducting KM research, disrespect and misappropriation of knowledge or resources can be protected from by establishing [blank_start]a direct and long-term[blank_end] relationship. The [blank_start]more removed and distant[blank_end] a relationship is (i.e. by maintaining impartiality perhaps) the more likely to have breakages. It is possible for [blank_start]non-maori[blank_end] to conduct KM research, but there are challenges which [blank_start]can[blank_end] be overcome by [blank_start]establishing[blank_end] relationships.

It is not possible to protect from disrespect and misappropriation of knowledge when conducting KM research.

Non-maori cannot conduct KM research.

[blank_start]Pakeha paralysis[blank_end] is when a researcher does not know how to work or interact with [blank_start]maori[blank_end].

Pakeha paralysis can be overcome.

Pakeha paralysis has positives and negatives.

Pakeha paralysis encourages non-maori researchers to not be complacent and think about how they are interacting with maori.

Pakeha paralysis may cause a researcher to not put forth a good idea or speak up when they should.

Reflexivity and not overstepping boundaries is not important when conducting KM research.

It is important to keep it real when conducting KM research, to come from a position of genuineness.

Non-maori graduates often go back to their communities and contribute as they feel there is an obligation that must be fulfilled.

For a non-maori conducting KM research te reo use is less important when the researcher has an established relationship.

For non-maori conducting KM research, if there is no existing relationship they do not have to be careful with their use of te reo.