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CHAPTER 2

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Psychology 150 Quiz on CHAPTER 2, created by J P on 02/12/2017.
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Quiz by J P, updated more than 1 year ago
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Question 1

Question
The goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education is to demonstrate that the future scientist ________.
Answer
  • has memorized all of the known facts about a given topic
  • has read all of the known articles about a given a topic
  • can contribute something new to the field
  • can apply the technical knowledge learned in graduate school

Question 2

Question
According to the text, the goal of a scientific education is ________.
Answer
  • to question what is known and how to find out what is not yet known
  • to convey what is known about a subject so it can be applied in a medical context
  • to train individuals to exclusively rely on deductive reasoning to solve problems
  • all of the above

Question 3

Question
According to the text, a ________ would receive technical training, whereas a ________ would receive scientific education.
Answer
  • pharmacologist; pharmacist
  • physician; biologist
  • botanist; computer programmer
  • research psychologist; clinical psychologist

Question 4

Question
According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.
Answer
  • measures; devices
  • indicators; clues
  • theories; hypotheses
  • reliable measures; valid measures

Question 5

Question
Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.
Answer
  • personality is defined solely by biological factors that cannot be observed
  • personality tests are unethical
  • personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual
  • personality is defined by responses to self-report questionnaires

Question 6

Question
When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________.
Answer
  • gather only a very small number of clues and focus on the important ones
  • gather only clues that are certain not to be misleading
  • rely solely on self-report data
  • collect as many clues as possible

Question 7

Question
Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________.
Answer
  • not bother collecting data
  • gather as much data as possible
  • only use L data, which are the most reliable
  • use only one source of data and control for its limitations

Question 8

Question
There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.
Answer
  • fish-and-water
  • self-verification
  • self-expectancy
  • narcissism

Question 9

Question
In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins’s study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.
Answer
  • L; B
  • S; I
  • S; L
  • B; L

Question 10

Question
To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is an example of ________ data.
Answer
  • S
  • I
  • L
  • B

Question 11

Question
________ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment.
Answer
  • B
  • L
  • S
  • I

Question 12

Question
I data are ________.
Answer
  • self-judgments
  • judgments made by knowledgeable observers
  • easily observable, real-life outcomes
  • direct observations of the subject in some predefined context

Question 13

Question
I data essentially measure ________.
Answer
  • your internal states or emotions
  • your level of self-awareness
  • your reputation
  • work productivity (in industrial psychology)

Question 14

Question
According to the text, accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________, whereas inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________.
Answer
  • biases; stereotypes
  • heuristic errors; formal errors
  • errors; biases
  • trivial; serious

Question 15

Question
What is the minimum number of informants that Funder recommends for each person in a study?
Answer
  • one
  • two
  • three
  • five

Question 16

Question
According to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a potential indicator of psychopathology?
Answer
  • an arrest record by age 21
  • an annual income below the poverty line
  • being fired from a job by age 30
  • never being married by age 40

Question 17

Question
The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data.
Answer
  • L
  • I
  • S
  • B

Question 18

Question
The typical experimental social psychologist collects ________ data.
Answer
  • B
  • I
  • L
  • S

Question 19

Question
To obtain S data, a psychologist can ________.
Answer
  • develop a questionnaire
  • recruit informants
  • observe the subject directly
  • look up information in public records

Question 20

Question
What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means that your self-perceptions and others’ perceptions have ________.
Answer
  • definitional truth
  • causal truth
  • phenomenological force
  • causal force

Question 21

Question
What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?
Answer
  • Conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the items.
  • Conduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the items.
  • Conduct an internal consistency analysis on the items.
  • Read and consider the content of the items.

Question 22

Question
________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance.
Answer
  • S
  • B
  • I
  • L

Question 23

Question
________ data derive from the researcher’s direct observation of what the subject does.
Answer
  • L
  • I
  • S
  • B

Question 24

Question
In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The observation of participants’ speed of walking would be considered ________ data.
Answer
  • experience sampling
  • experimental B
  • L
  • projective

Question 25

Question
Which kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams?
Answer
  • S
  • B
  • L
  • I

Question 26

Question
Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project. She would most likely obtain ________ data.
Answer
  • L
  • I
  • S
  • B

Question 27

Question
Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because ________.
Answer
  • each judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts
  • judges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single, uncharacteristic behavior
  • some informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments
  • all of the above

Question 28

Question
What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?
Answer
  • an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative
  • only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance’s personality
  • the most recently observed typical behavior
  • behaviors that are observed every day

Question 29

Question
Records of employee absenteeism are what type of data?
Answer
  • S
  • B
  • I
  • L

Question 30

Question
Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?
Answer
  • S
  • B
  • I
  • L

Question 31

Question
Which of the following would be an example of natural B data?
Answer
  • observations of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day
  • number of seconds a subject waits before seeking help in an experimental emergency situation
  • a subject’s verbal responses to a Rorschach test
  • number of times a subject interrupts others during a videotaped laboratory situation

Question 32

Question
Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?
Answer
  • I
  • B
  • L
  • S

Question 33

Question
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?
Answer
  • measures of heart rate and other physiological measurements
  • observation of how many times a participant spoke during a five-minute conversation
  • a psychologist’s interpretation of a participant’s responses to an unstructured clinical interview
  • a participant’s records of his daily activities in a daily research “diary”

Question 34

Question
When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits ________. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________.
Answer
  • B data; I data
  • S data; I data
  • S data; B data
  • laboratory B data; natural B data

Question 35

Question
Which kind of data is the LEAST expensive to collect?
Answer
  • L
  • S
  • I
  • B

Question 36

Question
According to the text, which of the following is another term for behavioral confirmation?
Answer
  • action verification
  • causal force
  • expectancy effect
  • narcissistic reflection

Question 37

Question
The tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called a(n) ________ effect.
Answer
  • confirmation
  • expectancy
  • fish-and-water
  • self-monitoring

Question 38

Question
The fact that behavior is frequently determined by multiple causes presents the most significant disadvantage for ________ data.
Answer
  • B
  • L
  • I
  • S

Question 39

Question
The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus, these judgments have ________.
Answer
  • generalizability
  • validity
  • causal force
  • reliability

Question 40

Question
A major advantage of S data is that ________.
Answer
  • only a trained personality psychologist can interpret S data
  • the best information about personality is obtainable from real-life social outcomes
  • you are the world’s best expert about your own personality
  • to assess personality, you must observe what the person actually does

Question 41

Question
If Dr. O’Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O’Connell want to avoid using S data?
Answer
  • The person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports about Laura.
  • The S data often do not have psychological relevance.
  • The S data are influenced by too many factors to reveal much about a person’s personality.
  • The S data have definitional truth.

Question 42

Question
Because Jesse’s teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, Jesse performs better on the school’s achievement test than any other student. Jesse’s enhanced performance is likely due to the ________.
Answer
  • recency effect
  • expectancy effect
  • self-serving bias
  • judgment bias

Question 43

Question
A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.
Answer
  • experience sampling
  • experimental B
  • L
  • projective

Question 44

Question
The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on ________.
Answer
  • common sense, so they have greater psychological relevance
  • a report by the best expert, so they are more accurate
  • direct psychological tests, so they have greater causal force and scientific value
  • direct observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable

Question 45

Question
When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the LEAST trustworthy?
Answer
  • B
  • I
  • L
  • S

Question 46

Question
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?
Answer
  • They have causal force.
  • They include common sense.
  • They are based on large amounts of information.
  • They come from carefully controlled experimental situations.

Question 47

Question
A major disadvantage of L data is ________.
Answer
  • that they provide too much information
  • that informants may have access to only a narrow range of the target’s behavior
  • that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality
  • that judges may be biased about the person they are describing

Question 48

Question
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?
Answer
  • Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.
  • Direct observations are easily quantifiable.
  • Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times.
  • Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors.

Question 49

Question
One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?
Answer
  • Participants can easily fake responses on the items.
  • Such items raise concerns with social desirability.
  • Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms.
  • Such items tend to make participants very anxious.

Question 50

Question
As part of a research project, a participant uses a smart phone application that signals her at random times throughout the day. At those times, the application presents a series of questions for her to answer regarding her current activities. This is an example of ________ data.
Answer
  • experience sampling
  • experimental B
  • L
  • projective

Question 51

Question
What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during normal daily activities?
Answer
  • experiential assessment
  • ambulatory assessment
  • projective assessment
  • digitally assisted experimental assessment

Question 52

Question
What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
Answer
  • S instruments
  • omnibus personality test batteries
  • objective tests
  • performance-based personality tests

Question 53

Question
A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data?
Answer
  • S and B
  • L and B
  • I and B
  • S and L

Question 54

Question
According to principles described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable measure of attitudes toward ________.
Answer
  • paper clips
  • casual sexual encounters
  • outgroup members
  • the self (like self-esteem)

Question 55

Question
If measurement errors are truly random, then they should ________.
Answer
  • never occur
  • not affect the reliability of a measure
  • not attenuate the validity of a measure
  • sum to zero

Question 56

Question
Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?
Answer
  • alpha
  • Spearman-Brown
  • kappa
  • Kaiser-Guttman

Question 57

Question
If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________.
Answer
  • reliable
  • valid
  • significant
  • generalizable

Question 58

Question
The technical meaning of reliability refers to ________.
Answer
  • how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument
  • whether an instrument accurately assesses the construct it is intended to measure
  • whether an instrument correlates with a similar measure of the same construct
  • whether a sample of participants reasonably represents the population of interest

Question 59

Question
On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence’s scores on the Self- Monitoring Scale do not appear to be ________.
Answer
  • valid
  • reliable
  • significant
  • free of unwanted biases

Question 60

Question
Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers’ chatting is an example of ________.
Answer
  • reliability
  • a validity bias
  • a cohort effect
  • measurement error

Question 61

Question
The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________.
Answer
  • use the smallest possible number of items
  • measure something that is important
  • aggregate your measurements
  • maximize error variance

Question 62

Question
At the heart of aggregation is the idea that ________.
Answer
  • random errors cancel each other out
  • random errors never cancel each other out
  • reliable errors cancel each other out
  • a sufficiently precise measure has no reliable error

Question 63

Question
Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is following which principle of measurement?
Answer
  • multitrait assessment
  • content validation
  • aggregation
  • construct validation

Question 64

Question
A researcher can increase the reliability of a personality test by ________.
Answer
  • refusing to aggregate items
  • measuring something important
  • using very few items to reduce the risk of mistakes
  • constructing items with complicated words and phrases

Question 65

Question
Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?
Answer
  • entering data into a database incorrectly after collection
  • the immediate state of the participant
  • the mood of the experimenter
  • aggregation of responses to different items

Question 66

Question
In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity concern ________.
Answer
  • accuracy; consistency
  • consistency; dependability
  • stability; dependability
  • consistency; accuracy

Question 67

Question
Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.
Answer
  • is consistent and stable
  • provides the same result if repeated
  • actually reflects or measures what you think it does
  • is reliable

Question 68

Question
According to Cronbach and Meehl’s (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both examples of specific tests or measurements.
Answer
  • constructs
  • valid ideas
  • assessments
  • manifest factors

Question 69

Question
Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford- Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________.
Answer
  • valid measure of intelligence
  • valid but unreliable measure of intelligence
  • reliable but not valid measure of intelligence
  • more accurate measure of intelligence than the Stanford-Binet or the WAIS

Question 70

Question
Reliability is ________ for validity.
Answer
  • a necessary and sufficient condition
  • a necessary but not sufficient condition
  • a sufficient condition
  • not at all relevant

Question 71

Question
A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called ________.
Answer
  • construct validation
  • aggregation validation
  • generalization
  • internal validation

Question 72

Question
Many psychologists tend to use college students as participants in their research and then assume that what they learn applies to people in general. However, this common practice may limit ________.
Answer
  • the ecological reliability of their research
  • the internal validity of their studies
  • the generalizability of their findings
  • the construct validity of their studies

Question 73

Question
Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called ________.
Answer
  • factorial invariance
  • psychometric integrity
  • measurement equivalence
  • generalizability

Question 74

Question
The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.
Answer
  • generalizability
  • reliability
  • validity
  • statistical significance

Question 75

Question
Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability?
Answer
  • randomly selecting a sample of introductory psychology students
  • randomly selecting a sample of both high school and college students
  • recruiting all the executives at a large company to participate
  • selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system

Question 76

Question
According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?
Answer
  • More women than men participate in research.
  • Participants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who do not show up.
  • Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts.
  • Much personality research is based on samples of college students.

Question 77

Question
Narrative psychology is an example of the ________ method.
Answer
  • case study
  • correlational
  • experimental
  • behavioral

Question 78

Question
What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?
Answer
  • It describes isolated variables, not the whole phenomenon.
  • It is rarely the source of testable hypotheses.
  • It does not usually apply to particular individuals, only to groups.
  • It is not generalizable.

Question 79

Question
The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________.
Answer
  • externally derived; internally derived
  • significant; important
  • manipulated; measured
  • reliable; valid

Question 80

Question
The strongest advantage of the experimental method is that ________.
Answer
  • it allows the assessment of causality
  • it allows the study of naturally occurring individual differences that already exist in the participants
  • participants are always randomly sampled from the general population
  • it can take advantage of extreme levels of the independent variable

Question 81

Question
Random assignment allows researchers to ________.
Answer
  • ignore problems of measurement
  • assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions
  • ignore ethical constraints on research
  • control for selective attrition

Question 82

Question
If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________.
Answer
  • test scores and anxiety are positively correlated
  • test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated
  • test scores and anxiety are unrelated
  • the correlation between test scores and anxiety must be 1.0

Question 83

Question
Dr. Low is interested in studying the effect mood has on the willingness to help a stranger. She randomly assigns half of her participants to the pleasant mood condition and shows them funny film clips. The other half of her participants is assigned to the unpleasant mood condition and is forced to watch boring film clips. She then gives every participant an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.
Answer
  • experimental
  • correlational
  • case study
  • repeated measures

Question 84

Question
To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have to ________.
Answer
  • find a group of smokers and compare their physical health to a group of nonsmokers
  • randomly assign some people to a smoking condition and some others to a control condition
  • compare the physical health of a heavy smoker to the physical health of a person who has never smoked
  • teach one group of people to adopt good health habits and see if they are more likely to begin smoking than a group of people who have not been taught good health habits

Question 85

Question
Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.
Answer
  • experimental
  • correlational
  • case study
  • repeated measures

Question 86

Question
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
Answer
  • experimental
  • correlational
  • case study
  • repeated measures
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