Question 1
Question
Learning about another culture is often greatest
Answer
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Once the anthropologist has been accepted as a member of the group
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Following a rupture of communication between anthropologist and informant
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ONce the anthropologist has learned to avoid culture shock
Question 2
Question
Cultural Anthropological fieldwork is
Answer
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Not always done in a Non-western society
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A collaborative effort on the part of both anthropologist & Informant
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Responsible for the majority of anthropological knowledge
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All of the above
Question 3
Question
Eric Luke Lassiter urges that ethnographers go beyond the dialectic of fieldwork to do what?
Answer
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Produce collaborative written ethnographic texts in which informants become "co-intellectuals" alongside the trained ethnographer
-
Move in with their informants and become one of them
-
Abandon ethnographic writing for activism
Question 4
Question
The ethnographic research method that relies primarily on face-to-face contact with people as they go about their daily lives is called
Answer
-
Interviewing
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Scientific Observation
-
Participant Observation
Question 5
Question
The production of objective knowledge about reality that is absolute and true for all times and places is a goal of -
Answer
-
Anthropology
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Positivism
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Fieldwork
Question 6
Question
The people who become a cultural anthropoligst's key informants tend to be-
Question 7
Question
According to the test, anthropological knowledge is
Answer
-
Subjective
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Intersubjective
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Objective
Question 8
Question
The dialectic of fieldwork refers to the
Answer
-
Personal and financial connection between the anthropologists and the informants
-
Mutual construction of cross-cultural knowledge about the informant's culture by anthropologist and informant together
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Gradual discovery of the truth about a society through the anthropologist's careful research
Question 9
Question
Which of the following is involved in deciding where an anthropologist will do his or her fieldwork?
Answer
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Intellectual debates in anthropology
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Whether visas and research clearances are available in a specific country
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The interests of funding agencies
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All of the above
Question 10
Question
The jolt that often accompanies an encounter with cultural practices that are unexpected and unfamiliar is called
Answer
-
Participant-observation
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Dialogue
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Culture Shock
Question 11
Question
An extended period of research during which an anthropologist gathers firsthand data about life in a particular society is called
Answer
-
Fieldwork
-
Graduate School
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Scientific Observation
Question 12
Question
What are "rich points", according to Michael Agar
Answer
-
Cases with many different meanings
-
Moments when the anthropologist's informants finally figure out the questions being asked
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Unexpected moments when problems in cross-cultural understanding emerge
Question 13
Question
Which of the following is not an approach to ethnographic fieldwork?
Question 14
Question
Political conquest of one society by another, followed by cultural domination with enforced social change is a definition of-
Answer
-
Capitalism
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Colonialism
-
Feudalism
Question 15
Question
The theory that proposed a series of stages through which all societies had passed or must pass to reach civilization is called
Question 16
Question
Which of the following was an effect of the fur trade on the indigenous people of North America?
Answer
-
They were able to ignore it for long periods of time
-
It caused serious problems for those groups that were dedicated to it once the fur-bearing animals were gone
-
It led to the development of cole ties between indigenous peoples and the major nations of Europe and Asia
Question 17
Question
A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd, but depend on wild food resources is called a
Question 18
Question
Which of the following statements about the fate of non-Western peoples in the wake of European exploration conquest, colonization, and decolonization is FALSE?
Answer
-
European contact affect these societies in a radical way
-
Fragments of precontact societies survive today
-
An impressive variety of forms of human society remain, despite the Western onslaught
-
Life in the non-Western world today remains timeless and unchanged
Question 19
Question
Continued economic and political influence by former colonial powers following the political independanece of their former colonies is called
Answer
-
Neocolonialism
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Capitalism
-
Colonialism
Question 20
Question
The key metaphor of capitalism is
Question 21
Question
A hierarchical, stratified society in which some groups permanently monopolize wealth, power, and prestige is called a
Answer
-
State
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Band
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Tribe
-
Chiefdom
Question 22
Question
The study of the sound of language is called
Answer
-
Phonology
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Morphology
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Syntax
-
Semantics
Question 23
Question
The study of language ideology discloses which of the following?
Answer
-
Speakers' basic understandings of the world
-
Power differences in the social world of the speakers
-
Universal grammatical features of languages
-
Both a and b
Question 24
Question
The design feature of language called "openness" refers to the
Answer
-
Possibility of speaking without fear of a censor
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Capacity of putting the speaker's true feelings into words
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Ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily
-
Connection between sound and brain
Question 25
Question
Nonhuman primates cannot communicate vocally about absent or nonexistent objects or past or future events. Thus, their call systems lack the linguistic design feature of
Answer
-
Complete feedback
-
Displacement
-
Discreteness
Question 26
Question
Human linguistic messages can be false, and they can be meaningless in the logician's sense. This highlights the linguistic design feature of
Answer
-
Interchangeability
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Prevarication
-
Duality of patterning
-
Reflexiveness
Question 27
Question
The mastery of adult grammar is called
Answer
-
Specialization
-
Discreteness
-
Communicative competence
-
Linguistic competence
Question 28
Question
Human languages are patterned at different levels, and the patterns that characterize one level cannot be reduced to the pattern of any other level. Hockett recognized this phenomenon in which of his linguistic design features?
Answer
-
Duality of patterning
-
Reflexiveness
-
Specialization
-
Displacement
Question 29
Question
Which component of language is concerned with the way in which words are put together?
Answer
-
Phonology
-
Morphology
-
Syntax
-
Semantics
Question 30
Question
The transfer of information from one person to another is
Answer
-
Communication
-
Language
-
Speech
Question 31
Question
Religious specialists skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which they carry out for the benefit of the group, are called
Question 32
Question
In some religious systems, certain objects or people may not be touched or else the cosmic power in them may drain away. This feature is captured in the minimal category of religion called
Answer
-
Physiological exercise
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Mana
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Sacrifice
-
Taboo
Question 33
Question
To many people, the American flag stands for the "American way." The flag is thus an example of a(n)
Answer
-
Elaborating symbol
-
Summarizing symbol
-
Personal symbol
-
Archetype
Question 34
Question
Syncretism involves
Answer
-
Discarding the old ways and embracing the new
-
Resisting the new ways and defending the old
-
Combining the old and the new in an attempt to cope with change circumstances
Question 35
Question
The growth of Western science contributed to the rise of which of the following kinds of key metaphor?
Answer
-
Societal
-
Technological
-
Religious
-
Organic
Question 36
Question
How do the congregants at the evangelical Vineyard Christian Fellowship appear to explain misfortune?
Answer
-
Victims have been attacked by witchcraft made by unknown enemies
-
They do not offer any cause for misfortune, but instead seek solutions in their religious practices for it.
-
Misfortune stems from social forces beyond their control
Question 37
Question
When one worldview is backed by the powerful in society and alternative worldviews are censored, many social scientists would start to call the dominant worldview
Answer
-
A philosophy
-
An Ideology
-
Secularism
-
A religion
Question 38
Question
Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of a particular society are called
Answer
-
Metaphors
-
Schemas
-
Experiential gestalts
-
Worldviews
Question 39
Question
Part-time religious practitioners who are believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly are called
Answer
-
Shamans
-
Priests
-
Oracles
-
Witches
Question 40
Question
The separation of religion and state following the European Englightenment is called
Answer
-
Democracy
-
Multiculturalism
-
Orthopraxy
-
Secularism
Question 41
Question
When the characteristics of human beings are attributed to nonhuman entities, this is an example of
Answer
-
A technological metaphor
-
An organic metaphor
-
Personification
-
Both b and c
Question 42
Question
The Azande use chicken for
Question 43
Question
Which of the following are analytic, providing people with categories for thinking about the order of the world?
Answer
-
Elaborating symbols
-
Summarizing symbols
-
Personal symbols
-
National symbols
Question 44
Answer
-
Words
-
Images
-
Actions
-
All of the above
Question 45
Question
What is the conscious, deliberate attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis by defending their own way of life?
Answer
-
Syncretism
-
Revitalization
-
Communitas
-
Liminality
Question 46
Question
For anthropologists, "religion" includes
Question 47
Question
The kinship is created by birth is called
Answer
-
Collaterality
-
Bifurcation
-
Affinity
-
Consanguinity
Question 48
Question
A descent group formed by people who can specify their connections to one another through parent-child links to a common ancestor is a
Answer
-
Lineage
-
Clan
-
Tribe
-
Moiety
Question 49
Question
For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of
Question 50
Question
Kinship terminologies suggest
Answer
-
The boundaries of the significant groups in the society
-
Where cleavages within groups are likely to occur
-
The structure of rights and obligations assigned to different members of the society
-
All of the above
Question 51
Question
In addition to establishing links between generations through descent, kinship serves to establish
Answer
-
Legitimacy of children
-
Residence rules
-
Inheritance rules
-
All of the above
Question 52
Question
According to Benedict Anderson, "imagined communities" are
Answer
-
Groups whose members' knowledge of one another does not come from regular face-to-face interactions but is based on shared experiences with national institutions such as schools and government bureaucracies
-
All communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact
-
Social groups that have existed since the beginning of time
-
Both a and b
Question 53
Question
Families in which several generations live together in a single household are called
Answer
-
Nuclear families
-
Extended families
-
Joint families
Question 54
Question
The study of kinship became important in anthropology because
Answer
-
Kinship could be reduced to biology and thus could make cross-culutral comparison objective
-
It showed how people could maintain social order without the institution of the state
-
It enabled anthropologists to explain why some societies had remained primitive and others had advanced
-
Kinship no longer existed in Western societies
Question 55
Question
Kinship relations based on nurturance are called
Answer
-
Marriage
-
Adoption
-
Descent
Question 56
Question
Kinship relationships based on birth are called
Answer
-
Descent
-
Marriage
-
Adoption
Question 57
Question
Which of the following observations about kinship is stressed by the authors of the text?
Answer
-
Different societies have chosen to highlight some features of the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance while downplaying or ignoring others
-
Kinship is reducible to biology
-
Kinship is a difficult and complex set of rules that societies follow
Question 58
Question
Kinship relationships derived from mating are called
Answer
-
Descent
-
Marriage
-
Adoption
Question 59
Question
The kinship tie created by marriage is called
Answer
-
Collaterality
-
Bifurcation
-
Affinity
-
Consanguinity
Question 60
Question
According to the text, culture consists of
Answer
-
those elements of the human experience that require education and good taste, such as art, music, and dance
-
sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society
-
set of innate instincts that enable humans to function in a complex world
Question 61
Question
A comparative study of many cultures is called
Answer
-
ethnography
-
ethnohistory
-
ethnology
Question 62
Question
To claim that members of a particular social group do not typically eat insects because they have learned to label insects as inedible is to use an explanation based on
Answer
-
genetic programming
-
biology
-
ethnocentriscm
-
culture
Question 63
Question
A description of a particular culture is called an
Answer
-
ethnology
-
ethnography
-
ethnohistory
Question 64
Question
To be very poor and powerless in Haiti is to increase the likelihood that one will suffer
Answer
-
Disease
-
Hunger
-
Suffering
-
Violence
-
All of the above
Question 65
Question
Which of the following statements best describes culture-bound syndromes as described as described in the text?
Question 66
Question
Charles Leslie employed the term "cosmopolitan medicine" to
Answer
-
Emphasize that the practice of medicine is something found primarily in urban areas
-
Indicate that non-Western medical beliefs and practices are best understood as cultural systems
-
Suggest that biomedical approaches were one of a number of possible alternatives available to many people in multicultural societies
Question 67
Question
When AIDS patients in Brazil organized politically to protest the cost of drugs that effectively deprived the poor of access to effective therapy for their condition
Answer
-
They exhibited a social identity based on shared medical diagnosis
-
They demanded that the state acknowledge that health was a human right
-
They asserted their biological legitimacy
-
They made the government respond to their citizen's health needs
-
All of the above
Question 68
Question
Severe suffering caused by forces and agents beyond individual control is called
Answer
-
Stress
-
Trauma
-
Torture
-
Structural context
Question 69
Question
Use of the term "suffering" by many medical anthropologists to describe forms of distress experienced by individuals suggests
Answer
-
That they believe that biomedical understandings of health and disease should not be used
-
That they believe that biomedical understandings of health and disease are not universal
-
A person's coping strategies can be maladaptive
Question 70
Question
Although biomedicine has held that certain experiences can be taken as a sign of mental disturbance
Answer
-
The case of evangelical Christians suggests how "hearing voices" can be good for people
-
Believing in the ability of nonmaterial objects to penetrate the body is a clear indicator of emerging psychosis
-
The experience of virtual reality gamers demonstrates that a divided self need not indicate a psychotic condition
-
Both a and c
Question 71
Question
Structural violence results from
Answer
-
Residual damage when buildings, bridges, or other similar structures collapse
-
The way that political and economic forces structure risk for suffering within a population
-
Military operations that are the result of civil war and interal unrest
Question 72
Question
Researchers who consider the connection between aspects of culture, socioeconoic conditions, politics, and human health in what subfield of anthroplogy?
Answer
-
Biological
-
Archaeology
-
Medical Anthropology
Question 73
Question
The primary lesson to be learned from the example provided in the text regarding lactose intolerance is that
Answer
-
South Asians become sick when they try to consume powdered milk
-
Adults who are able to absorb lactose from milk effectively appear to be genetically related to human populations with a history of dairying
-
Most human infants are able to absorb lactose
Question 74
Question
Based on the explanations provided in the textbook, one way we might distinguish between "disease" and "illness" is to say
Answer
-
That whereas disease is universal, illness applies only to particular cultural groups
-
That disease refers to biological processes recognized and described within biomedicine, whereas illness is described as an individual's own interpretation of his or her suffering
-
That disease refers to more serious forms of illness that needs to be treated by scientific medicine
Question 75
Question
Symbolically important goods transferred from the family of the groom to the family of the bride in exchange for the loss of the bride's labor and childbearing capacity are called
Answer
-
Bridewealth
-
Bloodwealth
-
Dowry
Question 76
Question
Gay and lesbian activists studied by Kath Weston in San Francisco in the 1980s based their theory of family ties on
Answer
-
Birth
-
Descent
-
Marriage
-
Nurturance
Question 77
Question
In Zumbagua, Ecuador, a family is defined as
Question 78
Question
A transfer of wealth, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage, is called
Answer
-
Bridewealth
-
Bloodwealth
-
Dowry
Question 79
Question
The distinction made between the mother's side of the family and the father's side of the family is called
Answer
-
Collaterality
-
Bifurcation
-
Affinity
Question 80
Question
Every religious system in the world has a customary way of addressing the supernatural. This feature is captured by the minimal category of religion called
Question 81
Question
Metaphors, or the symbols that represent them, can be used as instruments of power when
Answer
-
They are under the direct control of a person wishing to affect the behavior of others
-
They are used for reference or in support of certain conduct
-
Some people are able to impose their metaphors on others
-
All of the above
Question 82
Question
According to the text, what keeps cultural anthropology from being one person's subjective impression of other people?
Answer
-
The fact that fieldwork is dialogue
-
The fact that anthropology is a science
-
The fact that anthropologists are trained to avoid ethnocentrism
Question 83
Question
According to David Hess, cited in the test, what is a fact?
Answer
-
A piece of reality
-
A taken-for-granted item of common knowledge
-
What is left when everything is explained
-
Whatever the anthropologist says it is, after careful research
Question 84
Question
"Rich Points," Michael Agar's expression discussed in the text, are
Answer
-
Cases with many different meanings
-
Places where the anthropologists must pay more for information because it is so sensitive
-
Unexpected moments when problems in cross-cultural understanding emerge
Question 85
Question
Field data are the product of long discussions between researcher and informant in which both try to figure out a world that they share. In a word, they are
Answer
-
Objective
-
Subjective
-
Intersubjective
Question 86
Question 87
Question
Positivists accept that
Answer
-
Reality can be known through the five senses
-
It is necessary to sensitive to the way things ought to be and not just they way things are
-
Human beings are significantly different from other kinds of natural phenomena
Question 88
Question
Which of the following is NOT an approach to ethnographic fieldwork?
Question 89
Question
The work of many American anthropologists in the early part of the 20th century was called the "salvage ethnography" because
Answer
-
It was carried out among so-called "savage" peoples
-
Officials in state and national government were trying to eliminate the Bureau of Ethnology
-
It was widely believed that the people among whom the anthropologists worked were doomed to disappear
Question 90
Question
Western European contact with the rest of the world was
Question 91
Question
A holistic term that attempts to capture the centrality of material interest and the use of power to defend the interest is
Answer
-
Political economy
-
Sacred persuasion
-
Secular persuasion
Question 92
Question
Classifications of human societies help us to
Answer
-
Perceive the sharp boundaries that separate societies from one another
-
See some of the ways societies are similar and different, while obscuring others
-
Understand why some societies are more advanced than others
Question 93
Question
If people, practices, or artifacts could move across social boundaries in the ways that boas and his students showed then this suggested that
Answer
-
The boundaries around societies were not impermeable
-
The supposedly firm boundaries around biological "races" were vulnerable to critique
-
Any particular association of linguistic and cultural practices with a particular human population was an artifact in history
-
All of the above
Question 94
Question
Which of the following was NOT a stage in the unilineal cultural evolutionist's model?
Answer
-
Barbarism
-
Civilization
-
Savagery
-
Tribalism
Question 95
Question
The term culture area refers to a geographical region
Answer
-
In which a particular stage of cultural evolution has been reached
-
In which all societies can be classified as representatives of the same structural-functional type
-
Marking the limits of the diffusion of a particular cultural trait or set of traits
Question 96
Question
When Europeans first established commercial relationships in Africa
Answer
-
Within 10 years, they had conquered deeply into the continent
-
The Africans welcomed them as liberators from the cruel rulers of the coastal empires
-
They were not allowed to penetrate very far inland for more than 400 years
Question 97
Question
Political independence for colonies
Answer
-
Led to a return to traditional ways
-
Made little economic difference
-
Allowed the citizens of new states to take complete control of their own economic destinies
-
Both a & c
Question 98
Question
According to Marshall Sahlins, which of the following is a route to affluence?
Answer
-
Colonial conquest
-
producing much
-
Desiring little
-
Both b & c
Question 99
Question
According to the test, the division between food collectors and food producers illustrates a distinction between different kinds of
Answer
-
Survival strategies
-
nourishment strategies
-
subsistence strategies
Question 100
Question
To the question, "why do people x raise peanuts and sorghum" malinowski would reply
Answer
-
To meet their basic human need for food
-
Because peanuts and sorghum are the only food available in their ecozone that, when cultivated will meet their needs
-
Because both foods taken together provide complete proteins
Question 101
Question
Sometimes Western commodities are
Answer
-
rejected by vulnerable groups
-
used by local people for their own purposes, rather than for the purpose fr which they were originally designed
-
used to enrich culture
-
all of the above
Question 102
Question
The using up of material good necessary for human survival is called
Answer
-
Production
-
distribution
-
exchange
-
consumption
Question 103
Answer
-
Consciously adapted
-
pleasurable
-
transformative
-
all of the above
Question 104
Question
Some scholars have proposed that play is connected with
Question 105
Question
Metacommunication refers to
Answer
-
communication systems in advanced societies
-
communication about communication
-
ordinary communication studied out of context
Question 106
Question
Where humor critical of rulers is censored, such humor
Question 107
Question
Which of the following statements about sport is true?
Answer
-
In the world of institutionalized sport, play is the work of the players
-
play is only one component of sport
-
even if a sport has become institutionalized, the spectators are still playing
-
all of the above
Question 108
Question
According to Christian Bromberger, French and Italian soccer fans are fascinated by the game because
Answer
-
The course of a match resembles the uncertain fate of people in the contemporary world
-
At the end they have a clear-cut demonstration of who the winners and losers are
-
Of the predictability of players' choise
Question 109
Question
Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation is a definition of
Question 110
Question
A Javanese artist makes a puppet of the great mythic hero Arjuna out of water buffalo hide for use in the shadow puppet plays call wajang. This is an example of what the text calls
Question 111
Question
Artists in non-western societies
Answer
-
are divorced from everyday life
-
produce work that is more interesting to western collectors than it is to the people in their own societies
-
work with symbols that are of central importance to their societies
Question 112
Question
"Art by intention" inludes
Answer
-
objects that are made to be art
-
objects that have been made for religious purposes
-
objects that are found and exhibited
Question 113
Question
According to Shelly Errington as cited in the text, "art by appropriation" includes
Question 114
Question
In today's global art market
Answer
-
People who make primitive or tribal art are no longer tribal
-
most producers of ethnic arts sell their work to wealthy western collectors
-
Producers of ethnic and tribal arts provides a new and successful economic strategy for tribal peoples
Question 115
Question
Which of the following statements reflects the way anthropologists understand myth?
Answer
-
Myths are flawed ttempts at science or history
-
myths may justify past action, explain action in the present, or generate future action
-
myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome
-
Both b & c are true
Question 116
Question
Stories whose truth seems self-evident because they integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about the way the world works are called
Answer
-
folktales
-
metaphors
-
myths
Question 117
Question
Which of the following does not reflect the anthropological understanding ofritual?
Answer
-
Rituals are exclusively religious in nature
-
Rituals are repetitive social practices composed of a sequence ofsymbolic activites
-
ritual shapes action as well as thought
Question 118
Question
Which of the following is learned at a child's birthday party of the united states?
Question 119
Question
What are the 3 stages of rites of passage?
Answer
-
separation, transition, reaggregation
-
effacement, transition, delivery
-
communitas, liminality, marginality
Question 120
Question
Liminal, from the Latin word limen, means
Answer
-
sprite
-
containing
-
transporting
-
threshold
Question 121
Question
Play communicates about ______ while ritual communicates about _____.