AQA (9-1) Topic 2

Which part of the periodic table informs you how many electrons are in the outershell of any element?

Ionic bonds are formed of positive and negative ions that are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction

Oxidation is [blank_start]Loss[blank_end], Reduction is [blank_start]Gain[blank_end] Metals always form [blank_start]positive[blank_end] ions (oxidised/lose [blank_start]electrons[blank_end]). A group 2 metal will form a [blank_start]2+[blank_end] ion ([blank_start]loses[blank_end] two electrons). Non-metals form [blank_start]negative[blank_end] ions ([blank_start]reduced[blank_end]/gain electrons).

Which of the following compounds are examples of covalent bonding?

Metallic bonding is made of positive ions that are held together by a “sea of [blank_start]delocalised[blank_end] electrons” from the outer shells of metal atoms. The strong [blank_start]electrostatic[blank_end] forces between the ions and electrons mean metals have very high melting points.

Giant covalent compounds are [blank_start]solid[blank_end] at room temperature. All of the atoms in a giant covalent structure are held together by strong [blank_start]covalent[blank_end] bonds. These bonds have to be broken, by large amounts of [blank_start]energy[blank_end], to melt or boil these substances. [blank_start]Diamond[blank_end] is made up of carbon forming [blank_start]four[blank_end] covalent bonds. [blank_start]Graphite[blank_end] is made of hexagonal rings of carbon, each atom forming [blank_start]three[blank_end] bonds. Each atom contributes an [blank_start]electron[blank_end] to the “sea of delocalised electrons”.

Simple covalent compounds can conduct electricity.

Solids, Liquids and Gases are the three main states of matter. Which is the correct order of state changes?

Alloys are less [blank_start]malleable[blank_end] than pure metals as they have [blank_start]irregular[blank_end] layers, and so they cannot [blank_start]slide[blank_end] over each other as easily. The atoms are still held together by metallic bonding.

These compounds are usually liquids or [blank_start]gases[blank_end] at room temperature as the molecules are held together by [blank_start]weak[blank_end] intermolecular forces of attraction (but the atoms in the compounds are held together internally by strong [blank_start]covalent[blank_end] bonds), so only a small amount of [blank_start]energy[blank_end] is required to change state. This means simple molecules often have [blank_start]low[blank_end] melting and boiling points.

Which of the following is not a property of an ionic compound?