Question 1
Question
What contribution did Plato have on a science epistemology?
Question 2
Question
Who were the logical positivists?
Answer
-
Arcesilaus, Carneades, Cicero
-
Popper, Kuhn, Heidegger, Hempel
-
Plato, Socrates, Aristotle
-
Carnap, Schlick, Ayer, Hempel
Question 3
Question
What was the philosophical backbone of logical positivism?
Answer
-
Kantian thought and socialism
-
Truth and knowledge need not be meaningful or verifiable as long as it is logical
-
Truth and knowledge must be meaningful and verifiable
-
Reaction against metaphysics
Question 4
Question
What lead to the decline of logical positivism?
Answer
-
Metaphysical philosophy was regaining public support
-
Scientific laws were considered unverifiable
-
No valid deductive logic
-
True moral statements were verifiable, which lead to public outrage
Question 5
Question
What was Popper's argument against convention?
Answer
-
All possible theories can be tested in all possible means
-
Knowledge is certain given sufficient evidence
-
Belief can be objective
-
Knowledge is never certain
Question 6
Question
What was Popper's proposed alternative to conventional epistemology?
Question 7
Question
What is the dynanism and growth of scientific knowledge formula?
Answer
-
P1->TS1->EE->P2
-
P2->TS1->P1->EE
-
TS1->P1->EE->TS2
-
P1->EE->TS1->P2
Question 8
Question
Who were major figures in the science of decision making?
Answer
-
Kahneman and Tversky
-
Tsversky and Loftus
-
Rest and Kahneman
-
Franklin and Loftus
Question 9
Question
What were Kahneman and Tversky's conclusions concerning human decision making?
Answer
-
humans commit more errors than they realize
-
Heuristics prevent decision making errors
-
Errors in judgement are the result of poor intelligence of lack of expertise
-
Errors are less likely under uncertain conditions (less opportunity for bias)
Question 10
Question
Do basketball players get hot hands?
Answer
-
No, they're delusional
-
No, their wins and losses proceed randomly despite their feelings on the matter
-
Yes, 'hot hands' refers to 'being in the zone' and players certainly experience that phenomenon
-
Yes, because their hands get sweaty (what kind of question is this?)
Question 11
Question
What does Garb say about anecdotal evidence and romanticisation of clinical psychology?
Answer
-
Validity of case formulations are poor.
-
Causal judgements are often made by the clinician. These are often accurate.
-
Unstructured interviews are often more successful than structured interview.
-
Validity of case formulations are poor due to heuristics only.
Question 12
Question
What should be the stages of clinical practice according to Garb?
Answer
-
a) description, b) diagnosis, c) case formulation, d) prediction, e) decision making
-
a) description, b) case formulation, c) diagnosis, d) prediction, e) decision making
-
a) description, b) decision making, c) case formulation, d) diagnosis, e) prediction
-
a) case formulation, b) description, c) diagnosis), d) prediction, e) decision making
Question 13
Question
Military records suggest ___% WW1 veterans receiving PTSD compensation are pretenders.
Question 14
Question
When is interrater reliability for the DSM-3 agreeable?
Answer
-
When semi-structured interviews are used.
-
When unstructured interviews are used.
-
When the DSM-3 criteria is adhered to.
-
When the raters know each other.
Question 15
Question
What is the anchoring heuristic?
Answer
-
When you rely too heavily on an initial piece of information and it biases subsequent responses.
-
Like a framing effect, you incorrectly judge two similar or dissimilar statements to solve an issue.
-
Your preconceived notion of the task/information biases it regardless of the information provided to you.
-
A stereotype is presented in the information which makes it difficult to judge prototypical information.
Question 16
Question
Loftus's first study (1975) was conducted in relation to Nixon's first visit to China and Russia. Subjects estimated a prediction of the actual outcome. 3/4rds estimated the initial prediction as higher. Why did this happen?
Question 17
Question
Loftus's "lost in the mall" technique provided subjects with short narratives describing childhood events. The "lost in the mall" memory was false. What percentage of participants incorrectly 'remembered' the event?
Question 18
Question
Define epistemology.
Answer
-
Theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, scope, and distinction between justified belief and opinion.
-
Theory of knowledge, especially with regards to its proponents, validity, and scope.
-
Theory of knowledge, especially with regards to its validity, scope, and regard to objectivity. Belief or opinion is irrelevant.
-
Theory of knowledge. This includes proponents, validity, scope, differences between justified belief, opinion, including what happens to be in the public conscience at the time. Is flexible and prone to alteration due to social changes.
Question 19
Answer
-
A fact is a hypothesis subject to change.
-
A theory subject to change.
-
A working hypothesis, not subject to change.
-
A fact is not prone to error.
Question 20
Question
How can cognitive and memory biases impact psychological practice? Choose best example.
Answer
-
Cognitive laziness leads to error proneness.
-
Representativeness heuristic - biological disorders will be treated without biological treatments.
-
Confirmation bias - clinicians search for information to confirm not discomfirm personal theories or preconceptions.
-
Hindsight bias - clinicians feel like they know the cause and history of a disorder, yet remain open to alternatives.
Question 21
Question
What is the most valid criticism of the science practitioner model?
Answer
-
The science practitioner model is still young, and is therefore unreliable. There isn't a stable literature on the subject.
-
Practitioners don't research, or don't always use research effectively in their practice. The model is idealistic.
-
The science practitioner model discourages clinicians from pursuing their passions by forcing research aptitude into them.
-
Training clinicians in scientific theory and methods is a waste of time since clinical work has the primary goal of helping others and research is thus irrelevant.
Question 22
Question
When was the Boulder Conference?
Question 23
Question
After Shakow's recommendations to the New York Psychiatric Institute were accepted and were forwarded to the AAAP, what happened?
Answer
-
There was the Penn State conference, where the institute on professional training for clinical psychologists met.
-
There was the Boulder conference, where the institute on professional training for clinical psychologists met.
-
There was the AAAP conference, where the institute on professional training for clinical psychologists met.
-
There was the APA conference, where the institute on professional training for clinical psychologists met.
Question 24
Question
What was the result of the Boulder conference?
Answer
-
70 resolutions agreed upon from 15 agenda issues to discuss.
-
60 resolutions agreed upon from 12 agenda issues to discuss.
-
80 resolutions agreed upon from 20 agenda issues to discuss.
-
50 resolutions agreed upon from 15 agenda issues to discuss.
Question 25
Question
What was one of the major historical influences leading to the Boulder conference?
Answer
-
The asylum hygiene movement.
-
The psychological toll on WWI and WWII veterans, and the US government's attempt to address the psychological need of veterans.
-
Mental asylums were overcrowded. They were becoming "warehouses for lost humanity".
-
Psychiatrists could not manage the large number of patients with psychological complaints.
Question 26
Question
When did federal legislation end "lunatic asylum"'s reign as America's solution to the mentally ill?
Answer
-
The late 1900's.
-
The late 1800's.
-
The late 1700's.
-
The late 1600's.
Question 27
Question
What was John Locke's legacy in British Empiricism?
Answer
-
Tabula rasa - that knowledge was acquired by experience
-
Intellect, sensibilities, and will.
-
The Just Noticeable Difference (JND).
-
Two sources of acquiring knowledge: sensation and perception.
Question 28
Question
What was Thomus Upham's contribution to empicisism?
Answer
-
He authored the first textbook, and suggested three realms of mental faculty: intellect, sensibilities, and will.
-
Suggested knowledge is acquired by experience. Also wrote a textbook on the topic.
-
Claimed that one can learn about the mind by observing the senses.
-
Noted that the relationship between stimulus properties and perception is logarithmic.
Question 29
Question
What was Ernst Weber's legacy? Choose the best answer.
Answer
-
Weber-Fechner law - including The Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
-
The Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
-
Demonstrating that the JND is a non linear function of stimulus magnitude
-
That perception could be quantified.
Question 30
Question
What role did Fechner play in psychophysics?
Answer
-
Demonstrated the relationship between stimulus properties and perception is logarithmic, adding to the JND.
-
Demonstrated the relationship between stimulus properties and perception is linear, adding to the JND.
-
Demonstrated the relationship between stimulus properties and perception is hyperbolic, adding to the JND.
-
Demonstrated the relationship between stimulus properties and perception is the inverse of perceived magnitude, adding to the JND.
Question 31
Question
The earliest reference to the brain as the seat of the mind was...
Question 32
Question
What was the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus?
Answer
-
An ancient egyptian surgical manual documenting 48 wartime cases of head lesion, including the induction of seizure by "palpate his wound" - the wound being on the brain.
-
An ancient egyptian surgical manual documenting 5 cases of brain tumor, including the removal of said tumor. "Shouldst thou find something disturbing therin under thy fingers"...
-
An ancient egyptian surgical manual documenting 15 cases of seizure after manual palpation of the brain tissue.
-
An ancient egyptian surgical manual documenting 35 wartime cases of head lesion, and how to disinfect and manage the wounds.
Question 33
Question
The deinstitutionalisation marking the release of 100,000 asylum patients was triggered by...
Answer
-
The Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963, signed by President John Kennedy.
-
The renaming of the Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane to the American Psychiatric Association.
-
The superintendents (head of asylums) were given the role of psychiatrist.
-
The growth of over 300 mental asylums by the 1960's.
Question 34
Question
Psychiatrists "reinvented" themselves by the 1920s with treatments like...
Question 35
Question
Which surgeon worked on the case of Loborgne ('Tan'), who had a 21 year history of progressive speech loss?
Answer
-
Paul Broca
-
Eduard Hitzig
-
Korbinian Brodmann
-
Gustav Fritsch
Question 36
Question
Who was the psychiatrist who applied an electrical current to the motor cortex of a dog, who was standing on their appartment's kitchen table?
Answer
-
Gustav Fritsch
-
Eduard Hitzig
-
Korbinian Brodmann
-
Paul Broca
Question 37
Question
What was Santiago Ramon y Cajal's contribution to neuroscience/psychology? Choose best answer.
Answer
-
Documented the famous case of 'Tan', a man with a 21 year history of progressive speech loss.
-
Made anatomically precise drawings of different types of neurons in the brain.
-
Identified many brain regions, including the various visual cortices.
-
Identified the motor cortex by applying an electrical current to a dog in his appartment.
Question 38
Question
Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
Answer
-
A professor of philosophy at the University of Leipzig who started the first psychological laboratory in 1879.
-
The first to show experimental methods could apply to higher order cognition.
-
Founded the first psychological laboratory as John Hopkins, and started the first Psychology department at Clark.
-
Developed a battery of mental tests.
Question 39
Question
Who started the APA?
Answer
-
Stanley Hall
-
James Cattell
-
Lightner Witmer
-
Franz Joseph Gall
Question 40
Question
Who started the first psychological clinic in 1896?
Answer
-
Lightner Witmer
-
James Cattell
-
Stanley Hall
-
Franz J. Gall
Question 41
Question
Who developed Phrenology (otherwise known as "If your skull is bumpy in a certain area that correlates to a brain area and so your personality".
Answer
-
James Cattell
-
Franz J. Gall
-
H. Ebbinhaus
-
Franz Mesmer
Question 42
Question
Who came up with the idea that reaction time was related to mental processing speed?
Answer
-
James Cattell
-
Stanley Hall
-
William Wundt
-
Alfred Binet
Question 43
Question
The first American scale of Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon's works were published as the "Binet and Simon Tests of Intellectual Capacity" by...
Answer
-
Henry Herbert Goddard
-
Stanley Hall
-
David Wechsler
-
Robert Yerkes
Question 44
Question
Beers (1908) published a book on his mistreatment (and that of others) in mental asylums and called for reform. Which psychiatrist took notice of his work?
Answer
-
Adolf Meyer.
-
Francis Galton.
-
Robert Meyer.
-
Adolf Galton.
Question 45
Question
The Emmanuel Movement, concerned with psychologically-based religious healing, was started by whom?
Answer
-
Elwood Worcester
-
Samuel McComb.
-
Algernon Crapsey.
-
William James.
Question 46
Question
To increase psychological resources, the VA, USPHS, and APA worked together to dramatically increase the rate of PhD clinical psychologists. What success did they have at the end of the first year of their program?
Answer
-
VA funded 200 doctoral students at 22 universities.
-
VA funded more than 1500 students at 50 universities.
-
VA funded 200 doctoral students at 50 universities.
-
VA funded more than 1500 students at 22 universities.
Question 47
Question
What did David Shakow write his dissertation on? (Also, why is this relevant? I dunno, it's in the notes.)
Question 48
Question
There are three broad types of validity. What are they?
Answer
-
Content, Criterion, Construct.
-
Content, Predictive, Concurrent.
-
Content, Criterion, Predictive.
-
Predictive, Concurrent, Construct.
Question 49
Question
In Coaley's Taxonomy of Assessment, what are the two major divisions of measurement?
Question 50
Question
What are the two types of criterion validity?
Question 51
Question
Define criterion validity.
Answer
-
Degree to which a test samples the domain and elicits responses in a responsible way.
-
Correlations between scale scores and other criteria or sources.
-
The measure agrees with other measures of the same type.
-
Measures should correlate with those like it, not those dissimilar to it.
Question 52
Question
Define content validity.
Answer
-
Degree to which a test samples the domain and elicits responses in a responsible way.
-
Correlations between scale scores and other criteria or sources.
-
Extent to which variance score reflects variance of actual construct.
-
Measures should correlate with those similar not dissimilar.
Question 53
Question
How should the variance associated with a new given measure be partitioned?
Answer
-
a. variance of scores on new test, b. shared variance, c. variance of scores on criterion measure
-
a. variance of representative sample, b. variance of non representative sample, c. variance of clinical population of interest.
-
a. within subjects variance, b. between subjects variance, c. error variance
-
a. variance of criterion, b. variance of measure 1, c. variance of measure 2.
Question 54
Question
In Coaley's Taxonomy of Assessment, what is considered "non-measurement"?
Question 55
Question
What is a nominal scale?
Question 56
Question
What is factorial validity?
Answer
-
scores are mixed with scores of other tests, similar and dissimilar, and subject to factor analysis
-
determines any increase in validity and whether this is significant, when an assessment is added to others
-
correlations relating to different aspects of the criterion measurement also tend to have different values
-
tests hypothesized not to be similar are not
Question 57
Question
What is the multi-trait multi-method approach?
Answer
-
More consistent and elaborate form of convergent-discriminant validity; can be used to demonstrate construct validity
-
A combination of factorial validity, differential validity, and incremental validity
-
Using a regression on factors associated with a measure to see what items are associated with more error -> to be removed
-
Multiple raters perform independent factor analysis on the measure and then a Factor Rater Score is calculated.
Question 58
Question
What is discriminant validity?
Answer
-
Tests hypothesized not to be similar are not.
-
Correlations related to different aspects of the criterion measurement also tend to have different values.
-
used to demonstrate construct validity
-
Comparing at least 5 other measures that are similar in order to identify bad items
Question 59
Question
What is the most robust measure of central tendency?
Question 60
Question
What percentage of scores is encompassed within 1 SD + and - the mean within the normal distribution?
Question 61
Question
What is the Blinkhorn Effect?
Answer
-
When you cherry pick the best correlations from your data
-
Missing a vital piece of statistical information because you experienced an inattentional blink
-
Removing items with weird variance to improve the robustness of your test
-
Removing bad data points and replacing them with bootstrapped estimates to improve your test
Question 62
Question
What are the 'faux friends' of validity?
Answer
-
Face validity, faith validity
-
Face validity, inter rater judgements
-
Faith validity, inter rater judgements
-
Face validity, faith validity, inter rater judgements
Question 63
Question
What is the Pollyana Effect?
Answer
-
Belief of test users in the value of certain assessments and their attitudes towards them
-
People tend to remember positive items more than negative ones
-
Heuristics interfere with the measure of a test
-
When framing effects influence a subject's response on the measure
Question 64
Question
Which statement is the most correct?
Answer
-
Reliability is possible without validity, but validity is not possible without reliability
-
Reliability is possible without validity, but validity is possible without reliability
-
Reliability is not possible without validity, and validity is not possible without reliability
-
Reliability is not possible without validity, but validity is possible without reliability
Question 65
Question
What does Classical Test Theory state about a person's observed score (X)?
Answer
-
X = T + e
-
X = T + we + be + e
-
X = T + we + e
-
X = (T + T2)/2 + e
Question 66
Question
Which reliability is "consistent across tests"?
Question 67
Question
Which reliability is consistent across time?
Question 68
Question
Which reliability is consistent between items?
Question 69
Question
What is one issue associated with alternate forms reliability?
Answer
-
difficult to construct perfectly equivalent tests
-
equivalence means your test is redundant
-
inter-judge agreement is never perfect
-
practice effects
Question 70
Question
What is one of the issues associated with test-retest reliability?
Answer
-
length of the interval between the two tests
-
what the subject had for breakfast that morning
-
not measuring reliability directly
-
if the test changes then your retest measure is worthless
Question 71
Question
What is an example of a measure of internal consistency?
Question 72
Question
What is an example of a systematic error?
Answer
-
scale score is consistently too high or low
-
the weather on the day of testing is consistently bad
-
never obtaining the true score
-
subject's cognitions at the time of testing
Question 73
Question
I just got a reliability coefficient for my new scale on Honours Students Neuroticism Causes - it's .5! That's...
Answer
-
good!
-
marginal.
-
unacceptable.
-
excellent!
Question 74
Question
What is local dependence?
Answer
-
If X scores increase on Y then they will on Z.
-
errors of measurement from 2 unreliable variables correlate significantly
-
an honours student is dependent on their supervisor for guidance
-
the test-retest reliability of a test depends on its validity
Question 75
Question
Confidence intervals vary as a function of reliability.
Question 76
Question
The Parallel Testing Model uses test-retest reliability
Question 77
Question
Platonic "true" scores are possible to achieve.
Question 78
Question
What is the Domain Sampling Model?
Answer
-
average score over infinite testing
-
average score over three testing sessions
-
test-retest reliability but using the median instead of the mean
-
test-retest reliability over multiple testing sessions and checking for changes in possible factors
Question 79
Question
What are sources of error variance for the generalisability approach to reliability?
Question 80
Question
The Masculinity/Femininity scale in the MMPI was designed to...
Answer
-
detect homosexuality
-
see to what extent someone embodies feminine/masculine traits
-
class men/women according to their stereotypical gender roles
-
detect gender norm deviants
Question 81
Question
What was one of Yerkes's roles in the development of intelligence testing?
Answer
-
opposed an age-scale approached and favored the point-scale approach
-
translated the Alfred Binet
-
came up with the concept of g, the main factor underlying intelligence
-
first to decide that intelligence was made of both verbal and non-verbal intelligence
Question 82
Question
The Army Alpha and Beta intelligence scale was developed by...
Answer
-
Robert Yerkes
-
Arthur Otis
-
Alfred Binet
-
David Wechsler
Question 83
Question
Who translated the Alfred Binet into the Stanford Binet?
Answer
-
Lewis Terman
-
Robert Yerkes
-
Arthur Otis
-
Francis Galton
Question 84
Question
Wechsler designed new intelligence tests.
Question 85
Question
Galton's original intelligence test failed because...
Answer
-
reaction time, keen sight, and squeeze strenght were unrelated to intelligence, but related to motor and perceptual function
-
early versions of the block test, language comprehension test, and number recall were poorly designed
-
reaction time was related to intelligence, but only if measured in the millisecond range
-
it was developed for children and failed to apply to adults
Question 86
Question
Which edition of the Stanford Binet adapted Weschler's multiscale multitask format?
Question 87
Question
The Wechsler-Bellevue I intelligence scale (1939) was made for...
Question 88
Question
The verbal concept information construct in the WAIS-IV tests crystallized intelligence.
Question 89
Question
The WAIS-IV construct PRI measures...
Answer
-
fluid reasoning, spatial processing, visual-motor integration
-
temporary retention of information, mental manipulation, attention, concentration, mental control
-
verbal concept formation, verbal reasoning, acquired knowledge, crystallized intelligence
-
processing speed, scanning, learning
Question 90
Question
The WAIS-IV construct WMI measures...
Answer
-
verbal concept formation, verbal reasoning, acquired knowledge, crystallized intelligence
-
fluid reasoning, spatial processing, visual-motor integration
-
temporary retention of information, mental manipulation, attention, concentration, mental control
-
processing speed, scanning, learning
Question 91
Question
The WAIS-IV construct PSI measures...
Answer
-
verbal concept formation, verbal reasoning, acquired knowledge, crystallized intelligence
-
fluid reasoning, spatial processing, visual-motor integration
-
temporary retention of information, mental manipulation, attention, concentration, mental control
-
processing speed, scanning, learning
Question 92
Question
What are three different tasks in the VCI construct (WAIS-IV)?
Answer
-
Provide concepts that link two words, vocabulary, information (general knowledge)
-
assemble blocks, visual puzzles, matrix reasoning
-
arithmetic, symbol search, coding
-
Raven's matrices, concept linking, arithmetic
Question 93
Question
Inter-rater reliability r scores for the Similarities, Vocubulary, Information, and Comprehension subtests for the WAIS-IV are closest to:
Question 94
Question
When was the NEO inventory started (note: not completed)?
Question 95
Question
The NEO personality inventory in 1985 had what general structure?
Answer
-
6 facets for each NEO, and brief global A+C.
-
4 facets for each NEO, and brief global A+C.
-
8 facets for each NEO, and brief global A+C.
-
5 facets for each NEO, and brief global A+C,
Question 96
Question
The NEO-FFI (1989) included norms for...
Answer
-
college students and adults
-
college students and children
-
college students, children, and adults
-
children and adults
Question 97
Question
The NEO-PI-R (1992) version had norms for...
Answer
-
adults only, with those younger only under special circumstances
-
children only, with those older only for mental retardation
-
adolescents only
-
adults and children
Question 98
Question
One of the changes to the NEO-PI-R (1992) was...
Answer
-
New A and C scales+facets
-
replacement of 20 NEO items
-
rewording of 10 NEO items
-
Addition of 5 new A and C scales and facets
Question 99
Question
Scores in the NEO-PI-R are presented as t-scores.
Question 100
Question
The NEO-PI-R consists of...
Answer
-
240 questions answered on 5-point Likert scale
-
200 questions answered on 7-point Likert scale
-
150 questions answered True or False
-
300 questions answered True or False
Question 101
Question
What is one of the main disadvantages of the NEO-PI-R?
Answer
-
Does not quantify cognitive abilities or distortions
-
Does not adequately take into account the A + C constructs
-
Its validity scales do not work correctly
-
Norms are not recent
Question 102
Question
NEO-PI-R has validity scales.
Question 103
Question
Miller (1991) suggested that:
Answer
-
there is clinical utility for personality inventories in guiding treatment
-
there is no clinical utility for personality inventories in guiding treatment
-
treatment should not be guided by personality scores since they may change throughout the course of treatment
-
the NEO-PI-R and MMPI could be used in tandem for an accurate clinical picture of a patient
Question 104
Question
Singer (2005) suggested that personality inventories were:
Answer
-
the first phase for treating a patient
-
the second phase for treating a patient
-
innappropriate for use in clinical practice without additional information
-
is useful for formulating a diagnosis
Question 105
Question
In regards to twin studies of intelligence, what is an individuality multiplier?
Answer
-
shared environmental factors are masked -> variance attributed to genes
-
environment differs so variance interpreted as gene changes
-
changes in intelligence over time due to environment alone
-
the twin's non-shared traits interact with the environment to produce even greater non shared traits
Question 106
Question
In regards to twin studies of intelligence, what is a social multiplier?
Answer
-
shared environmental factors are masked -> variance attributed to genes
-
environment differences interpreted as gene changes
-
changes in intelligence over time attributed to the environment alone
-
if a twin has a different social group to their other twin, the social group will encourage the development of traits they value regardless of the twin's values
Question 107
Question
Low agreeableness and low conscientiousness is associated with...
Answer
-
psychopathy
-
depression
-
Machiavellianism
-
paranoid schizophrenia
Question 108
Question
High neuroticism and low extraversion is associated with...
Question 109
Question
What is g's correlation to working memory?
Question 110
Question
Neurobiological research supports IQ represented by how many factors?
Question 111
Question
According to Sternberg et al. (1999, 2000) to what degree is practicality (ability to solve concrete problems) and creativity (come up with novel solutions) correlated to IQ?
Answer
-
moderately
-
poorly
-
highly
-
not at all
Question 112
Question
g(F) is can be measured by Raven's Progressive Matrices.
Question 113
Question
White twins from rich backgrounds have a lower heritability estimate than poor whites or blacks.
Question 114
Question
The book, The Bell Curve, authored by Richard Hernstein and Charles Murray in 1994 suggested IQ is little influenced by environmental factors.
Question 115
Question
According to Nisbett et al. (2012), adoption studies may tend to overestimate the role of the environment and underestimate the role of genetics due to the restricted social class range of adoptive homes.
Question 116
Question
According to Nisbett et al. (2012), what progress has been made on finding genes associated with normal IQ variation?
Answer
-
Over 282 individual genes for mental retardation found, very little in those associated with normal intelligence
-
Over 282 individual genes for normal intelligence, very little for those with mental retardation
-
Over 874 individual genes for mental retardation found, very little associated with normal intelligence
-
Over 902 individual genes for mental retardation found, very few associated with normal intelligence.
Question 117
Question
Breast feeding has been associated with... (Nisbett et al., 2012)
Answer
-
+6 IQ points for normal weighted infants, +8 for premature
-
+3 IQ points for normal weighted infants, +5 for premature
-
+1 IQ point for normal weighted infants, +3 for premature
-
No changes in IQ
Question 118
Question
High socio-economic status has been associated with... (Nisbett et al., 2012)
Answer
-
+12 IQ points than low SES
-
+6 IQ points than low SES
-
+3 IQ points than low SES
-
no differences between high SES IQ and low SES IQ
Question 119
Question
Is there an IQ difference for first-borns in a family? (Nisbett et al., 2012)
Answer
-
Yes, about 3+ IQ
-
Yes, about 1+ IQ
-
No difference
-
Yes, about 5+ IQ
Question 120
Question
What is the Flynn Effect?
Answer
-
A substantial and long-term increase in worldwide IQ from 1930.
-
When environmental influences to IQ are overlooked in favor of genetic explanations.
-
Non shared environments within a family impacts IQ more than shared environments.
-
IQ increases when low SES individuals are placed into a high SES environment.
Question 121
Question
An IQ score of 70 is the cutting point for immunity from the death penalty in the USA.
Question 122
Question
Damage in the prefrontal cortex is associated with...
Answer
-
decreased performance on Raven's Progressive Matrices
-
decreased performance related to task content
-
reduction in sex-based IQ differences
-
decreased g(C)
Question 123
Question
The frontal and temporal lobes are related to what in terms of IQ...
Answer
-
task content
-
neural efficiency
-
seizures
-
performance on the MMPI
Question 124
Question
IQ differences of 15 points between black and whites reported in 1996 is thought to be genetically related.
Question 125
Question
Digit Span on the WAIS-IV is useful at the lower end of intelligence functioning.
Question 126
Question
The WAIS-IV's Picture Completion Task is not biased by gender or object familiarity.
Question 127
Question
Conscientiousness has a protective role on mortality.
Question 128
Question
Neuroticism, negative emotion, and hostility are positively associated with mortality.
Question 129
Question
The more neurotic you are, the more likely you are to get a divorce. (Roberts et al., 2007)
Question 130
Question
If you have high conscientiousness and agreeableness, you're more likely to become divorced than if you had low conscientiousness and agreeableness. (Roberts et al. 2007)
Question 131
Question
What is one of the major changes in the norms for the MMPI-2-RF and the MMPI-2?
Question 132
Question
Which has the largest number of items - the MMPI-2-RF, the MMPI-2, or the MMPI-A?
Answer
-
The MMPI-2, followed by the MMPI-A, then the MMPI-2-RF.
-
The MMPI-2-RF, followed by the MMPI-2, then MMPI-A.
-
The MMPI-A, followed by the MMPI-2-RF, then MMPI-2.
-
The MMPI-2-RF, followed by the MMPI-A, then MMPI-2.
Question 133
Question
The MMPI-A contains extra scales unique only to the MMPI-A.
Question 134
Question
The asylum movement in America was spawned by...
Answer
-
Elwood Worcester
-
Pillipe Pinel
-
William Wundt
-
Clifford Beers
Question 135
Question
The MMPI was developed when, by whom?
Answer
-
1930s by Hathaway and McKinley
-
1930s by Harris and Lingoes
-
1940s by Weiner and Harmon
-
1940s by Krueger and Kendler
Question 136
Question
Kraepelinian syndromes means...
Answer
-
symptom clusters in the MMPI
-
based on existing knowledge of symptom clusters and syndromes
-
symptom clusters based on classic psychoanalytic casework
-
symptom clusters based on 1800s syndrome research
Question 137
Question
What were the validity scales on the original MMPI?
Answer
-
Cannot Say, Lie, Infrequency, Correction.
-
Variable Response Inconsistency, Uncommon Virtues, Adjustment Validity, Infrequent Responses.
-
True Response Inconsistency, Infrequent Psychopathology Response, Symptom Validity, Response Bias Scale.
-
Uncommon Virtues, Lie, Response Bias Scale, Adjustment Validity.
Question 138
Question
What was one of the major problems of the original MMPI?
Answer
-
There were no norms for code types
-
Some of the clinical scales were outdated
-
The profiles it produced were non-discriminatory
-
The validity scales produced too many false positives
Question 139
Question
Can the MMPI distinguish between delinquent and non-delinquent females?
Answer
-
Yes, based on Pd, Sc, and Ma elevations.
-
Yes, based on D, MF, Si elevations.
-
No. Only the MMPI-A can do that.
-
Yes, based on Pd, D, and Si elevations.
Question 140
Question
The first full-fledged effort to examine internal consistency of the MMPI was done by...
Question 141
Question
One of the major changes introduced to the MMPI-2 included...
Answer
-
The removal of items dealing with religion, sexuality, sexist language, or awkwardly phrased sentences.
-
The removal of several validity scales.
-
Adding the clinical scale Demoralization, effectively removing repetitive items from clinical subscales.
-
Removal of gender norms.
Question 142
Question
Psychasthenia in the MMPI-2 refers to...
Question 143
Question
In Watson and Tellegen's (1985) two-dimensional emotion map, what is the opposite of High Positive Affect?
Answer
-
Low Positive Affect
-
Unpleasantness
-
Disengagement
-
High Negative Affect
Question 144
Question
Two main factors associated with the clinical scales were Demoralisation and...
Answer
-
A second factor uncorrelated with Demoralisation.
-
A second factor mildly correlated with Demoralisation.
-
A second factor moderately correlated with Demoralisation.
-
a second factor highly correlated with Demoralisation.
Question 145
Question
Studies have shown that the RC scales map well onto...
Question 146
Question
What does the Symptom Validity scale detect?
Answer
-
the underreporting of symptoms
-
the overreporting of symptoms
-
Somatic complaints infrequent in the medical patient populations
-
exaggerated memory complaints
Question 147
Question
Which of these is NOT a MMPI-2-RF higher order scales?
Answer
-
Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction
-
Thought Dysfunction
-
Behavioural/Externalizing Dysfunction
-
Cognitive/Perceptual Dysfunction
Question 148
Question
The Watson (2005) hierarchical structure of mood and anxiety disorders classifies emotional disorders into two broad categories. What are they?
Answer
-
Cognitive and Emotional
-
Distress and Fear
-
Panic and Social
-
Depressive and Anxious
Question 149
Question
In the MMPI-2-RF Internalizing Hierarchy, there are 3 broad categories underneath the heading Emotional-Internalising Dysfunction. What are they?
Answer
-
Demoralisation, Low Positive Emotions, Dysfunctional Negative Emotions
-
Distress, Fear, Panic
-
Demoralisation, Distress, Fear
-
Demoralisation, Negative Positive Emotions, Low Negative Emotions
-
Demoralisation, Lack of Positive Emotions, Presence of Dysfunctional Negative Emotions
Question 150
Question
Externalising disorders have a common genetic underpinning.
Question 151
Question
The scientist-practitioner model has been described as embodying three concepts. Which of the following is NOT one of those espoused by Shakow?
Answer
-
research
-
therapy
-
assessment
-
diagnostics
Question 152
Question
Butler et al's (2005) review of CBT efficacy found...
Answer
-
antidepressant drugs were superior to CBT
-
CBT had a low efficacy on marital distress
-
CBT had a moderate efficacy on preventing sexual assault repeat offending
-
chronic pain was treated moderately well with CBT
Question 153
Question
Butler et al's (2005) review on CBT efficacy found...
Answer
-
large uncontrolled effect sizes for CBT efficacy for schizophrenia
-
large uncontrolled effect sizes for CBT efficacy for depression
-
large uncontrolled effect sizes for CBT efficacy for OCD
-
large uncontrolled effect sizes for CBT for childhood somatic disorders
Question 154
Question
In Butler et al's (2005) study on CBT efficacy large effect sizes were found for the treatment of...
Question 155
Question
According to Butler (2005)'s review on CBT efficacy, one disorder requiring more attention regarding CBT is...
Question 156
Question
Is CBT case conceptualisation reliable?
Answer
-
Descripive levels of presenting issues reliable, inference about causal influences is not.
-
Descripive levels of presenting issues not reliable, inference about causal influences is.
Question 157
Question
Focused training of case conceptualisation does not improve the coherence and quality of case conceptualisation across therapy modules.
Question 158
Question
A generic approach used for identifying triggers and maintenance factors of a problem for case conceptualisation is...
Question 159
Question
What was the maintenance cycle of 'Beth''s PTSD in the Kuyken et al. paper?
Answer
-
Memories of abuse and violence + triggers => current threat => cutting => cognitive elaboration <=> (repeat)
-
current threat => Memories of abuse and violence + triggers => cutting => cognitive elaboration <=> (repeat)
-
current threat => Memories of abuse and violence + triggers => cognitive elaboration => cutting <= => (repeat)
-
current threat => Memories of abuse and violence + triggers + cutting => cognitive elaboration => cutting <= => (repeat)
Question 160
Question
Panic disorder affects up to _% of the population at some point in their life. (Fill in blank.)
Question 161
Question
Changes in neural circuits in people with panic disorder does NOT include...
Answer
-
lowered amygdala volume
-
lowered temporal lobe volume
-
reduced frontal lobe volume
-
reduced orbitofrontal flow
Question 162
Question
The belief that anxiety could cause deleterious physical, social, and psychological consequences beyond those immediate in an actual panic attack is a risk factor for onset of panic disorder.
Question 163
Question
Anxiety sensitivity predicts more variance in panic disorder onset than neuroticism.
Question 164
Question
The ____ is thought to mediate anxiety sensitivity.
Answer
-
insular cortex
-
amygdala
-
hippocamous
-
somatosensory cortex
Question 165
Question
The current preferred drug treatment for panic disorder is...
Answer
-
SSRIs
-
benzodiazepines
-
tricyclics
-
neuroleptics
Question 166
Question
_ is an effective drug for panic disorder in non-responding CBT patients.
Answer
-
paroxetine
-
setraline
-
venlafaxine
-
nefazodone
Question 167
Question
Hypnosis is a helpful treatment alternative to CBT for panic disorder.
Question 168
Question
The legacy of the Boulder conference included:
Answer
-
a resolution that provided an opening for the introduction of the scientist-practitioner model of professional training in psychology.
-
cooperation of the American Psychological Association, the United States Public Health Service, and the Veterans Association.
-
a resolution that provided an opening for the introduction of the scientist-practitioner model of professional training in psychology AND cooperation of the American Psychological Association, the United States Public Health Service, and the Veterans Association.
-
none of the above
Question 169
Question
Benjamin (2000) argues that the founding of scientific psychology dates from the establishment of the research laboratory at the University of Leipzeig by:
Answer
-
Wilhelm Wundt
-
Hermann von Helmholtz
-
Gustav Fechner
-
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Question 170
Question
Early psychology laboratories were founded in the United States of America by the likes of:
Answer
-
G. Stanley Hall and Lightner Witmer
-
James McKeen Cattell and Elwood Worcester
-
G. Stanely Hall and James McKeen Cattell
-
Lightner Witmer and Elwood Worcester
Question 171
Question
O'Gorman (2001) reported that Eysenck in 1949 argued that therapy was NOT a role for clinical psychologists but for psychiatrists. Instead, Eysenck was reported as seeing the task of clinical psychologist as embracing:
Question 172
Question
The scientist-practitioner model has been criticised for:
Answer
-
several shortcomings, but without sound argument or reliable evidence
-
failing to adopt an integrative approach to science and practice
-
failing to appropriately value the contribution of practice to practitioner skill
-
failing to adopt an integrative approach to science and practice AND failing to appropriately value the contribution of practice to practitioner skill
Question 173
Question
Since the early 20th century, the American public's stereotype of a psychologist has been:
Question 174
Question
The beginnings of clinical and school psychology in the USA are associated with:
Question 175
Question
Which event brought greater public attention to the issues of mental health in the USA in the 20th century?
Answer
-
Elwood Worcester's Emmanuel movement
-
Beer and Meyer's Mental Hygiene movement
-
Sigmund Freud's series of lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in response to an invitation from Stanley G. Hall.
-
Morton Prince's publication of 'The Dissociation of Personality'
Question 176
Answer
-
the psychiatric community called for an end to clinical psychology
-
clinical psychologists called for an end to psychiatry
-
the psychiatric community called for an end to clinical psychology AND to psychiatry
-
none of the above
Question 177
Question
In 1937, the short-lived American Association for Psychology (AAAP) was founded with an initial organisational structure focused on:
Answer
-
assessment, diagnosis, prevention, and therapy
-
assessment, diagnosis, education, and industry
-
clinical matters, consulting, education, and industry
-
clinical matters, education, industry, and prevention
Question 178
Question
The practice of clinical psychology between the two world wars was essentially about:
Answer
-
assessment
-
diagnosis
-
prevention
-
therapy
Question 179
Question
The emergence of modern clinical psychology was related to:
Question 180
Question
Benjamin (2005) says, “it can be argued that the modern profession of clinical psychology was established … by”:
Question 181
Question
Personality assessment was well-established in the practice of clinical psychology in the USA by the 1940s. Which of the following tests was NOT in use at that time?
Answer
-
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
-
the NEO inventories
-
the Rorschach projective test
-
the Thematic Apperception Test
Question 182
Question
Managed care in the US was said by Benjamin (2005) to end the golden age of clinical psychology, equated with the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. Managed care impacted negatively on the practice of clinical psychologists from the 1980s by:
Answer
-
increasing the fees charged for mental health services
-
limiting patient access to mental health services
-
increasing fees charged for mental health services AND limiting patient access to mental health services
-
heavily subsidising fees charged by psychiatrists for psychotherapy
Question 183
Question
Benjamin (2005) comments that, “traditional strengths of doctoral education in psychology [have included] that students”:
Answer
-
are able to avoid paying exorbitant fees that they would otherwise need to pay if pursuing a Master’s-level qualification
-
are taught methodological skills and are trained as critical thinkers and problem solvers
-
bolster the publication rate of academic professors
-
all of the above
Question 184
Question
What are the FIRST three steps in conducting a meta-analysis? (note: there are 6 steps total)
Answer
-
1. Searching for studies, 2. Selecting the studies, 3. Defining the review question and eligibility criteria.
-
1. Defining the review question and eligibility criteria, 2. Searching for studies, 3. Selecting the studies.
-
1. Defining the review question and eligibility criteria, 2. Selecting the studies. 3. Data extraction.
-
1. Searching for studies, 2. Defining the review question and eligibility critera, 3. Cleaning studies.
Question 185
Question
What is a disadvantage of meta-analysis?
Question 186
Question
What is a moderator variable? (Hint: contrast with mediator).
Answer
-
A variable that influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables
-
A variable that explains the relationship between two other variables
-
A variable that is unrelated to two other variables, but is related to a third.
-
A variable that is uncorrelated with another.
Question 187
Question
What is the formula for Hedge's g?
Answer
-
g = (Mean1-Mean2)/pooled SD
-
g = (Population Mean - Sample Mean)/pooled SD
-
g = (Mean1+Mean2+Mean3+etc)/N
-
g = (mean1-mean2)/n-1
Question 188
Question
Which is these is NOT a general effect associated with common factors research?
Question 189
Question
What does the common factor Therapist and Researcher Allegience refer to?
Answer
-
Whether the therapist and researcher believe the treatment is efficacious.
-
Skill of the therapist at delivering a specific treatment.
-
The relationship between the therapist, researcher, and patient.
-
Skill of therapist at delivering a general treatment.
Question 190
Question
The Therapist Effects common factor suggests patients should...
Answer
-
seek the best treatment for your condition
-
seek a therapist who uses an approach you find compatible
-
make sure their therapist believes the therapy works
-
make sure the researcher in charge of producing journal articles believes in the therapy's efficacy
Question 191
Question
Messer and Wampold (2002) recommend...
Answer
-
Limit clinical trials to comparing bonafide therapies
-
Don't use control groups in clinical trials: two active controls that are bonafide therapies will suffice
-
Increase emphasis on specific factors in therapy manuals so all bases are covered adequately
-
Limit clinical trials to comparing new therapies
Question 192
Question
According to Grencavage and Norcross (1990) what is the most agreed upon common factor?
Answer
-
catharsis
-
development of therapeutic alliance
-
client's positive expectancies
-
beneficial therapist qualities
Question 193
Question
In terms of raw frequency, which were the most frequently occuring treatment structures identified as common factors? (Grencavage & Norcross, 1990).
Question 194
Question
In terms of raw frequency, what is the most frequently occuring Selected Relationship Elements identified as common factors? (Grencavage & Norcross, 1990)?
Question 195
Question
There are four main “efforts” in the realm of epistemology and the philosophy of science. The first is associated with Plato. He characterised knowledge as:
Answer
-
justified
-
true
-
belief
-
all possible answers
Question 196
Question
Correspondence theory, regarding Plato’s notion of truth:
Answer
-
pre-supposes unbiased observation
-
is about belief accurately depicting reality
-
pre-supposes unbiased observation + is about belief accuracy depicting reality
-
none mentioned
Question 197
Question
Coherence theory, regarding Plato’s notion of truth, was demonstrated by Schlick (a logical positivist) to be lacking in the sense that it is possible:
Answer
-
to construct a perfectly coherent fantasy world, and yet that world is not true
-
for inconsistencies to co-exist in reality
-
to construct a perfectly coherent fantasy world, and yet that world is not true + for inconsistencies to co-exist in reality
-
none mentioned
Question 198
Question
The problem of infinite regress is associated with which aspect(s) of Plato’s definition of knowledge:
Answer
-
belief
-
justification
-
turth
-
belief and justifaction
Question 199
Question
The “Gettier problems” identify a shortcoming of Plato’s definition of knowledge, in that:
Answer
-
it is possible to hold a false belief
-
it is possible to have knowledge without justification
-
it is possible to have justified true belief without knowledge
-
all mentioned
Question 200
Question
Logical positivism was a reaction against:
Answer
-
meta-analysis
-
metaphysics
-
metacognition
-
metamorphosis
Question 201
Question
Logical positivism is associated with the “verifiability principle” which is about:
Answer
-
proving something true or false by experimental manipulation
-
proving something true from a set of relevant examples
-
proving something false by identifying at least one exception to the rule
-
proving something true or false by experience
Question 202
Question
Popper argued that true knowledge:
Question 203
Question
Popper argued that knowledge is never certain, but has degrees of:
Answer
-
verifiability
-
believability
-
vicissitude
-
verisimilitude
Question 204
Question
The Popperian view would be that:
Answer
-
confirmation is superior to disconfirmation
-
confirmation is superior in some contexts, and disconfirmation is superior in
others
-
neither confirmation nor disconfirmation is superior to the other
-
confirmation is inferior to disconfirmation
Question 205
Question
The dominant justification of the scientist-practitioner model is:
Answer
-
Platonic
-
Logical positivist
-
Popperian
-
Kuhnian
Question 206
Question
A view of science characterised as the “fuzzy, dynamic, progressive accumulation of
true knowledge” would be labelled:
Answer
-
Popperian
-
Platonic
-
Logical positivist
-
Kuhnian
Question 207
Question
Detractors of the Popperian view of knowledge include:
Answer
-
Plato and other ancient Greek philosophers
-
The philosophers of the Enlightenment
-
Kuhn and the post-modernists
-
The logical positivists
Question 208
Question
Kahneman and Tversky concluded from their research about human decision-making
that humans commit more decision-making errors than they realise. Such errors result
from:
Question 209
Question
Which of the following is not true?
Answer
-
Humans have a good grasp of probability.
-
Humans use familiarity rather than probability.
-
Human emotions can hijack rational decision-making.
-
Humans often fail to realise when there is missing information.
Question 210
Question
Which canonical heuristic is associated with faulty generalisations?
Question 211
Question
Stereotypes are associated with which two canonical heuristics?
Answer
-
availability heuristic and anchoring heuristic
-
availability heuristic and framing effect
-
conjunction fallacy and representativeness heuristic
-
availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic
Question 212
Question
Losses are more devastating and gains are more gratifying. This statement is
associated with which canonical heuristic?
Answer
-
anchoring heuristic
-
framing effect
-
hindsight bias
-
none of the above
Question 213
Question
Which of the following is a criticism of the scientist-practitioner model:
Answer
-
views of science have changed since 1949
-
there is low recognition of the tacit knowledge of clinicians
-
practice makes a meagre contribution to psychological science
-
all of the above
Question 214
Question
O’Donohue and Lilienfeld (2007) in their consideration of epistemological and ethical
dimensions of clinical science suggest that:
Answer
-
psychological services should be offered to the public regardless of whether
they can be continually monitored
-
as clinical experience increases adherence to a strictly scientific clinical
psychology becomes less important
-
psychological services should not be offered to the public unless they are
offered within a sound quality improvement system
-
it is appropriate to draw upon professional knowledge based on anecdotal
evidence when there is no applicable scientific knowledge
Question 215
Question
According to Spring (2007), evidence-based practice designates a process of clinical
decision-making that integrates: