Compendium 4

Functions of the respiratory system: Respiration - • [blank_start]Ventilation[blank_end] – Movement of air in and out of lungs • [blank_start]External respiration[blank_end] - Gas exchange between lungs blood • [blank_start]Transport[blank_end] - of respiratory gases • [blank_start]Internal respiration[blank_end] – Gas exchange between blood tissues

Respiration: • Internal respiration – Movement of air in and out of lungs

Regulation of blood pH is a function of the respiratory system

Select the Five main functions of the respiratory system:

Divisions of the respiratory system include the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract

Select the four anatomical associations with the upper respiratory tract:

The Trachea is associated with the upper respiratory tract.

Select the Three anatomical associations with the lower respiratory tract

Respiratory diagram: 1. [blank_start]External nose[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Nasal Cavity[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Pharynx (throat)[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Upper Respiratory[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Larynx[blank_end] 6. [blank_start]Trachea[blank_end] 7. [blank_start]Lower Respiratory[blank_end] 8. [blank_start]Bronchi[blank_end] 9. [blank_start]Lungs[blank_end]

Nasal cavity: • From [blank_start]nostrils[blank_end] (nares) to [blank_start]choana[blank_end] • [blank_start]Vestibule[blank_end] - entry to nasal cavity Stratified squamous epithelium, sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles • [blank_start]Hard palate[blank_end] – floor of nasal cavity • [blank_start]Septum[blank_end] – separates nasal cavity into left and right parts, cartilage and bone • [blank_start]Concha[blank_end] – bony “ridges” in nasal cavity

What are the ridges of the nasal cavity called?

The Concha are the bony ridges in the Nasal cavity.

The Concha are surrounded with Superior, Inferior and middle 'meatus' to increase surface space

Epithelium of concha (and most of nasal cavity) is:

Select Seven functions of the nasal cavity

Select the Three areas of the Pharynx:

Tonsil diagram: 1. [blank_start]Pharyngeal tonsil[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Palatine tonsil[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Lingual tonsil[blank_end]

Oropharnyx and Laryngopharnyx both have stratified squamous epithelium

What are the 6 pairs of cartilage in the larynx

The Three unpaired cartilage in the Larynx are the Thyroid (Adam’s apple), Cricoid, Epiglottis

Select Four functions of the larynx:

The Larynx directs food into the oesophagus away from respiratory tract

The Trachea has 10-25 ‘C-shaped’ hyaline cartilage rings for support

The Trachea has 15-20 ‘C-shaped’ hyaline cartilage rings for support

The Trachea descends from the pharynx and sits anterior to oesophagus

What is the arrow pointing towards?

The right lung has 3 lobes

Lung diagram: 1. [blank_start]Larynx[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Trachea[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Carina[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Visceral Pleura[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Parietal Pleura[blank_end] 6. [blank_start]Pleural Cavity[blank_end] 7. [blank_start]Main (primary) bonchus[blank_end] 8. [blank_start]Lobar (secondary) bronchus[blank_end] 9. [blank_start]Segmental (tertiary) bronchus[blank_end] 10. [blank_start]Bronchiole[blank_end] 11. [blank_start]To terminal Bronchiole[blank_end] 12. [blank_start]Diaphragm[blank_end]

Alveoli diagram: 1. [blank_start]Alveoli[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Alveolar duct (2)[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Respiratory bronchioles[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Alveolar duct (3)[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Terminal bronchiole[blank_end] 6. [blank_start]Alveolar sac[blank_end]

Classify the structures below into whether fall within the ‘conducting zone’ or ‘respiratory zone’? [blank_start]Conducting zone[blank_end]: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole, [blank_start]Respiratory zone[blank_end]: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli

Select the structures below which fall into the ‘respiratory zone’?

Gas transport mechanism: [blank_start]Oxygen (O2)[blank_end] • Transported via: • Red blood cells (haemoglobin) (98.5%) • Dissolved in blood plasma (1.5%) [blank_start]Carbon dioxide (CO2)[blank_end] • Transported as: • HCO3 - dissolved in plasma (70%) • CO2 dissolved in plasma (7%) • Bound to haemoglobin (23%)

Respiratory Membrane diagram: 1. [blank_start]Alveolar fluid (with surfactant)[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Alveolar epithelium[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Interstitial space[blank_end] 5. Basement [blank_start]membrane of capillary endothelium[blank_end] 6. [blank_start]Pulmonary capillary endothelium[blank_end] 7. [blank_start]Diffusion of O2[blank_end] 8. [blank_start]Diffusion of CO2[blank_end] 9. [blank_start]Red blood cell[blank_end]

Pulmonary ventilation: [blank_start]Inspiration:[blank_end] • LUNGS: [blank_start]volume increases as it fill with air[blank_end] • DIAPHRAGM: [blank_start]moves inferiorly and flattens[blank_end] • RIB CAGE: elevated • STERNUM: elevated • INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: [blank_start]contract[blank_end] Expiration: • LUNGS: [blank_start]volume decreases as air leaves[blank_end] • DIAPHRAGM: [blank_start]moves superiorly[blank_end] as it relaxes into its dome-shape • RIB CAGE: depresses • STERNUM: depresses • INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: [blank_start]relax[blank_end]

Airflow in and out of alveoli: • [blank_start]Barometric air pressure (PB)[blank_end] – atmospheric air pressure outside the body • [blank_start]Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)[blank_end] – pressure inside the alveoli

• Intrapleural pressure = pressure in the pleural cavity

Select Two Forces which promote alveoli recoil:

Pulmonary volumes: • [blank_start]Tidal volume[blank_end] – the amount of air inspired or expired with each breath • [blank_start]Inspiratory reserve volume[blank_end] – the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume • [blank_start]Expiratory reserve volume[blank_end] – the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume • [blank_start]Residual volume[blank_end] – the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration

Pulmonary capacities: • [blank_start]Inspiratory capacity[blank_end] – the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after normal expiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume) • [blank_start]Functional residual capacity[blank_end] – the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume) • [blank_start]Vital capacity[blank_end] – the maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration (inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume) • [blank_start]Total lung capacity[blank_end] – inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume +residual volume

• [blank_start]Respiratory rate[blank_end] – number of breaths taken per minute • [blank_start]Minute ventilation[blank_end] – total amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute (tidal volume X respiratory rate) (E.g. 500 ml X 12 breaths per minute = 6000 ml per minute) • [blank_start]Anatomic dead space[blank_end] – space formed by nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles. • [blank_start]Alveolar ventilation[blank_end] - volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

Parameters measured of dynamic lung function test: • [blank_start]Forced vital capacity (FVC)[blank_end] – maximal volume of air that can be forcefully expired as fast as possible after a deep breath in • Forced [blank_start]expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 sec)[blank_end] – the volume of air expired in the first second of the test • Forced [blank_start]expiratory volume 1% (FEV1%)[blank_end] – FEV1sec expressed as a percentage of the FVC

The Nasal cavity, Nasopharynx and Trachea all have [blank_start]pseudostratified ciliated columnar[blank_end] epithelium

The Vestible is situated [blank_start]anteriorly[blank_end] of the nose in the middle.

The Vestibule, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx all have [blank_start]stratified squamous epithelium[blank_end]

The Alveoli has simple squamous epithelium

The [blank_start]Oropharynx[blank_end] is the middle part of the throat that includes the base of the tongue, the tonsils, the soft palate, and the walls of the pharynx.

The [blank_start]Laryngopharynx[blank_end] is where both food and air pass. It can be found between the hyoid bone and the larynx and esophagus, which helps guide food and air where to go. It is a part of the pharynx.

[blank_start]Choana[blank_end]: An opening at the back of the nasal passage (there is a left and a right side) that empties into the space behind the nose called the [blank_start]nasopharynx[blank_end], where the adenoids and eustachian tube are. The passage way continues down into the back of the mouth and into the throat.

Alveolar fluid (surfactant) reduces the surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make the small air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) more stable.

[blank_start]Pharynx[blank_end]: the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the oesophagus [blank_start]Larynx[blank_end]: the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.

The [blank_start]Bronchiole[blank_end] descends into the [blank_start]Terminal Bronchiole[blank_end] which then leads onto the [blank_start]Respiratory Bronchiole[blank_end]. From here, oxygen descends through the [blank_start]Alveolar Duct[blank_end], into the [blank_start]Alveolar Sac[blank_end] and eventually into the individual [blank_start]Alveoli[blank_end]

When you breathe in, air enters your body through your nose or mouth. From there, it travels down your throat through the [blank_start]larynx[blank_end] (or voicebox) and into the [blank_start]trachea (or windpipe)[blank_end] before entering your lungs.