Social Influence Quiz- Psychology (Version 2)

Label the top table with the correct number (level of conformity) and correct letter (effects), as are found in the bottom table

Informational Social Influence: the need to be [blank_start]right[blank_end]. Often occurs in [blank_start]new[blank_end] situations in which we are unsure how to behave, so we look to others for guidance. Usually, one person or group is seen to be more of an expert. Normative Social Influence: the need to be [blank_start]liked[blank_end]. This is the preference to gain social approval. It usually occurs in situations with strangers when you fear rejection. However, it can also occur with friends when you want to gain their approval.

Name an advantage to Normative Social Influence and Informational Social Influence

Name two disadvantages to Normative Social Influence and Informational Social Influence

Which researcher investigated conformity, and when?

What was Asch's sample for his conformity study?

Which of the following descriptions best describes Asch's study?

What percentage of Asch's participants conformed at least once?

When interviewed afterwards, Asch's participants (1951) said that they conformed because they wanted to avoid rejection. Which type of conformity is this?

Label the table with the effects Asch's variations had on conformity.

Evaluation of Asch's conformity study The study was a child of its times- America was in a [blank_start]conformist[blank_end] era, possibly explaining the results both in terms of American culture but also meaning that the results can't be generalised today. The [blank_start]artificial task[blank_end] could have led to demand characteristics, suggesting the participants' behaviour was [blank_start]unnatural[blank_end]. The study also had [blank_start]limited[blank_end] application, both because women could be more conformist, but also because it took place in an [blank_start]individualist[blank_end] culture (America), so can't be generalised to [blank_start]collectivist[blank_end] cultures. Asch's study suffered the ethical issues of [blank_start]deception[blank_end]; the participants' didn't know that the other men were all confederates.

Which researcher investigated conformity to social roles, and when?

What was Zimbardo's sample for his conformity to social roles study?

When did Zimbardo's study have to be stopped, and why?

What kind of behaviour did the 'guards' demonstrate in Zimbardo's study of conformity to social roles?

What kind of behaviour did the prisoners' demonstrate in Zimbardo's study of conformity to social roles?

'In Zimbardo's study, we can come to the conclusion that both prisoners and guards conformed to social roles, suggesting situation has a powerful effect on our behaviour' Is this statement true or false?

Name two advantages of Zimbardo's study into conformity to social roles.

Name four disadvantages of Zimbardo's study of conformity to social roles

Which researcher investigated obedience, and when?

What prompted Milgram to investigate obedience?

What was Milgram's sample for his obedience study?

Which of the following descriptions best describes Milgram's study?

In Milgram's study, the researcher gave four responses when the participant asked to stop. What was the general phrasing of them?

Results of Milgram's study [blank_start]0[blank_end]% of participants stopped before 300V [blank_start]12.5[blank_end]% stopped at 300V [blank_start]65[blank_end]% continued to 450V

What was the qualitative data that Milgram collected?

What percentage of Milgram's participants claimed they were 'glad they took part' when answering a follow-up questionnaire?

Name three disadvantages of Milgram's study.

Name three advantages of Milgram's study

Fill in the blank spaces with the correct situational variables, as proposed by Milgram [blank_start]Proximity[blank_end]- 1. when the teacher and learner were in the same room. 2. when the teacher had to force the learner's hand onto a shock pad [blank_start]Location[blank_end]- the experiment took place in a rundown building [blank_start]Uniform[blank_end]- the experimenter in a lab coat was replaced by an ordinary person (confederate) in everyday clothing

Fill in the x-axis of the graph with the appropriate way in which Milgram tested situational variables (proximity, location, uniform)

Name three advantages of situational variables

Name three disadvantages of situational variables

The agentic state as a socio-psychological factor affecting obedience Agentic state- this is a [blank_start]mental[blank_end] state in which we feel [blank_start]no personal responsibility[blank_end] for our actions because we believe ourselves to be acting for [blank_start]an authority figure[blank_end] as an agent. Agents experiences [blank_start]high[blank_end] anxiety but feel powerless to disobey, hence following evil leaders like Hitler.

Which state typically allows us to disobey authority figures?

The agentic state as a socio-psychological factor affecting obedience The autonomous state- this is when an individual feels [blank_start]personal responsibility[blank_end] for their actions, and therefore behaves according to [blank_start]their own principles[blank_end]. The agentic shift- this is the shift from [blank_start]autonomy to agency[blank_end], which Milgram suggested occurred when someone perceives someone else as [blank_start]an authority figure[blank_end].

Why do people remain in the agentic state?

Legitimacy of authority is a socio-psychological factor for [blank_start]obedience[blank_end] which suggests that, if we perceive someone as having legitimate and higher authority than us, we obey them. Authority is legitimate as a result of a person's position of [blank_start]power[blank_end] in the social hierarchy. Destructive authority involves [blank_start]legitimate[blank_end] authority figures taking advantage of their position to commit atrocities. For example, Hitler.

Name two advantages of the socio-psychological factors affecting obedience (agentic state and legitimacy of authority)

Name two disadvantages of socio-psychological factors affecting obedience (agentic state and legitimacy of authority)

Which researcher investigated dispositional factors as a factor affecting obedience, and when?

Authoritarian Personality as a factor affecting obedience Adorno argued that [blank_start]high[blank_end] levels of obedience are actually a [blank_start]psychological[blank_end] disorder due to a person's personality. He used [blank_start]a questionnaire[blank_end] called the F-scale to assess unconscious attitudes to [blank_start]other races[blank_end], which would measure [blank_start]authoritarian[blank_end] personality. He suggested that people with an [blank_start]authoritarian[blank_end] personality were [blank_start]more[blank_end] susceptible to obeying authority figures and were dismissive to 'inferiors'. People who scored [blank_start]high[blank_end] in the F-scale identified with 'strong' people and were contemptuous of the weak. They were [blank_start]conscious[blank_end] of social status and hierarchy, and believed in rigid stereotypes.

Adorno suggested an authoritarian personality developed as a result of [blank_start]harsh parenting[blank_end]; this includes [blank_start]strict[blank_end] discipline, [blank_start]high[blank_end] standards, [blank_start]severe[blank_end] criticism, and [blank_start]conditional[blank_end] love. This creates resentment which is later displaced onto [blank_start]'inferior' people.[blank_end]

Name an advantage of Adorno's theory of dispositional factors affecting obedience

Name four disadvantages of Adorno's theory of dispositional factors affecting obedience

Social Support Conformity- if other people are present who don't conform, it is [blank_start]easier[blank_end] to resist conformity. The non-conforming individual is a model, although if they start conforming, so will the observing person. Obedience- the pressure to obey can be [blank_start]reduced[blank_end] if another person disobeys. Milgram found that adding a dissenting confederate [blank_start]reduced[blank_end] full obedience from [blank_start]65[blank_end]% to 10%.

Research support for social support as a way of resisting social influence Allen and Levine (1971) found that conformity [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] when a dissenting confederate was added to an Asch-type study.

Which researcher investigated loci of control as an explanation of resistance to social influence, and when?

Locus of control People with an internal locus of control believe that things that happen in their lives are mostly controlled by [blank_start]themselves.[blank_end] e.g. if they do well in an exam, it is because they [blank_start]worked hard[blank_end] People with an external locus of control believe that things that happen in their lives are mostly controlled by [blank_start]external forces i.e. luck[blank_end] e.g. if they do well in an exam, it is because they [blank_start]used a good text book[blank_end]

Loci of control are not just external or internal, they can also be high or low (e.g. a high internal LOC). What is this scale/sequence called?

Which type of person is most capable of resisting pressures to conform or obey?

People with a [blank_start]high internal[blank_end] LOC are most likely to resist social influence. This is because they [blank_start]take personal responsibility[blank_end] for their actions, so base their decisions on [blank_start]their own beliefs[blank_end] while resisting pressures from others. They are typically [blank_start]more[blank_end] self-confident, achievement-oriented, intelligent, and [blank_start]don't require[blank_end] social approval.

Evaluation of LOC as an explanation for resisting social influence + Holland (1967) replicated Milgram's baseline study and measured if people were internals or externals. [blank_start]37%[blank_end] of internals didn't continue to the highest shock, compared to [blank_start]23%[blank_end] of externals. - Twenge (2004) analysed data of American LOC studies and found that although people are [blank_start]more external[blank_end], they are [blank_start]more[blank_end] resistant to obedience. This contradicts Rotter's theory.

Minority Influence [blank_start]Consistency[blank_end]- the minority should keep the same beliefs over time and between individuals [blank_start]Commitment[blank_end]- when the minority demonstrates their dedication to their position e.g. personal sacrifices [blank_start]Flexibility[blank_end]- the minority should adapt their views and accept reasonable counter-arguments

Which type of conformity does minority influence usually lead to?

The snowball effect in [blank_start]minority influence[blank_end]- as more people [blank_start]internalise the[blank_end] beliefs, the rate of conversion [blank_start]increases[blank_end] until the minority view becomes the majority.

Which researcher investigated minority influence, and when?

Moscovici, 1969, asked a group of [blank_start]6[blank_end] people to view a set of 36 blue-coloured slides that varied in intensity and state if they were green or blue. There were [blank_start]2[blank_end] confederates who consistently said green on 2/3 of the slides. The participants gave the same wrong answer on [blank_start]8[blank_end]% of the trials, with [blank_start]32[blank_end]% giving the same wrong answer on at least one trial. A second group was exposed to an inconsistent minority and agreement fell to 1.25%. A control group with no confederates gave the wrong answer on [blank_start]0.25[blank_end]% of trials.

Name two advantages of minority influence

Name two disadvantages of minority influence

Label the bottom table with the correct numbers (reasons for social change) and letters (explanation), as are found in the top table.

Name an advantage of social change research

Name three disadvantages of social change research