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Brain imaging

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Lecture 4
Jennifer Khouw
Quiz by Jennifer Khouw, updated more than 1 year ago
Jennifer Khouw
Created by Jennifer Khouw about 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Which are structural techniques?
Answer
  • X-ray and CT
  • MRI
  • Contrast agents
  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • PET
  • fMRI
  • EEG
  • MEG
  • ECoG

Question 2

Question
Which are functional techniques?
Answer
  • PET
  • fMRI
  • EEG
  • MEG
  • ECoG
  • MRI
  • CT

Question 3

Question
X-ray and CT techniques are great at showing:
Answer
  • Blood vessels
  • Different brain regions
  • Ventricles
  • Electrical activity

Question 4

Question
_________ ventricles could be due to tumour; _________ ventricles could be due to schizophrenia
Answer
  • Shrunken; expanded
  • Expanded; shrunken

Question 5

Question
Which technique measures proton densities?
Answer
  • MRI
  • Contrast agents
  • PET
  • Electrocorticography

Question 6

Question
What is the most common contrast agent?
Answer
  • Gadolinium
  • TM tomato
  • Haemoglobin
  • Phosphorescents

Question 7

Question
What is true of Diffusion Tensor Imaging?
Answer
  • Shows fibre tracts
  • Measures hydrogen densities
  • Is a structural MRI technique
  • Water molecules diffuse more easily through the cross-section of neurons than along the long axis
  • Makes a lot of assumptions

Question 8

Question
Which technique involves the injection of a radioactive isotope?
Answer
  • CT
  • PET
  • Electrocorticography
  • MEG
  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Question 9

Question
What are examples of radioactive isotopes?
Answer
  • Oxygen
  • Glucose
  • Gadolinium
  • Tm tomato

Question 10

Question
The brain takes about [blank_start]3[blank_end]% of the body's weight, but uses about [blank_start]20[blank_end]% of its nutrients
Answer
  • 3
  • 20

Question 11

Question
What is true of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)?
Answer
  • Active regions release Nitrous Oxide to local arterioles
  • Nitrous Oxide released retroactively
  • Causes arterioles to constrict
  • Very slow change
  • Causes change in ratio of de:oxygenated blood

Question 12

Question
Which techniques are based on the close association between vasculature and metabolism?
Answer
  • fMRI
  • PET
  • EEG
  • MEG
  • Contrast agents

Question 13

Question
Which techniques measure electromagnetic fields generated by ionic current flow in active neurons?
Answer
  • EEG
  • MEG
  • fMRI
  • PET
  • Contrast agents

Question 14

Question
Which techniques are invasive?
Answer
  • MRI
  • PET
  • Electrocorticography
  • EEG
  • MEG

Question 15

Question
Which technique involves placing grids of electrodes directly on the surface of the brain?
Answer
  • Single-unit recording
  • Electrocorticography
  • Diffusion tensor imaging
  • Contrast X-ray angiography

Question 16

Question
When is Electrocorticography used?
Answer
  • Localise epileptic foci
  • Opportunistic research
  • Avoid eloquent areas during surgery
  • Research into language
  • Patients with mild clinical problems

Question 17

Question
What does MEG measure?
Answer
  • Strength of magnetic field
  • Strength of electrical field
  • Location of magnetic field
  • Location of electrical field

Question 18

Question
What is contained in a "dewer" and used to keep the SQUID close to absolute zero?
Answer
  • Liquid helium
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Dry ice
  • Hydrogen

Question 19

Question
Why do MRI scans have to be done after MEG?
Answer
  • Because MRI scans magnetize tissues for weeks
  • Due to risk of overheating the machine

Question 20

Question
Which technique induces electrical current flow by producing strong magnetic fields?
Answer
  • TMS
  • TES
  • TDS
  • tDCS

Question 21

Question
Which technique delivers a small electrical current?
Answer
  • TMS
  • tCDS
  • TES
  • EEG

Question 22

Question
Which is true of children's Fusiform gyrus response to faces, compared to adults:
Answer
  • Equally strong but later
  • Weaker and later
  • Stronger and earlier
  • Children's fusiform gyrus does not respond to face stimuli

Question 23

Question
What is true of standard template brains?
Answer
  • Normalise brains
  • Allows statistical analyses on brain maps
  • Is a standard size and shape
  • Used for structural brain images

Question 24

Question
Which standard template brain is based on a single well-characterised brain?
Answer
  • Talairach atlas
  • MNI atlas
  • Tesseract atlas
  • Monoamine atlas

Question 25

Question
Which standard template brain is based on an average of hundreds of MRI scans?
Answer
  • MNI atlas
  • Talairach atlas
  • Tesseract atlas

Question 26

Question
When is fMRI mostly used?
Answer
  • Clinically
  • Research
  • Pre-surgical and radiotherapy planning
  • Identify eloquent cortices

Question 27

Question
When is MEG usually used?
Answer
  • Rarely in hospitals
  • Localising epileptic foci
  • Pre-surgery mapping of eloquent cortices
  • Research

Question 28

Question
What is true of hippocampal theta oscillations?
Answer
  • Very active in novel environments
  • Ties together place cells
  • Tuned to specific locations in an environment
  • Different place cells fire at different phases of the theta oscillation
  • Important for semantic memory
  • Measured by EEG

Question 29

Question
Which regions make up the Default Mode Network?
Answer
  • Cingulate
  • Parietal
  • Frontal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Limbic
  • Diencephalonic

Question 30

Question
Which techniques are based on machine-learning?
Answer
  • Connectivity
  • Decoding
  • Connectomics
  • Machine reading

Question 31

Question
What is true of Connectivity analysis?
Answer
  • Based on graph theory
  • Emphasises brain structures over brain networks
  • Multi-voxel pattern analysis
  • Based on machine-learning

Question 32

Question
What is true of Decoding techniques?
Answer
  • Multi-voxel pattern analysis
  • Analyses patterns of activity to complex stimuli
  • Analyses patterns of activity to simple stimuli
  • Based on graph theory
  • Based on machine-learning

Question 33

Question
Why is the reproducibility crisis particularly acute in neuroimaging?
Answer
  • Huge amount of data
  • Increased possibilty of false positives
  • Too expensive to have large samples
  • Large researcher degrees of freedom
  • Statistical double-dipping
  • Results tend to have a large impact on society
  • Pre-registration of hypotheses
  • Data sharing

Question 34

Question
How has fMRI improved?
Answer
  • Gone from 1.5 T to 7 T
  • Better image stability
  • Better signal:noise ratio
  • Strongest magnets can reslve activity in different cortical layers
  • Higher temporal resolution

Question 35

Question
How has MEG improved?
Answer
  • Moving from SQUID to Optically Pumped Magnetometers
  • Human Neocortical Neurosolver
  • Dramatically improved data acquisition capabilities
  • Strongest magnets can resolve activity in different cortical layers

Question 36

Question
What are Optically Pumped Magnetometers?
Answer
  • Require liquid helium
  • Sensors placed directly on scalp
  • But reduced signal:noise ratio
  • Uses computers to map underlying circuit-level activity
  • Only one place in the world has them

Question 37

Question
Why isn't neuroimaging useful for psychiatric diagnosis?
Answer
  • Low specificity
  • High sensitivity
  • High standardization
  • Most psychiatric imaging studies are done on groups
  • Different disorders have similar neural patterns
  • DSM has much higher validity

Question 38

Question
Who said that we are currently not able to use brain imaging for psychiatric diagnoses, and may not ever be?
Answer
  • Farah & Gillihan
  • Aubertin & Bouillaud
  • Flouren & Gerschwind

Question 39

Question
Aside from diagnosis, why might brain imaging be useful in psychiatry?
Answer
  • Can suggest new treatments
  • DBS came from identifying deep brain areas that are hypoactive in depression
  • Quantifying and predicting treatment response
  • Classifying syndromes based on neuroimaging profile
  • Real-time neurofeedback may be a treatment in itself
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