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Patho mod 1 (from matrix)

Description

Medications in seperate quiz
Mitch Thornell
Quiz by Mitch Thornell, updated more than 1 year ago
Mitch Thornell
Created by Mitch Thornell about 6 years ago
52
3
0

Resource summary

Question 1

Question
A modifiable factor that increases the risk for atherosclerosis is:
Answer
  • leading a sedentary lifestyle.
  • excluding saturated fats from the diet.
  • being female and older than 40 years of age.
  • familial hypercholesterolemia.

Question 2

Question
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking:
Answer
  • Decrease serum lipid levels
  • Increase serum HDL levels
  • Promotes platelet adhesion
  • Reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance

Question 3

Question
The most common cause of a myocardial ischaemia is:
Answer
  • arterial emboli from heart valve vegetation
  • venous emboli
  • Idiopathic vasospasm
  • atherosclerosis

Question 4

Question
Which of the following is described by an incomplete blockage of coronary arteries; occurs when a the client exerts themself?
Answer
  • Stable Angina
  • Non-stable Angina
  • Non ST elevated MI
  • ST elevated MI

Question 5

Question
George comes in complaining of episodic chest pain that is relieved after a couple of minutes, he states that it occurs at random times throughout the day, even when he is sitting down. Imaging identifies an incomplete blockage by atherosclerotic plaque in the LAD. What category of IHD is likely to be presenting in George?
Answer
  • NSTEMI
  • STEMI
  • Non-stable angina
  • Stable angina

Question 6

Question
WIlson, aged 42, presents with a medical history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and family history of premature CAD presents with retrosternal crushing chest pain (10/10 in intensity), radiating down the left arm and left side of the neck. He feels nauseated and light-headed and is short of breath. Examination reveals a hypotensive, diaphoretic man in considerable discomfort with diffuse bilateral rales on chest auscultation. ECG reveals convex ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V6. what is the diagnosis for this patient?
Answer
  • ST-elevation myocardial infarction
  • Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
  • Angina
  • Left-sided heart disease

Question 7

Question
A 69-year-old man develops worsening substernal chest pressure after going for a walk in the morning before work. He tells his wife he feels a squeezing pain that is radiating to his jaw and left shoulder. He appears anxious and his wife calls for an ambulance, as he is distressed and sweating profusely. Past medical history is significant for HTN and he has been told by his doctor that he has borderline diabetes. On examination in the emergency department he is very anxious and diaphoretic. His heart rate is 112 bpm and BP is 159/93 mmHg. The ECG is significant for ST depression in the anterior leads. Three doses of sublingual glyceryl trinitrate provide little relief. What is the most likely diagnosis
Answer
  • Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
  • ST-elevation myocardial infarction
  • Stable Angina
  • Variant Angina

Question 8

Question
What is the difference between angina and MI?
Answer
  • Chest pain is greater in MI
  • incomplete occlusion of coronary arteries are present in MI
  • Irreversible cell death has occured in MI
  • transmural damage is present in MI

Question 9

Question
Four patients were admitted to the emergency department with severe chest pain. All were given preliminary treatment with aspirin, morphine, and nitrates and were monitored by ECG. Which patient most likely experienced myocardial infarction?
Answer
  • A 67-year-old female whose pain started at 2 AM while she was asleep and responded to nitrates; the ECG showed arrhythmias and ST-segment elevation; cardiac markers remained stable.
  • An 80-year-old woman whose pain started at 6 AM shortly after awakening and was not relieved by nitrates or rest; the ECG showed ST-segment elevation; levels of cardiac markers subsequently rose.
  • A 33-year-old male whose pain started at 7 AM during moderate exercise and was relieved by nitrates; ECG was normal; cardiac markers remained stable.
  • A 61-year-old man whose pain started at 9 AM during a short walk and responded to nitrates, but not to rest; ECG and cardiac markers remained stable, but anginal pattern worsened.

Question 10

Question
When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?
Answer
  • Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time.
  • Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI.
  • Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.
  • Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis.

Question 11

Question
What type of IHD will have transmural damage on the heart?
Answer
  • STEMI
  • NSTEMI
  • Stable Angina
  • Variant Angina

Question 12

Question
Whilst under the care for an infarction, which occured 4 days ago, Mary is suspected of having another Infarction, which cardiac marker will be most use full for prooving reinfarction?
Answer
  • Troponin I
  • CK - MB
  • CK - MM
  • Serum electrolyte levels

Question 13

Question
Hypertension that is idiopathic is known as:
Answer
  • Tertiary
  • Essential
  • Secondary
  • Angina

Question 14

Question
What type of hypertension is defined as uncontrollable hypertension even when treated with three or more drugs?
Answer
  • Malignant or resistant hypertension
  • Secondary hypertension
  • Primary or essential hypertension
  • Angina

Question 15

Question
What type of hypertension is the result of another disease?
Answer
  • Secondary
  • Primary
  • Tertiary
  • Angina

Question 16

Question
Atherosclerosis; sclerotic, narrow blood vessels, may be caused by what chronic condition?
Answer
  • Hypertension
  • Angina
  • Infarction
  • Shock

Question 17

Question
A 34-year-old man who is an intravenous drug user has presented to the emergency department with malaise, abdominal pain, and lethargy. The health care team wants to rule out endocarditis as a diagnosis. Staff of the department would most realistically anticipate which of the following sets of diagnostics?
Answer
  • CT of the heart, chest x-ray, and ECG
  • ECG, blood pressure, and stress test
  • Cardiac catheterization, chest x-ray, electrolyte measurement, and white cell count
  • Echocardiogram, blood cultures, and temperature

Question 18

Question
Which one of the following is not a pathophysiological change associated with heart failure?
Answer
  • Decreased angiotensin II production.
  • Increased myocardial oxygen demand.
  • Cardiac remodelling.
  • Decreased myocardial contractility.

Question 19

Question
A 3-year-old child with right-sided heart failure has been admitted for worsening of his condition. Which of the following assessments would be considered one of the earliest signs of systemic venous congestion in this toddler?
Answer
  • Breathlessness with activity
  • Increased urine output
  • Enlargement of the liver
  • Excessive crying

Question 20

Question
A nurse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right sided. Which of the following statements best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client
Answer
  • has cyanotic lips and extremities, low urine output, and low blood pressure.
  • complains of dyspnea and has adventitious breath sounds on auscultation (listening).
  • has a distended bladder, facial edema, and nighttime difficulty breathing.
  • has pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.

Question 21

Question
A nurse will be providing care for a female patient who has a diagnosis of heart failure that has been characterized as being primarily right sided. Which of the following statements best describes the presentation that the nurse should anticipate? The client
Answer
  • has cyanotic lips and extremities, low urine output, and low blood pressure.
  • complains of dyspnea and has adventitious breath sounds on auscultation (listening).
  • has a distended bladder, facial edema, and nighttime difficulty breathing.
  • has pitting edema to the ankles and feet bilaterally, decreased activity tolerance, and occasional upper right quadrant pain.

Question 22

Question
A 65-year-old male with history of untreated hypertension is now experiencing left heart failure. The most likely reason is
Answer
  • myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodelling
  • alterations in alpha and beta receptor function
  • Inhibition of renin and aldosterone
  • ventricular dilation and wall thinning

Question 23

Question
Right heart failure will likely cause:
Answer
  • Pitting oedema in the lower legs resulting from increased venous pressure
  • non-pitting oedema in the arms, resulting from decreased arterial pressure
  • pulmonary oedema from increased left ventricular filling
  • all answers are correct

Question 24

Question
Compensation mechanisms for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure include:
Answer
  • increased renin and aldosterone secretions
  • Slow cardiac contractions
  • Fatigue and cold intolerance
  • Decreased erythropoietin secretion

Question 25

Question
A 72-year-old female has history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. which of the following symptoms are directly related to her heart failure?
Answer
  • significant oedema to both lower legs and feet
  • Decreased urine output
  • hypertension
  • pulmonary congestion

Question 26

Question
All but one of the following are signs of congestive heart failure EXCEPT:
Answer
  • Polyuria
  • Muscle fatigue
  • oedema
  • cough

Question 27

Question
What is not one of the ways a dysrhythmia may be classified?
Answer
  • Site of origin
  • Mechanism of disturbance
  • Duration of disturbance
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) appearance

Question 28

Question
Multifocal atrial tachycardia;
Answer
  • Originates from multiple non-SA sites within the atria and has >100 QRS complexes/min.
  • >100 QRS complexes/min. originating from nonSA node site (i.e. a single site in the atria (ectopic))
  • between 250-350 bpm caused by atrial re-entry mechanism
  • >350 bpm caused by multiple atrial re-entry mechanisms

Question 29

Question
">350 bpm caused by multiple atrial re-entry mechanisms with the atria"
Answer
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Atrial flutter
  • Atrial tachycardia (focal)
  • Atrial bradycardia

Question 30

Question
What are the typical early clinical manifestations of anaemia?
Answer
  • Bradycardia, cyanosis
  • Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue
  • Chest pain, palpitations
  • Jaundice, cyanosis

Question 31

Question
Which of the following is typically not associated with anaemia?
Answer
  • disruption of haemoglobin chains
  • increased haemolysis
  • lack of intrinsic factor
  • high dietary iron intake

Question 32

Question
Anaemia due to inherited mutations that reduce the production of either alpha or beta haemoglobin chains is known as:
Answer
  • haemolytic anaemia
  • thalassaemia
  • all answers are correct
  • pernicious anaemia

Question 33

Question
Chronic blood loss causes anaemia because of the:
Answer
  • smaller amount of recycled iron available
  • loss of protein and electrolytes
  • lower metabolic rate
  • shortened life span of the erythrocytes

Question 34

Question
Transmural damage is commonly seen in?
Answer
  • STEMI
  • NSTEMI
  • Angina
  • Atherosclerosis

Question 35

Question
Heart failure is when the heart is unable to pump enough blood around the body to meet the _________ needs of the body.
Answer
  • Metabolic
  • Oxygen
  • Nutrient
  • Energy

Question 36

Question
Which of the below is not a direct cause of right sided heart failure?
Answer
  • Infarction of the right ventricle
  • Pulmonary valve stenosis
  • Aortic valve stenosis
  • Cor pulmonale (pulmonary oedema)

Question 37

Question
which of the below is not a direct cause of Left sided heart failure?
Answer
  • Infarction of the left ventricle
  • Aortic valve stenosis
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Pulmonary valve stenosis

Question 38

Question
Oedema caused by Right sided heart failure does not include
Answer
  • Lower limbs (legs)
  • Liver (Congestive hepatomegaly "nutmeg liver")
  • Abdominal organs
  • Pulmonary system

Question 39

Question
Pulmonary congestion is caused by?
Answer
  • Backup effect in LHF
  • Backup effect in RHF
  • the forward effect in LHF
  • the forward effect in RHF

Question 40

Question
From the following; treatment is limited to electrical defibrillation.
Answer
  • AF
  • VF
  • VT
  • Heart block

Question 41

Question
Which of the following is not a way anaemia is classified?
Answer
  • Volume of circulating RBC
  • Colour of RBC
  • Mechanism causing anaemia
  • Size of RBC

Question 42

Question
Which of the following is not apart of FBC for anaemia?
Answer
  • Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) ... Hb/RBC (weight of haemoglobin)
  • Mean Circulating Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)... Hb/HCT (concentration of haemoglobin)
  • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) .... HCT/RBC (average size of RBC)
  • Total Erythrocyte Mass (TEC) .... RBC/HCT (average mass of RBC)

Question 43

Question
which of the following is not a general clinical manifestation of anaemia?
Answer
  • Fatigue
  • Pallor
  • Dyspnea
  • Bradycardia
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