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Motor System

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Master Neuroscience (From Membrane to Brain [Lecture]) Quiz on Motor System, created by Lukas Paulun on 08/11/2018.
Lukas Paulun
Quiz by Lukas Paulun, updated more than 1 year ago
Lukas Paulun
Created by Lukas Paulun about 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Three types of movements (antialphabetic): - [blank_start]Voluntary[blank_end] movements - [blank_start]Rhythmic[blank_end] movements - [blank_start]Reflexes[blank_end]
Answer
  • Voluntary
  • Rhythmic
  • Reflexes

Question 2

Question
The visuomotor delay is approximately [blank_start]200[blank_end] ms. The proprioceptive delay is approximately [blank_start]50[blank_end] ms.
Answer
  • 200
  • 250
  • 300
  • 150
  • 50
  • 30
  • 80
  • 150

Question 3

Question
Three things that make motor control difficult (alphabetic): - [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] uncertainty - [blank_start]motor[blank_end] noise - [blank_start]sensory[blank_end] noise
Answer
  • environmental
  • motor
  • sensory

Question 4

Question
The human body has "only" 600 muscles. Nonetheless motor control is very difficult, since the number of possible movement patterns increases [blank_start]exponentially[blank_end] with the [blank_start]degrees of freedom[blank_end].
Answer
  • exponentially
  • degrees of freedom

Question 5

Question
The principle of [blank_start]redundancy[blank_end] means that there is a [blank_start]gap[blank_end] between high- and low-level specification. Any high level task can be achieved in [blank_start]infinitely[blank_end] many low level ways.
Answer
  • redundancy
  • gap
  • infinitely

Question 6

Question
[blank_start]Fitt's[blank_end] law describes the [blank_start]speed-accuracy[blank_end] trade-off.
Answer
  • Fitt's
  • speed-accuracy

Question 7

Question
In simple grasping tasks the paths of hand movements are usually [blank_start]straight[blank_end] and the speed profiles are [blank_start]bell-shaped[blank_end].
Answer
  • straight
  • bell-shaped

Question 8

Question
The two-thirds power law: [blank_start]angular[blank_end] velocity ~ [blank_start]curvature[blank_end]^(2/3)
Answer
  • angular
  • curvature

Question 9

Question
Three levels of analysis: (1) [blank_start]Computational[blank_end]: What is the [blank_start]problem[blank_end] the brain is trying to solve? (2) [blank_start]Algorithmic[blank_end]: What is the [blank_start]strategy[blank_end] to solve this problem? (3) [blank_start]Neuronal[blank_end]: How is it done by the nervous system?
Answer
  • Computational
  • Algorithmic
  • Neuronal
  • problem
  • strategy

Question 10

Question
The forward model [blank_start]predicts behaviour[blank_end] based on [blank_start]motor commands[blank_end]. The inverse model [blank_start]calculates motor commands[blank_end] from [blank_start]desired behaviour[blank_end].
Answer
  • predicts behaviour
  • motor commands
  • calculates motor commands
  • desired behaviour
  • predicts motor commands

Question 11

Question
Feedforward ([blank_start]open[blank_end]-loop) control: Because of the delays in the sensorimotor system, open-loop control is used for [blank_start]short[blank_end] movements. Disadvantages: - [blank_start]Inaccuracies[blank_end] cannot be corrected - [blank_start]Unexpected changes[blank_end] will not be taken into account
Answer
  • short
  • long
  • open
  • closed
  • Inaccuracies
  • Delays
  • Noise
  • Unexpected changes
  • Inaccuracies
  • Noise

Question 12

Question
In order for feedforward control to be sufficient, the [blank_start]inverse[blank_end] model would have to be perfect.
Answer
  • inverse

Question 13

Question
Feedback (closed-loop) control can compensate for errors due to
Answer
  • neural noise
  • unexpected changes in the outside world
  • inaccurate motor commands
  • the sensorimotor delay
  • proprioception

Question 14

Question
In an experiment, subjects are given 400g blocks and practice to lift them. After training the weight is surprisingly increased to 800g. The experiment shows the subjects use
Answer
  • feedforward control.
  • feedback control.
  • both feedforward and feedback control.

Question 15

Question
The [blank_start]gain[blank_end] factor is the amount by which the [blank_start]corrective[blank_end] motor command is increased or decreased per unit of error.
Answer
  • gain
  • corrective

Question 16

Question
[blank_start]High[blank_end] gain and [blank_start]high[blank_end] sensorimotor delay can lead to [blank_start]overcompensation[blank_end] and [blank_start]instabilities[blank_end].
Answer
  • High
  • Low
  • high
  • low
  • overcompensation
  • too little compensation
  • instabilities
  • a stable motor command

Question 17

Question
An [blank_start]efference[blank_end] copy is an internal copy of an outflowing ([blank_start]efferent[blank_end]), movement-producing signal generated by the motor system.
Answer
  • efference
  • afference
  • efferent
  • afferent

Question 18

Question
Two strategies to compensate for sensory delays: (1) [blank_start]Intermittency[blank_end] of movements (2) [blank_start]Prediction[blank_end]
Answer
  • Intermittency
  • Prediction

Question 19

Question
The experiment where you move your eyeball with your hand and the world moves shows that the brain uses [blank_start]motor commands to the eye[blank_end] in order to predict the eye's position.
Answer
  • motor commands to the eye
  • sensors in the eye muscles

Question 20

Question
What's the problem with using a forward model in feedback control to predict the position of a limb.
Answer
  • Errors accumulate over time.
  • Delay leads to instabilites.
  • Actually an inverse model would have to be used.

Question 21

Question
Which are the main structures of the CNS involved in motor control?
Answer
  • pons
  • spinal cord: reflexes
  • brainstem: facial muscles
  • cerebral cortex as the generator
  • cerebellum
  • basal ganglia
  • medulla oblongata
  • hippocampus
  • dentate gyrus

Question 22

Question
A motor unit consists of [blank_start]a spinal motor neuron[blank_end] and [blank_start]the muscle fibres that it innervates.[blank_end]
Answer
  • a spinal motor neuron
  • a sensory interneuron
  • a pyramidal motor neuron
  • the muscle fibres that it innervates.
  • the motor neurons it projects to.
  • the disc in the spinal cord it projects

Question 23

Question
A muscle is typically innervated by [blank_start]a few hundred[blank_end] spinal motor neurons.
Answer
  • a few hundred
  • a few thousand
  • about 50
  • about 50.000

Question 24

Question
The [blank_start]innervation number[blank_end] tells how many muscle fibres a motor neuron innervates.
Answer
  • innervation number

Question 25

Question
The innervation number
Answer
  • indicates the increment in force when the motor unit is activated.
  • can be very different for the same muscle.
  • is the same for all neurons that project to one muscle
  • indicates the speed by which the muscle is activated

Question 26

Question
The muscle force is controlled by
Answer
  • recruitment (how many motor neurons of the unit fire)
  • the discharge rate of motor units
  • the innervation number of the motor unit
  • the axon diameter of the motor neuron

Question 27

Question
Motor units differ in [blank_start]speed[blank_end] and maximum [blank_start]force[blank_end].
Answer
  • speed
  • force

Question 28

Question
Recruitment: [blank_start]Small[blank_end] motor neurons are recruited first because of the [blank_start]high[blank_end] resistance within their axon. They have a [blank_start]lower[blank_end] innervation number and therefore produce [blank_start]less[blank_end] force.
Answer
  • Small
  • Large
  • high
  • low
  • lower
  • higher
  • less
  • more

Question 29

Question
Spinal reflexes are [blank_start]involuntary[blank_end] and triggered by [blank_start]external stimuli[blank_end]. Despite classical theory they can be quite flexible.
Answer
  • involuntary
  • external stimuli

Question 30

Question
The withdrawal from a painful stimulus is called [blank_start]flexion-withdrawal[blank_end] reflex. The [blank_start]flexor[blank_end] muscle is activated and the [blank_start]extensor[blank_end] muscle is inhibited. This is called [blank_start]reciprocal innervation[blank_end]. The opposite effect happens on the [blank_start]contralateral[blank_end] limb. The force [blank_start]does[blank_end] (does or does not) depend on the stimulus intensity.
Answer
  • flexion-withdrawal
  • flexor
  • extensor
  • reciprocal innervation
  • contralateral
  • does

Question 31

Question
The stretch reflex is a [blank_start]muscle contraction[blank_end] in response to stretching within the muscle. The antagonist muscle is inhibited, this is called [blank_start]reciprocal innervation[blank_end]. The stretch reflex increases the [blank_start]stiffness[blank_end] of the muscle.
Answer
  • stiffness
  • muscle contraction
  • reciprocal innervation

Question 32

Question
The areas of the cerebral cortex that are used in motor control: - [blank_start]Primary motor cortex[blank_end] (M1) - [blank_start]Premotor cortex[blank_end] (PM) - [blank_start]Supplementary motor area[blank_end] (SMA)
Answer
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Supplementary motor area

Question 33

Question
The motor cortices receive input from
Answer
  • the somatosensory cortex
  • the posterior parietal cortex
  • the temporal lobe
  • the cerebellum

Question 34

Question
The motor homunculus is most detailed for the [blank_start]primary motor cortex[blank_end]. It disappears if you [blank_start]zoom on[blank_end].
Answer
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • supplementary motor area
  • zoom in
  • zoom out

Question 35

Question
The motor pathway to lateral motorneurons runs [blank_start]contralateral[blank_end] and controls mainly [blank_start]distal muscles[blank_end]. It includes the [blank_start]corticospinal tract[blank_end]. The patway to medial motorneurons runs [blank_start]ipsilateral[blank_end] and controls mainly [blank_start]stance and posture[blank_end].
Answer
  • contralateral
  • ipsilateral
  • distal muscles
  • nearby muscles
  • corticospinal tract
  • medial tract
  • ipsilateral
  • contralateral
  • stance and posture
  • fine movements
  • unconscious movements

Question 36

Question
The corticospinal tract The connections come from the cortical layer [blank_start]V[blank_end]. Many of these connections terminate on spinal [blank_start]interneurons[blank_end]. Only [blank_start]M1[blank_end] contains neurons projecting directly to spinal motor neurons. These cortical neurons are called [blank_start]corticomotorneurons[blank_end]. Those neurons have only one synapse.
Answer
  • V
  • IV
  • III
  • II
  • I
  • interneurons
  • medial neurons
  • projection neurons
  • M1
  • PM
  • SMA
  • corticomotorneurons
  • complex neurons

Question 37

Question
The axons of corticomotorneurons terminate on [blank_start]spinal motor neurons[blank_end]. The can also influence other muscles via spinal [blank_start]interneurons[blank_end]. Most of the time the excite agonist muscles and inhibit antagonist ones.
Answer
  • spinal motor neurons
  • the muscle fiber
  • interneurons
  • projection neurons
  • receptors

Question 38

Question
Reading information about the direction of a movement from several motor neurons is done via [blank_start]population codes[blank_end].
Answer
  • population codes

Question 39

Question
Neuronal tuning with respect to movement means
Answer
  • that firing rates of cortical motor neurons correlate with parameters of movement, e.g. direction, velocity, acceleration, ...
  • that reinforcement learning can be applied to fine-tune execution of motor tasks.
  • that firing rates of cortical motor neurons are highly intercorrelated ("tuning each other")

Question 40

Question
Different digits of the hand are controlled by sharply separated areas in M1.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 41

Question
Four symptoms of cerebellar disorders: [blank_start]Hypotonia[blank_end]: A diminished resistance to passive limb displacements. [blank_start]Astasia-abasia[blank_end]: An inability to stand or walk. [blank_start]Ataxia[blank_end]: The abnormal execution of multijointed voluntary movements, characterized by lack of coordination. [blank_start]Action tremor[blank_end]: A form of tremor at the end of a movement, when the patient attempts to stop the movement by using antagonist muscles.
Answer
  • Hypotonia
  • Astasia-abasia
  • Ataxia
  • Action tremor

Question 42

Question
The basal ganglia are involved in
Answer
  • reinforcement motor learning
  • action selection
  • movement initiation
  • online motor control

Question 43

Question
Relation between function and areas of the brain (hypothesis)
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • basal ganglia
  • motor cortex
  • parietal cortex
  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • prefrontal cortex
  • medulla oblongata

Question 44

Question
The motor control loop
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • controller
  • state estimation
  • efference copy
  • sensory feedback
  • forward model
  • inverse model
  • gain

Question 45

Question
?
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • Comparator
  • Sensed state
  • Input processing
  • Sensor
  • Forward model
  • Inverse model
  • Estimated state

Question 46

Question
?
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • dynamic
  • predictive
  • sensory
  • correction
  • estimation
  • gain

Question 47

Question
?
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • Desired state
  • Estimated state
  • Feedforward controller
  • Inverse controller
  • Motor command
  • State estimation
  • Actuator

Question 48

Question
Optimal feedback control
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • position
  • weight
  • motor command

Question 49

Question
?
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • Motor command
  • Sensory feedback and proprioception
  • State transition
  • State estimation
  • Forward model
  • Inverse model
  • Gain factor

Question 50

Question
The forward-model is used at the [blank_start]beginning[blank_end] of movements.
Answer
  • beginning
  • end

Question 51

Question
There are slow- and fast-[blank_start]twitch[blank_end] muscle fibers.
Answer
  • twitch

Question 52

Question
[blank_start]Supraspinal[blank_end] centers play an important role in modulating and adapting spinal reflexes, even to the extent of reversing movements when appropriate.
Answer
  • Supraspinal

Question 53

Question
Stretch reflex: In addition to the muscle that is stretched [blank_start]synergistic[blank_end] muscles are contracted.
Answer
  • synergistic

Question 54

Question
M1: Brodman [blank_start]4[blank_end] PM & SMA: Brodman [blank_start]6[blank_end]
Answer
  • 4
  • 6

Question 55

Question
Motor areas
Image:
Image (binary/octet-stream)
Answer
  • Posterior parietal cortex
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Supplementary motor area
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