Kidney Function: Producing Dilute Urine

Description

Principles of Physiology and Pharmacology Quiz on Kidney Function: Producing Dilute Urine, created by Charlotte Jakes on 24/12/2019.
Charlotte Jakes
Quiz by Charlotte Jakes, updated more than 1 year ago
Charlotte Jakes
Created by Charlotte Jakes almost 5 years ago
5
0

Resource summary

Question 1

Question
How much waste are we obliged to eliminate in urine per day?
Answer
  • 600mosmol
  • 600osmol
  • 800mosmol
  • 1osmol

Question 2

Question
What is the maximum urinary osmolarity possible?
Answer
  • 1400mosm/l
  • 140mosm/l
  • 14osm/l
  • 1.4mosm/l

Question 3

Question
How much urine are we obliged to produce per day if we need to eliminate 600mosmol but can only produce urine concentrated up to 1400mosm/l?
Answer
  • 600/1400 = 0.428l
  • 600/1400 = 0.428ml
  • 600 x 1400 = 840,000ml
  • 1400/600 = 2.3l

Question 4

Question
What is oliguria?
Answer
  • Daily urine output of less than 0.428l
  • Daily urine output of more than 0.428l
  • Hourly urine output of less than 0.428l
  • The presence of starch in the urine

Question 5

Question
What is polyuria?
Answer
  • Urinary output above 3l per day
  • Urinary output below 3l per day
  • Urinary concentration of over 300mosmol/litre
  • Urinary concentration of less than 300/mosmol/litre

Question 6

Question
Why do we consider urine dilute when it has a concentration of less than 300mosmol/litre?
Answer
  • The osmolality of plasma is 300mosmol/l
  • The osmolality of the filtrate is 300mosmol/l
  • The osmolality of interstitial fluid is 300mosmol/l
  • The osmolality of intracellular fluid is 300mosmol/l

Question 7

Question
What is the name given to the volume of plasma cleared of osmotically active particles per unit time?
Answer
  • Osmolar clearance
  • Free water clearance
  • Renal clearance
  • Reabsorption

Question 8

Question
What is the correct equation for osmolar clearance if... V = urine flow rate Uosm = urine osmolarity Posm = plasma osmolarity
Answer
  • (Uosm x V) / Posm
  • (Uosm x Posm) / V
  • (Uosm + Posm) / V
  • Uosm x Posm x V

Question 9

Question
What is the correct equation for free water clerance if... V = urine flow rate Uosm = urine osmolarity Posm = plasma osmolarity
Answer
  • V - (Uosm x V)/Posm
  • V + (Uosm x V)/Posm
  • V + (Uosm x Posm)/V
  • V - V/(Uosm x Posm)

Question 10

Question
If free water clearance is greater than 0, the urine will be hypo-osmotic or [blank_start]dilute[blank_end]. If free water clearance is 0, the urine will be [blank_start]iso[blank_end]-osmotic with respect to [blank_start]plasma[blank_end]. If free water clearance is less than 0, the urine will be [blank_start]hyper[blank_end]-osmotic or concentrated.
Answer
  • dilute
  • iso
  • plasma
  • hyper

Question 11

Question
Where are the osmoreceptors found in the brain?
Answer
  • Organum vasculosum lamina terminalus
  • Median preoptic nucleus
  • Subfomical organ
  • Posterior pituitary
  • Paraventricular nuclei
  • Supraoptic nuclei

Question 12

Question
Fill in the blanks below to describe the release of ADH. 1. When plasma osmolality is [blank_start]high[blank_end], receptors in the o[blank_start]rganum vasculosum lamina[blank_end], m[blank_start]edian preoptic nucleus[blank_end] and s[blank_start]ubfomical organ[blank_end] signal to neurosecretory cells in the [blank_start]paraventricular[blank_end] and [blank_start]supraoptic[blank_end] nuclei in the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end]. 2. The nuclei synthesise a [blank_start]precursor[blank_end] of ADH 3. The [blank_start]precursor[blank_end] is passed into axons of neurons where it is cleaved into a [blank_start]9[blank_end] amino acid ADH molecule in the [blank_start]posterior pituitary[blank_end] 4. ADH is released into the blood of the [blank_start]internal carotid[blank_end] artery to be targeted to the [blank_start]collecting duct[blank_end]
Answer
  • high
  • rganum vasculosum lamina
  • edian preoptic nucleus
  • ubfomical organ
  • paraventricular
  • supraoptic
  • hypothalamus
  • precursor
  • precursor
  • 9
  • posterior pituitary
  • internal carotid
  • collecting duct

Question 13

Question
ADH has a long half life in the blood.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 14

Question
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 15

Question
Nicotine, nausea, pain and stress stimulate ADH secretion.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 16

Question
Which factor is ADH secretion most sensitive to?
Answer
  • Plasma osmolality
  • Blood pressure
  • Blood volume
  • Blood temperature

Question 17

Question
What symptoms characterise diabetes insipidus?
Answer
  • Polyuria, polydipsia and nocturia
  • Oliguria, hematuria
  • Polydipsia, oliguria, dehydration
  • Jaundice, hematuria

Question 18

Question
What is neurogenic diabetes insipidus?
Answer
  • Lack of ADH secretion due to a congenital brain defect or head injury
  • Mutated V2 receptors or aquaporins
  • Caused by side effect of drugs or infection
  • Increased urination due to small molecules in renal tubule lumen causing excess water reabsorption

Question 19

Question
What name is given to diabetes insipidus caused by mutated V2 receptors or aquaporin channels OR acquired by infection or drug use?
Answer
  • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
  • Inflammatory diabetes insipidus
  • Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
  • Mutagenic diabetes insipidus

Question 20

Question
What condition is typical of diabetes mellitus whereby the presence of small molecules in the renal tubule prevents water reabsorption causing production of large quantities of dilute urine?
Answer
  • Osmotic diuresis
  • Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
  • Oliguria
  • Hematuria

Question 21

Question
Potassium has a concentration of [blank_start]5[blank_end]mM in the extracellular fluid and [blank_start]150[blank_end]mM in the intracellular fluid.
Answer
  • 5
  • 150

Question 22

Question
In the proximal tubule, the Na+/K+ [blank_start]pump[blank_end] moves potassium ions [blank_start]into[blank_end] the epithelial cell. This concentration gradient draws potassium into the epithelial cell from the [blank_start]lumen[blank_end] and out into the [blank_start]interstitial[blank_end] fluid via [blank_start]channel[blank_end] proteins. Potassium can also diffuse between cells via [blank_start]tight junctions[blank_end].
Answer
  • pump
  • into
  • lumen
  • interstitial
  • channel
  • tight junctions

Question 23

Question
How does potassium enter the epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Answer
  • Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter
  • Na+/K+ ATPase
  • Renal outer medullar K+ channel (ROMK)
  • K+/H+ ATPase

Question 24

Question
How does potassium enter the epithelial cells of the distal tubule?
Answer
  • K+/H+ exchanger
  • Na+/K+ ATPase
  • Na+/K+/2Cl ATPase
  • Renal outer medullar K+ channel (ROMK)

Question 25

Question
In the collecting duct, potassium is reabsorbed by [blank_start]type A[blank_end] intercalated cells in exchange for [blank_start]H+[blank_end] ions. This is outweighed by [blank_start]secretion[blank_end] by the [blank_start]prinicipal[blank_end] cells. In the principal cells, potassium moves out of the epithelium via [blank_start]renal outer medullar K+ channels[blank_end] (ROMKs). It also moves out through [blank_start]calcium[blank_end]-activated big-[blank_start]conductance[blank_end] K+ channels when tubular flow rates are [blank_start]high[blank_end]. The K+/[blank_start]Cl-[blank_end] transporter also removes potassium from the cell.
Answer
  • type A
  • H+
  • secretion
  • prinicipal
  • renal outer medullar K+ channels
  • calcium
  • conductance
  • high
  • Cl-

Question 26

Question
If more sodium enters the principal cells in the collecting duct epithelium, what happens to the secretion of potassium?
Answer
  • Increases because the filtrate becomes less positively charged
  • Increases because the filtrate becomes more positively charged
  • Decreases because the filtrate becomes more positively charged
  • Decreases because the filtrate becomes less positively charged

Question 27

Question
What hormone stimulations the K+ channels, Na+ channels and Na+/K+ ATPases of the collecting duct to increase secretion?
Answer
  • Aldosterone
  • ADH
  • Adrenaline
  • Testosterone

Question 28

Question
Which favours secretion more?
Answer
  • High tubular flow rates
  • Low tubular flow rates

Question 29

Question
What is hypokalaemia?
Answer
  • Plasma potassium concentration of less than 3.5mM
  • Plasma potassium concentration of more than 3.5mM
  • Intracellular potassium concentration of more than 3.5mM
  • Urinary potassium concentration of less than 3.5mM

Question 30

Question
Hypokalaemia can occur due to increased internal losses. For example, in the kidney, [blank_start]high[blank_end] tubular flow rates favour [blank_start]high[blank_end] rates of potassium [blank_start]secretion[blank_end]. Hyperaldosteronism [blank_start]increases[blank_end] the activity of the potassium channels, favouring potassium [blank_start]secretion[blank_end]. Alkalosis is also associated with hypokalaemia because potassium is secreted due to changed in [blank_start]electrochemical gradients[blank_end]. In the GI tract, vomiting and [blank_start]diarrhea[blank_end] can cause excess potassium loss. Potassium can be lost from the skin due to burns or intense [blank_start]sweating[blank_end].
Answer
  • high
  • high
  • secretion
  • increases
  • secretion
  • electrochemical gradients
  • diarrhea
  • sweating

Question 31

Question
How does insulin affect potassium uptake in cells?
Answer
  • Activates Na+/K+ ATPase
  • Deactivates Na+/K+ ATPase
  • Activates K+ channels
  • Activates Na+/H+ channels

Question 32

Question
Why does potassium intake into cells increase due to metabolic alkalosis?
Answer
  • H+ ions bound to buffers leave cells, K+ enter to maintain charge
  • H+ ions bound to buffers enter cells, K+ leave to maintain charge
  • K+ ions act as buffers to reduce plasma pH
  • K+ ions are exchanged for H+ on the K+/H+ exchanger

Question 33

Question
What is severe hypokalaemia?
Answer
  • < 2.5mM
  • > 2.5mM
  • < 3.5 mM
  • < 5 mM

Question 34

Question
In hypokalaemia, membrane potentials become more [blank_start]negative[blank_end]. Therefore, a larger intake of [blank_start]sodium[blank_end] is required to exceed the [blank_start]threshold[blank_end] and fire an [blank_start]action potential[blank_end]. Therefore, action potentials are less likely to fire and the [blank_start]refractory[blank_end] period is [blank_start]longer[blank_end] so muscles become weak and paralysed.
Answer
  • negative
  • sodium
  • threshold
  • action potential
  • longer
  • refractory

Question 35

Question
What is hyperkalaemia?
Answer
  • > 5.5mM
  • < 5.5mM
  • < 3.5 mM
  • > 3.5 mM

Question 36

Question
Reduced release of what hormone can cause hyperkalaemia?
Answer
  • Aldosterone
  • Adrenaline
  • ADH
  • Oestrogen

Question 37

Question
Hyperkalaemia can be caused by redistribution of potassium out of cells. Check the two specific examples of this.
Answer
  • Renal failure
  • Hypoaldosteronism
  • Action of drugs
  • Acidosis
  • Tissue destruction/cell lysis

Question 38

Question
In hyperkalaemia, the resting membrane potential becomes more [blank_start]positive[blank_end]. This means less [blank_start]sodium[blank_end] is required to exceed the [blank_start]threshold[blank_end] and fire an [blank_start]action potential[blank_end]. Action potentials are [blank_start]more[blank_end] likely to fire, causing hyperreflexia and [blank_start]cramping[blank_end] of the muscles.
Answer
  • positive
  • sodium
  • threshold
  • action potential
  • cramping
  • more

Question 39

Question
What can we administer intravenously to treat hyperkalaemia to decrease the action potential threshold in the heart?
Answer
  • Na+
  • K+
  • Ca2+
  • Acetylcholine

Question 40

Question
Which drug could we administer during hyperkalaemia to shift K+ into cells?
Answer
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Adrenaline
  • Diuretics

Question 41

Question
Of the treatments listed below, which are appropriate for treating hypokalaemia?
Answer
  • Eating potassium-rich foods
  • Oral or IV administration of KCl
  • Correction of alkalosis
  • Use of K+-sparing diuretics
  • Administration of insulin
  • IV Ca2+
  • IV Na+

Question 42

Question
What is severe hyperkalaemia?
Answer
  • > 7.5mM
  • < 7.5mM
  • > 5.5mM
  • < 5.5mM
Show full summary Hide full summary

Similar

derechos humanos1
Andres issai Pen
Pressure
Shubh Malde
Effective Citizens
Caitlin Houting
Backup
Jethro Ong
The Kidney: Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion
Charlotte Jakes
PPP Presentation;Practice;Production
JOAO VICTOR DE OLIVEIRA
Active World
Rishi Serumadar
Bile and the Biliary System
Charlotte Jakes
Pharmacology and the Autonomic Nervous System
Charlotte Jakes
Cardiac Muscle
Charlotte Jakes