Macronutrients and Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Fill in the blanks to give the daily reference intakes of each of the macronutrients. Energy - [blank_start]8,400[blank_end]kJ or [blank_start]2000[blank_end]kCal Total fat - < [blank_start]70[blank_end]g of which saturated <[blank_start]20[blank_end]g Carbohydrate - at least [blank_start]260[blank_end]g Total sugars - [blank_start]90[blank_end]g of which sucrose < [blank_start]60[blank_end]g Protein - [blank_start]50[blank_end]g Salt - less than [blank_start]6[blank_end]g

What is an omega-3 fatty acid?

What is an omega-6 fatty acid?

Which of these are the essential fatty acids?

Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesised by the body so must be obtained from the diet.

An increased intake of saturated fatty acid leads to an increase in what?

What common name is given to non-starch polysaccharides?

Sorbitol is commercially prepared.

Inositol is present in fibre as what?

Which is the most common disaccharide?

The higher the 'quality' of a protein, the higher its [blank_start]utilisation[blank_end] and lesser its [blank_start]waste[blank_end].

What is protein-energy malnutrition?

FIll in the blanks in this table to show the ranges of BMi that fall into each protein-energy malnutrition category.

Protein-energy malnutrition is moreso due to a general lack of food as opposed to a specific deficiency.

Fill in the blanks to describe each of the childhood malnutrition conditions related to weight and oedema.

Check all the boxes that give a typical presentation for a child with marasmus.

Marasmic kwashirokor is a combination of the two conditions, marasmus and kwashiorkor, in which the child may switch between forms.

Which of the following are typical presentations of a child with kwashiorkor?

Children with kwashiorkor exhibit [blank_start]banding[blank_end] of their hair. This is because, during periods of [blank_start]starvation[blank_end], the colour and texture of the hair is lost. During [blank_start]feeding[blank_end] periods, the colour and texture is regained. When these different periods occur in cycles, the hair appears [blank_start]banded[blank_end].

Marasmus occurs in developing countries due to [blank_start]chronic[blank_end] food shortages or [blank_start]acute[blank_end] famine. It can also occur in developed countries in disadvantaged groups and in [blank_start]disease[blank_end] such as cancer or AIDS. Kwashiorkor is caused by general food deficiency with added deficiency of [blank_start]antioxidant[blank_end] nutrients. This leads to an inability to cope with added [blank_start]infection[blank_end].

The oedema in kwashiorkor is painless and exhibits pitting.

When treating PEM... 1. Balance fluid and electrolytes with [blank_start]oral rehydration solution[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Dextrose[blank_end] solution 3. [blank_start]Dilute[blank_end] milk 4. Normal food when tolerated

Why can you not give a patient with PEM normal food straight away?

Oral rehydration solution consists of a makeup of [blank_start]8[blank_end] teaspoons of sugar and [blank_start]1[blank_end] teaspoon of salt in [blank_start]1[blank_end] litre of [blank_start]boiled[blank_end] water.

Non-starch polysaccharide foods are high in energy and low in bulk.

The essential fatty acids are precursors of eicosanois (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins)