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Echo Path Test V

Description

Aortic Valve
Lilly Coleman
Quiz by Lilly Coleman, updated more than 1 year ago
Lilly Coleman
Created by Lilly Coleman over 4 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
The most common of etiology of aortic stenosis in the U.S. is ____
Answer
  • bicuspid AS
  • calcific AS of a normal trileaflet valve
  • rheumatic heart disease
  • all of the above

Question 2

Question
Aortic stenosis is the most common primary valve disease and is best evaluated with echo.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 3

Question
Aortic ____ is a thickened aortic valve that still opens well, with a peak velocity < = 2.5 m/s
Answer
  • congenital AS
  • rheumatic heart disease
  • sclerosis
  • stenosis

Question 4

Question
The three most common AS etiologies include ____.
Answer
  • calcific AS of a trileaflet AOV
  • congenital bicuspid AS with superimposed calcific changes
  • rheumatic AS
  • all of the above

Question 5

Question
Bicuspid AS usually becomes symptomatic between the ages of ___.
Answer
  • < 10 years
  • 10 - 20 years
  • 20 - 50 years
  • 30 - 40 years

Question 6

Question
Adults with bicuspid AS usually present with _____ that are reliable predictors of the need for a prosthetic valve, or the risk of heart failure/death.
Answer
  • aortic caoarctation
  • calcific changes
  • congenital membrane
  • raphe

Question 7

Question
___ aortic stenosis originates at the aortic valve cusps and moves out toward the commissures.
Answer
  • congenital
  • degenerative
  • prosthetic
  • rheumatic

Question 8

Question
A 25 year-old has valvular aortic stenosis, what most likely caused it?
Answer
  • biscuspid aortic vavle
  • coarctation of the aorta
  • congenital membrane across the outflow tract
  • degenerative aortic stenosis

Question 9

Question
What type of murmur is associated with aortic stenosis?
Answer
  • low pitched, diastolic rumble with an opening snap
  • mid-systolic click with/without a systolic murmur
  • murmur that radiates to the axilla
  • systolic crescendo decrescendo murmur

Question 10

Question
Serial echocardiograms track changes in the AS patient, to include ____
Answer
  • AS peak velocity
  • cardiac output
  • pressure half-time
  • RVSP

Question 11

Question
The echo report on AS should include details regarding the ____.
Answer
  • level of obstruction
  • LV size, wall thickness, and EF
  • cusp mobility, thickness, calcification
  • all of the above

Question 12

Question
Chest pain and syncope are symptoms of AS
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 13

Question
___ is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a balloon catheter with a stent-mounted valve crimped on its tip.
Answer
  • AV repair
  • mini-thoracotomy
  • PMBV
  • TAVR

Question 14

Question
The patient is 84 years old and the echo findings include thickened, calcifies AOV cusps, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular enlargement, decreased left ventricular systolic function, and post stenotic dilatation of the aortic root what is most likely the diagnosis?
Answer
  • acute aortic regurgitation due to AOV vegatation
  • aortic sclerosis with aortic regurgitation
  • bicuspid aortic stenosis
  • degenerative aortic stenosis

Question 15

Question
When is a raphe present?
Answer
  • biscuspid aortic valve
  • cleft aortic valve
  • degenerative aortic stenosis
  • rheumatic aortic stenosis

Question 16

Question
What would you expect to see on the M-mode of a bicuspid aortic valve?
Answer
  • diastolic doming
  • eccentric closure
  • football shaped opening
  • raphe

Question 17

Question
In the echo lab, we use the Bernoulli equation to describe the relationship between pressure and velocity. The simplified Bernoulli equation= ____
Answer
  • 220/ pressure half-time
  • 4V
  • 4(V)^2
  • (Vlvot)(Alvot)=(Vaov)(Aaov)

Question 18

Question
According to the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC), the non imaging CWD probe (PDEOF) must be utilized in the assessment of AS or suspected AS from multiple locations
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 19

Question
The aortic valve Doppler waveform is below the baseline from every window
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 20

Question
The continuity equation assumes that flow through a tube is constant, so if the area decreases, the velocity must also decrease
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 21

Question
In order to acquire a quick maximum PG, the sonographer can utilize the modified Bernoull'is equation (4V)
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 22

Question
According to the continuity equation, the aortic valve area AVA= (VTIlvot) (CSAlvot)/ (VTIaov)
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 23

Question
The aortic valve area by the continuity equations requires _____.
Answer
  • Dlvot from the 5C
  • VTIaov with CWD or PEDOF
  • VTIlvot with CWD
  • all of the above

Question 24

Question
A thickened AOV with a peak velocity > = 2.6 m/s suggests aortic _____; whereas, a thickened AOV with a peak velocity < =2.5 m/s, suggests aortic ____
Answer
  • sclerosis / stenosis
  • stenosis / sclerosis

Question 25

Question
If the LVOT diameter = 2.0cm, V1= 1.0 m/sec and V2= 4.0 m/sec, what is the aortic valve area according to the simplified continuity equation?
Answer
  • 0.39 cm^2
  • 0.79 cm^2
  • 3.14 cm^2
  • 64 mmHG

Question 26

Question
With aortic stenosis, multiple doppler windows should be compared, to inlcude the 5C, 3C, suprasternal and left parasternal.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 27

Question
Aortic stenosis can be over or underestimated by _____
Answer
  • 3 -4 + aortic regurgitation
  • improperly measured LVOT diameter
  • tachycardia
  • all of the above

Question 28

Question
Reduced LVEF seriously impacts the AS severity scale and underestimates the AS peak velocity, consider using the AS velocity ration.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 29

Question
____ would most likely cause chronic aortic regurgitation.
Answer
  • Aortic dissection
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Left atrial myxoma
  • Trauma

Question 30

Question
Severe aortic regurgitation causes a ____
Answer
  • high-pitched, blowing, diastolic crescendo murmur at the apex
  • high-pitched, blowing, diastolic decrescendo murmur at the left sternal border
  • low-pitched, mid-diastolic rumble at the apex
  • low-pitched, systolic, rumble at the apex

Question 31

Question
Echo findings include diastolic flutter of the AMVL & AOV cusps, early closure of the MV, and early opening of the AOV; what is most likely the diagnosis?
Answer
  • aortic regurgitation
  • aortic stenosis
  • mitral regurgitation
  • mitral stenosis

Question 32

Question
Mild aortic regurgitation creates a flatter doppler waveform with a higher pressure half-time.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 33

Question
Severe aortic regurgitation causes the aorta's pressure to drop quickly, this creates a more rapid left ventricular pressure increase and higher pressure half-time.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 34

Question
The aortic regurgitation pressure half-time is 300 ms; what is most likely the diagnosis?
Answer
  • mild to moderate AR
  • moderate AR
  • moderate to severe AR
  • severe AR

Question 35

Question
The AR peak velocity is usually 3+ m/s due to the pressure difference between the left ventricle and aorta.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 36

Question
The heart responds to an increased preload by an increase in:
Answer
  • systolic pressure
  • diastolic pressure
  • afterload
  • contractility

Question 37

Question
How do we find the Cross Sectional Area ( CSA of the LVOT ) for the Continuity equation?
Answer
  • πr2
  • πrl+ πr2
  • π(D/2)

Question 38

Question
Patients with long standing aortic stenosis will usually have:
Answer
  • LVH
  • LV dilation
  • diastolic aortic flutter
  • mitral ring calcification

Question 39

Question
Doppler ultrasound may show retrograde flow velocities within the ascending aorta during diastole in the presence of:
Answer
  • aortic regurgitation
  • patient ductus arteriosus
  • aorticopulmonary window
  • aorticsubclavian shunts

Question 40

Question
Which of the following ausculatatory sounds is most suggestive of a bicuspid aortic valve?
Answer
  • S4
  • opening snap
  • mid-systolic click
  • systolic ejection click

Question 41

Question
Which technique would best allow you to assess the severity of aortic regurgitation?
Answer
  • pulsed wave doppler
  • continuous wave doppler
  • M-mode echocardiography
  • two-dimensional echocardiography

Question 42

Question
A patient with a crescendo/decrescendo systolic murmur and a decreased A2 would probably be sent to the echo lab to evaluate:
Answer
  • mitral insufficiency
  • tricuspid insufficiency
  • pulmonic stenosis
  • aortic stenosis

Question 43

Question
In aortic stenosis the:
Answer
  • LA diastolic pressure exceeds that of the LV
  • LV systolic pressure exceeds that of the aorta
  • LV diastolic pressure exceeds that of the aorta
  • aortic systolic pressure exceeds that of the LV

Question 44

Question
Which 2-D views are best for direct imaging of a discrete subaortic membrane?
Answer
  • parasternal long and short axis views
  • apical five chamber and apical long axis
  • subcostal long axis and apical four chamber views
  • parasternal long axis and apical two chamber views
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