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Fluid and Electrolyte imbalance

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Quiz on Fluid and Electrolyte imbalance, created by asissons on 21/03/2015.
asissons
Quiz by asissons, updated more than 1 year ago
asissons
Created by asissons almost 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
which are forces that favour filtration?
Answer
  • capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • capillary oncotic pressure
  • interstitial hydostatic pressure
  • interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 2

Question
Which are forces that oppose filtration?
Answer
  • capillary oncotic pressure
  • capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • interstitial oncotic pressure
  • interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Question 3

Question
Which are causes for edema
Answer
  • increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  • increased capillary membrane permeability
  • lympathic obstruction
  • too much candy

Question 4

Question
Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s
Answer
  • High body surface–to–body size ratio
  • Slow metabolic rate
  • Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
  • Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty

Question 5

Question
Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
Answer
  • Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
  • The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
  • The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than the rate of output of lean adults
  • The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively

Question 6

Question
A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH, 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2), 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
Answer
  • Respiratory alkalosis
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Metabolic alkalosis

Question 7

Question
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
Answer
  • Osmotic forces
  • Plasma oncotic pressure
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Hydrostatic forces

Question 8

Question
In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
Answer
  • Oncotic pressure
  • Buffering
  • Hydrostatic pressure

Question 9

Question
Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
Answer
  • Capillary hydrostatic
  • Interstitial hydrostatic
  • Capillary oncotic
  • Interstitial oncotic

Question 10

Question
As edema accumulates it gets trapped in...
Answer
  • a second space
  • a third space

Question 11

Question
Sodium accounts for 90% of the ...... cations (positively charged ions)
Answer
  • ICF
  • ECF

Question 12

Question
potassium is a major cation of ......
Answer
  • ICF
  • ECF

Question 13

Question
what is the minimal daily requirement of sodium?
Answer
  • 200 mg
  • 600 mg
  • 500 mg

Question 14

Question
what are the two major functions of Angiotensin 2?
Answer
  • vasoconstriction (which elevates blood pressure)
  • stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
  • it prevents sodium from leaving the cell

Question 15

Question
ANP and BNP increase sodium and water excretion by the kidneys this
Answer
  • increases blood volume and blood pressure
  • decreases blood volume and blood pressure

Question 16

Question
ADH ________ the permeability of renal tubular cells to water which ______ water reabsorption and promotes the restoration of plasma volume and blood pressure.
Answer
  • increases, increases
  • decreases, increases

Question 17

Question
The term isotonic refers to a solution that has the _______ concentration of solutes as plasma
Answer
  • more
  • less
  • the same

Question 18

Question
Isotonic fluid loss results in in....
Answer
  • hypervolemia
  • hypovolemia

Question 19

Question
Excess isotonic fluids results in...
Answer
  • hypovolemia
  • hypervolemia

Question 20

Question
Hypertonic fluid alterations occur when osmolality of the ECF is ______above normal. The most common causes are an increased concentration of ECF.....
Answer
  • elevated, sodium (hypernatrium)
  • elevated potassium (hyperkalemia)

Question 21

Question
Hypernatremia occurs when serum sodium levels exceed_______. And can be caused by a ______ of water or _____in sodium
Answer
  • 147 mEq/L, Loss of water or gain in sodium
  • 127 mEq/L, loss of water or gain in sodium,

Question 22

Question
intracellular fluid contains a greater proportion of total body water than does extracellular fluid
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 23

Question
All the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ECF, not in the ICF
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 24

Question
no receptors directly monitor fluid or electrolyte balance
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 25

Question
diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 26

Question
Osmosis is the movement of water between two compartments by a membrane permeable to water but not to solute. Moves form LOW solute to HIGH solute concentration and requires no energy
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 27

Question
What is osmotic pressure?
Answer
  • The amount of pressure required to move water
  • the amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water

Question 28

Question
Hydrostatic pressure is
Answer
  • the major force that pushes water out of the vascular system at the capillary level
  • the force of water being moved

Question 29

Question
Oncotic pressure
Answer
  • osmotic pressure is pressure exerted by colloids in solution
  • the pressure of cancer

Question 30

Question
Causes of edema
Answer
  • plasma to interstitial fluid shift
  • increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  • increased capillary permeability
  • lymph obstruction
  • sodium retention

Question 31

Question
What is the pathophysiology of third spacing?
Answer
  • A massive inflammatory response leads to the release of histamine and bradykinin which increases capillary permeability and with hydrostatic pressure fluid leaks into the interstitium
  • Any process that results in decreased protein intake, production, storage, or increased protein loss decreases the colloid osmotic pressure which prevents fluid from being pulled back into the vessels and leads to fluid accumulating in the interstitium.

Question 32

Question
Signs and symptoms of thirdspacing
Answer
  • decreased urine output despite adequate intake
  • increased HR
  • Decreased BP
  • Increased weight
  • Edema, acites
  • Increased ADH

Question 33

Question
Why are infants more predisposed to serious, rapid fluid volume deficits?
Answer
  • limited ability to concentrate urine
  • greater ratio of surface area to volume
  • higher metabolic rate

Question 34

Question
S/S of Hypervolemia:
Answer
  • cyanosis
  • rapid breathing
  • weight gain
  • edema including cerbral edema
  • rapid bouding pulse

Question 35

Question
What is the reference range for Sodium in Adults?
Answer
  • 125-135 mEq/L
  • 135-145 mEq/L

Question 36

Question
hypernatremia is caused by :
Answer
  • water loss or sodium gain
  • water gain or sodium loss

Question 37

Question
How to treat Hypernatremia
Answer
  • diurectics
  • iv 5% dextrose in water or hypotonic saline

Question 38

Question
HYPOnatremia results form
Answer
  • lost of sodium containing fluids or water excess
  • critical value is <120 mEq/L

Question 39

Question
Potassium is
Answer
  • a major ICF cation
  • necessary for transmission and conduction of nerve and muscle impluses
  • cellular growth
  • maintenance of cardiac rhythms
  • Acid-base balance

Question 40

Question
what facilitates potassium into the cells:
Answer
  • sodium
  • insulin
  • aldosterone
  • epinephrine
  • alkalosis

Question 41

Question
Calcium balance is controlled by
Answer
  • parathyroid hormone
  • calcitonin
  • vitamin D
  • Iron

Question 42

Question
A person with chronic heart failure has edema in the lower legs and sacral area. The nurse practitioner suspects this is due to a(n):
Answer
  • increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure;
  • Decrease in lymph obstruction pressure
  • Decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 43

Question
Secretion of ADH and the perception of thirst are stimulated by
Answer
  • an increase in plasma osmolality
  • a decrease in plasma osmolaity

Question 44

Question
The nurse monitors the fluid and electrolyte status of the older adult with the knowledge that impairment of the thirst mechanism may lead to
Answer
  • hypernatremia
  • Hyponatremia

Question 45

Question
Intravenous potassium chloride is ordered for treatment of a patient with hypokalemia. In administering the potassium solution, the nurse is aware that
Answer
  • to prevent cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, the maximum amount of KCl to be administered in 1 hour is 10 mEq
  • to prevent cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, the maximum amount of KCl to be administered in 1 hour is 20 mEq

Question 46

Question
A patient who has required prolonged mechanical ventilation has the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.48, PO2 85 mm Hg, PCO2 32 mm Hg, and HCO3 25 mEq/L. The nurse interprets these results as
Answer
  • respiratory alkalosis
  • respiratory acidosis
  • normal

Question 47

Question
The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Answer
  • Diarrhea
  • Calcium based kidney stones
  • ECG showing narrow T waves
  • Lethargy
  • Bradycardia

Question 48

Question
The electrolyte imbalance hypokalemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Answer
  • Paralytic ileus
  • Sinus bradycardia
  • Atrioventricular block
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Tetany

Question 49

Question
A third of the body’s fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include
Answer
  • Urine
  • Intraocular fluids
  • Lymph
  • Blood plasma
  • Sweat

Question 50

Question
An imbalance of potassium can produce which dysfunctions?
Answer
  • Weakness skeletal muscles
  • Cardiac dysrhythmias
  • Smooth muscle atony
  • Visual impairment
  • Hearing loss

Question 51

Question
Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are true?
Answer
  • During childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight.
  • Gender has no influence on TBW until old age.
  • Men tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass.
  • Estrogen plays a role in female TBW.
  • Older adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass.

Question 52

Question
Sodium Regulates osmolality in the extracellular fluid (ECF) space.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 53

Question
Chloride Is inversely related to HCO3 concentration.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 54

Question
Potassium Is a major determinant of resting membrane potential.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 55

Question
Phosphate An intracellular metabolic form is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 56

Question
Potassium Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect this electrolyte
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 57

Question
At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the
Answer
  • Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
  • Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
  • Interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
  • Capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

Question 58

Question
Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?
Answer
  • Capillary hydrostatic
  • Interstitial hydrostatic
  • Plasma oncotic
  • Interstitial oncotic

Question 59

Question
Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n
Answer
  • Decrease in serum sodium
  • Increase in plasma osmolality
  • Increase in glomerular filtration rate
  • Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation

Question 60

Question
Thirst activates osmoreceptors by an increase in which blood plasma?
Answer
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Aldosterone
  • Hydrostatic pressure
  • Osmotic pressure

Question 61

Question
It is true that natriuretic peptides:
Answer
  • Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion
  • Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion
  • Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.

Question 62

Question
Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?
Answer
  • Angiotensin I
  • Angiotensin II
  • Aldosterone
  • Renin

Question 63

Question
What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?
Answer
  • Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
  • Hypersecretion of aldosterone
  • Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
  • Excessive diuretic therapy

Question 64

Question
What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
Answer
  • High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
  • High sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell.

Question 65

Question
Vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis, resulting in the loss of chloride, causes:
Answer
  • Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
  • Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance
  • Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
  • Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis

Question 66

Question
The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
Answer
  • Sodium depletion
  • Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • Lymphatic obstruction

Question 67

Question
Insulin is used to treat hyperkalemia because it:
Answer
  • Stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium.
  • Binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
  • Transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose.
  • Breaks down the chemical components of potassium, causing it to be no longer effective.

Question 68

Question
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between
Answer
  • Intracellular and extracellular Na+ Intracellular Na+ and extra
  • Intracellular and extracellular K+ Intracellular K+ and extracel

Question 69

Question
During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
Answer
  • Oxygen
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Magnesium

Question 70

Question
Causes of hyperkalemia include:
Answer
  • Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
  • Vomiting and diarrhea
  • Renal failure and Addison disease

Question 71

Question
The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances?
Answer
  • Parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin D
  • Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D

Question 72

Question
It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate:
Answer
  • Anxiety is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
  • A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosi
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis

Question 73

Question
Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance?
Answer
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hyperkalemia
  • HYPOCalcemia
  • Hypercalcemia

Question 74

Question
An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids can result in:
Answer
  • Hypophosphatemia
  • Hypomagnesemia

Question 75

Question
The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is:
Answer
  • Renal failure
  • Pancreatitis

Question 76

Question
Two thirds of the body’s water is found in its:
Answer
  • Intracellular fluid compartments
  • Interstitial fluid spaces

Question 77

Question
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of:
Answer
  • Sodium and water retention
  • Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin

Question 78

Question
The existence of hyperkalemia is likely to result in which changes to a person’s electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Answer
  • Flattened U waves
  • Peaked T waves
  • Depressed ST segments

Question 79

Question
Causes of hypocalcemia include:
Answer
  • Repeated blood administration
  • Pancreatitis

Question 80

Question
The electrolyte imbalance called hyponatremia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Answer
  • Headache
  • Seizures
  • Paranoia
  • Confusion
  • Lethargy

Question 81

Question
The electrolyte imbalance hypercalcemia exhibits which clinical manifestations?
Answer
  • Diarrhea
  • Calcium based kidney stones
  • ECG showing narrow T waves
  • Lethargy
  • Bradycardia

Question 82

Question
What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
Answer
  • Clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged bleeding
  • Osmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to the interstitium
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