Psychology 1 - Memory

Miller

Jacobs (1887)

Baddeley (1966)

STM

LTM

Baddeley (1966) gave participants short lists of words either acoustically similar or semantically similar , they then had to recall them immediately or after a delay . With immediate recall participants got confused with acoustic similar words and after a delay got confused with semantic similar words.

Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) Gave a list of 20 words to participants to recall immediately after. Participant tended to remember words from the beginning of the list (primacy effect) and words from the end (recency effect). It shows words at the start are best rehearsed so moved to the LTM and the words at the end are in the STM still when recalled. This provides evidence in support of the MSM

Oversimplifies the structure and processes

Emphasises processes rather than structure

The STM and LTM are not unitary stores

Evidence from brain damaged patients show that the LTM has four stores

Evidence is valid because the participants were psychology students

Was a lab experiment

Maintenance rehearsal

Elaborative rehearsal

Deep Rehearsal

Central executive

Sensory Store

Long term memory

Episodic Buffer

Short Term store

Phonological loop

Hippocampus

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

articulatory process

Phonological store

Attkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

Change the perspective

Change the order

Recall everything

Mental reinstatement of the original context

Studied current police questioning in Brazil , used female cleaners in the university to watch a video of an abduction. Gave half a standard interrogation and half the CI. CI increased the amount of correct information obtained.

Meta-analysis of 53 studies, found a 34% increase in the amount of correct information recalled in CI.

Looked at the police forces and how they used the CI , the thames valley police use original CI by Fisher and Geiselman but without the "changing perspective"

Acronyms

Method of Loci

Acrostics

Rhymes

Mindmaps

Spider diagrams

O'Hara et al (2007)

Baddeley (1966)

Gidden et al (1983)

kohnken et al (1999

Brassard et al (2002) 4 Year olds were more prone to suggestibility than 8 year olds. Their answers reflected cues from the interviewer. However this study only looked at 2 age groups so cannot be compared to other studies on age.

Martin et al (1979) The amount of information recalled increased with age.

Anastasi and Rhodes (2006) Showed participants from 3 different age groups between 18 and 78, 24 photographs and asked them to rate the attractiveness , after a short filler activity they were shown 48 photographs and asked to identify the 24 original ones. Results showed that young and middle aged participants were significantly more accurate than the older participants. All the age groups were more accurate in identifying photographs from their own age group. This study is criticised however as it did not cover under 18's or over 78's so is not a true representation of age. It also encouraged a gender bias as men would have been more attracted to women and remembered them.

Lewis et al (1995) This study used participants ages 3-4 years. They were shown photos of adult males in a line and then asked if there dad was in one of the photos. The findings showed that 29% of the children misidentified the photo that was labelled Daddy even though it wasn’t there own dad. This is because the question was not detailed enough for the children and didn’t state YOUR daddy. This study supports how vulnerable children are and how their testimonies may not be very accurate.

Parker and Carranza (1989) This study aimed to compare primary and college students ability to correctly identify a certain individual after a sequence of a mock crime. In the photo identification test, children had the highest rate of choosing the photos however, they were most likely to make mistakes of identification than college students. This shows that children are not the most accurate eye witness’s.

Shaffer and Emerson

Johnson and Scott (1976)

Anastasi and Rodes

Showed 7 films of a car accident to 45 students. They were given a questionnaire asking general questions about what they saw , with one critical question , "how fast was the car going when it hit the other" each group was given a questionnaire where the critical question had different verbs , either smashed , bumped or contacted.

Studied 26 infants in Uganda , by looking at the infant-caregiver bonds to see if Bowlby's evolutionary theory was universal.

Anastasi and Rodes tested own age bias by showing participants from 3 age groups from 18 to 78 , 24 photographs of people across all 3 age groups. They were asked to rate them for attractiveness after a short filler task they were shown 48 photo's and asked to identify the original 24.