Physio cycle 1 (part 2)

Question

Vasopressin is released when

Answer 1

a. increased blood pressure

Answer 2

b. increased blood volume

Answer 3

c. increased osmotic pressure of blood and cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 4

d. decreased blood volume

Answer 5

e. decreased osmotic pressure of blood and cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 6

a. hyperglycemia

Answer 7

b. hypoglycemia (L-Dopa i dopamine, a-adrenergic agonists, encephalins, vasopressin, Low FFA in blood)

Answer 8

c. stress and sleep (REM)

Answer 9

d. physical excercise

Answer 10

a. acidosis (high pH)

Answer 11

b. increase concentration of 2,3 BPG in erythrocytes (+ increase pCO2)

Answer 12

c. increased temperature

Answer 13

d. decreased pH of blood

Answer 14

a. has low specific heat and therefore is a good source of heat storage

Answer 15

b. it can pass easily through NA channels

Answer 16

c. good solvent because of its polarity

Answer 17

a. protein can diffuse easily through membrane

Answer 18

b. depends on chemical gradient concentration

Answer 19

c. hydrophobic proteins cannot diffuse via membrane

Answer 20

a. contain immature hemoglobin that matures during first week after delivery

Answer 21

b. hemoglobin has higher affinity to oxygen 

Answer 22

c. have small nucleus

Answer 23

d. contain less hemoglobin than mature erythrocytes

Answer 24

a. Cooling (decreasing of temp) of the in vitro preparation

Answer 25

b. Administration of immunoglobulins against human IgG (idea of indirect antiglobulin test/indirect Coombs test)

Answer 26

c. Enzymatic modification of molecules of the IgG immunoglobulins

Answer 27

d. Activation of the complete system performed by complexes antigen immunoglobulins IgM/IgG

Answer 28

a. Macrophages

Answer 29

b. Thrombocytes

Answer 30

c. Hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 31

d. erythrocytes

Answer 32

e. Memory B lymphocyte

Answer 33

a. Her RBC is approximately 3,5 mln/mm3

Answer 34

b. She is in state of dehydration

Answer 35

c. The client suffers because of anemia

Answer 36

d. The client is in a state of polycythemia

Answer 37

e. Her RBC is approximately 2,0 mln/mm3

Answer 38

a. 85% of erythrocytes comes from kidney and 15% from liver

Answer 39

b. it is synthesized in the kidney and next hydroxylated in liver in effect of hypoxia

Answer 40

c. Chemoattractant facilitates homing of blood progenitor cells in bone marrow

Answer 41

d. Bilaterally nephrectomized (removal of both kidneys) patients are able maintain proper erythropoiesis

Answer 42

e. EPO stimulates differentiation of erythrocytes from cells of Colony Forming Unit of Mixed Lineages

Answer 43

f. G-CSF and interleukins 3 stimulates differentiation of erythrocytes from Colony Forming Unit of Mixed-Lineages

Answer 44

a. migrate among stem cell niches of embryo

Answer 45

b. possesses ability for self renewal, highly resistant to radio chemotherapy

Answer 46

c. HSCs are not able to differentiate into blood cells of lymphoid lineage

Answer 47

d. Migration of HSCs finishes after birth. Hematopoiesis is performed in axial skeleton + proximal parts of long bones -

Answer 48

a. Measurement of leukocytes requires previous hemolysis of erythrocytes

Answer 49

b. Fluids used for counting of leukocytes shrink erythrocytes

Answer 50

c. Fluids used for counting of leukocytes stain organelles of leukocytes

Answer 51

d. Counting of leukocytes requires previous staining of all blood cells

Answer 52

e. Hypertonic solution used for counting of leukocytes dilutes blood

Answer 53

a. Assessment of ESR requires centrifugation of erythrocytes

Answer 54

b. Increase of globulins concentration and decrease of albumin concentration in plasma decreases aggregating ability of erythrocytes. Due to this reason ESR rises

Answer 55

c. Normal ESR in healthy adult humans is usually lower than 10 mm/hour

Answer 56

d. ESR increases during menstruation and after physical exercise

Answer 57

Assessment of ESR requires centrifugation of erythrocytes

Answer 58

b. Increase of globulins concentration and decrease of albumin concentration in plasma increases aggregating ability of erythrocytes. Due to this reason ESR rises

Answer 59

d) ESR increases during menstruation and after physical exercise

Answer 60

a. in concentrated solution of urea

Answer 61

b. in isotonic solution of glucose

Answer 62

c. in distilled water

Answer 63

d. in effect of dehydration (water-loss)

Answer 64

e. in 0,5% saline

Answer 65

a. RDW (red blood cell distribution width) is quantitative measure of MCV

Answer 66

b. MCV is an erythrocyte index expressing average volume of erythrocytes

Answer 67

c. C of hemoglobin in blood of healthy adult women ranges 12-16 g/dL

Answer 68

d. Standard erythrocyte due to its size + shape is not able to pass via capillaries which diameter is lower than 10 micrometer

Answer 69

a. it is secreted by plasmocytes in effect of immune response

Answer 70

b. it is any substance which is able to induce specific immune-response

Answer 71

c. it is secreted by T-lymphocytes in effect of immune response

Answer 72

d. able to activate complement system when bound by APCs

Answer 73

a. They have large, dark blue granules in their cytoplasm

Answer 74

b. they present antigens to immune competent cells

Answer 75

c. they account for 5-10% of all leukocytes of peripheral blood

Answer 76

d. their granules contain histamine, heparin and other chemicals involved in allergic and immune responses

Answer 77

a. it inhibits secretory processes

Answer 78

b. maintains proper functioning of cellular membrane transport

Answer 79

c. factor 4 of coagulation supports proper coagulation process

Answer 80

d. it modifies hemoglobin which reduces hemoglobin affinity for oxygen

Answer 81

a. high plasma of magnesium produces tetany

Answer 82

b. hypocalcemia produces tetany

Answer 83

c. tetany can be observed in people whose ventilation is depressed

Answer 84

d. tetany will be observed in people with elevated level of PTH in plasma

Answer 85

e. tetany can be observed in hyperventilating people

Answer 86

a. it can easily produce aggregation in standard environment of own plasma

Answer 87

b. it cannot pass through placenta

Answer 88

c. it can activate complement system

Answer 89

d. it has two antigen binding sites

Answer 90

e. it is a memory immunoglobulin

Answer 91

a. methemoglobin which is a form of oxygenated hemoglobin present in lungs

Answer 92

b. carbaminohemoglobin, a form of deoxygenated hemoglobin bound by CO2

Answer 93

c. carbaminohemoglobin, a form of deoxygenated hemoglobin bound by CO

Answer 94

d. oxyhemoglobin, a form of oxygenated hemoglobin present in lungs

Answer 95

e. oxyhemoglobin, a form of oxidized hemoglobin dominating in erythrocytes of arterial blood

Answer 96

a. increases pO2 and decreases pCO2

Answer 97

b. increases concentration of 2,3 BPG in erythrocytes

Answer 98

c. decreases temp. + decreases C of glucose in hypoxic tissues

Answer 99

d. decreases pH of blood + increases-temp

Answer 100

a. it is prolonged in case of low plasma concentration of fibrinogen (Factor 1)

Answer 101

b. depends on processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

Answer 102

c. depends on platelets count

Answer 103

d. depends on state of vascular wall

Answer 104

a. they can be activated by heparin. substrates for thrombin

Answer 105

b. Post-translatory modification of molecules of prothrombin factor 2 + 10 in liver depends on vitamin K

Answer 106

c. activity is inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase

Answer 107

d. They are plasma coagulation factors 1, 5, 8

Answer 108

e. They are proteolytic enzymes (serine-proteases)

Answer 109

a) They can be activated by heparin

Answer 110

b) They are plasma coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X.

Answer 111

c) They are plasma coagulation factors I, V, VIII, XIII

Answer 112

d) Their activity is inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase

Answer 113

e) They are plasma coagulation factors XI, XII, HMWK -

Answer 114

Their activity is inhibited by coumarin-derivatives such as dikumarol and warfarin

Answer 115

a. begins with exposure of collagen + activation of factor 7+3 coagulation -

Answer 116

b. begins with liberation of tissue thromboplastin (tissue factor (3))

Answer 117

c. requires factor 12 for full activation of hemostatic process

Answer 118

d. requires calcium ions (+ PL)

Answer 119

a. agglutinogens are synthesized in Rh+ individuals after exposure to Rh- blood

Answer 120

b. hemagglutinins in ABO system are mostly IgM class

Answer 121

c. hemagglutinins in ABO system are inborn

Answer 122

d. in ABO system they are synthesized after immunization against antigen A + B commonly present in environment

Answer 123

a. the sequence of amino acids of both A and B antigens

Answer 124

b. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of N-acetylgalactosamine into H antige

Answer 125

c. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of fucose onto A antigen

Answer 126

d. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of N-acetylgalactosamine onto D antige

Answer 127

e. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of D-galactose onto H antigen

Answer 128

a. nothing b. administration of anti D-immunoglobulin to the mother at this time

Answer 129

c. administration of anti D-immunoglobulin to the mother after delivery

Answer 130

d. administration of anti D-immunoglobulin to the child if the child is Rh+

Answer 131

a. the child is the natural offspring of this couple

Answer 132

b. the mother is natural, the father is not the natural father

Answer 133

c. the father is natural, the mother is not the natural mother

Answer 134

d. blood type in ABO-system is A

Answer 135

e. blood type in ABO-system is B

Answer 136

f. blood type in ABO-system is AB

Answer 137

g. child is Rh-

Answer 138

h. child is Rh+

Answer 139

a. increases salt and water reabsorption in distal tubule

Answer 140

b. increases water reabsorption by insertion of protein of AQP2 in distal part of nephron

Answer 141

c. synthesized in posterior pituitary gland

Answer 142

d. produces vasoconstriction. Action is mediated receptors coupled with phospholipase C (PLC)

Answer 143

a. Acts through receptor related to Janus kinase

Answer 144

b. Is a water soluble amine hormone

Answer 145

c. Is intensively liberated during NREM sleep

Answer 146

d. Elevates plasma level of glucose (+ FFA)

Answer 147

e. liberated from posterior pituitary gland

Answer 148

a. produces contraction of myoepithelial cells of the female breast

Answer 149

b. increase secretion of prolactin (gonadotropins + thyrotropin)

Answer 150

c. it’s secretion is elevated by progesterone

Answer 151

d. is produces in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Answer 152

e. decreases contraction in vas deferens in males

Answer 153

a. muscarinic receptor

Answer 154

b. glycine receptor

Answer 155

c. nicotine receptor

Answer 156

d. GABAa receptor

Answer 157

e. Receptor with tyrosine kinase activity

Answer 158

a. Is approximately 20% of total body

Answer 159

b. is approximately 20% of body mass

Answer 160

c. its volume can be tested by intravenous infusion of insulin

Answer 161

d. its main cation is MG2+

Answer 162

A. They are Ca2+ channels in T-tubules

Answer 163

B. They are Ca2+ channels present in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 164

C. They are Ca2+ pumps

Answer 165

D. They are gated by Ca2+

Answer 166

E. They are gated by IP3

Answer 167

A. Main cation is Na+

Answer 168

B. Main cation is K+

Answer 169

C. Stands for 1/3 of the TBW

Answer 170

D. Stands for ~20% of Total Body Water

Answer 171

Blood plasma

Answer 172

Interstitial fluid

Answer 173

Intercellular fluid

Answer 174

Transitional fluid

Answer 175

a. N-cholinergic receptor

Answer 176

b. M-cholinergic receptor

Answer 177

c. GnRH ls ESPS

Answer 178

d. D2-receptor is IPSP

Answer 179

decreases with age

Answer 180

increases with age

Answer 181

most in men

Answer 182

TBW is 45/65 % of the body mass

Answer 183

a. Voltage gated Cl- channel

Answer 184

b. Cl- channel, gated with GABA

Answer 185

c. Activation leads to IPSP

Answer 186

Metabotropic receptor

Answer 187

Gated by Ca2+

Answer 188

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

Answer 189

a. Muscarinic

Answer 190

c. insulin

Answer 191

d. growth hormone

Answer 192

• Nicotinic – Na+ (EC) (binds acetylcholine)

Answer 193

• GABAa – Cl- (EC)

Answer 194

• glycine – Cl- (EC)

Answer 195

• IP3 - Ca2+ (IC)

Answer 196

• Ryanodine - Ca2+ (IC)

Answer 197

• Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels- ligand cGMP, cAMP, cGTP (Na+, K+)- (IC)

Answer 198

• Intracellular ATP receptors - K+ (IC)

Answer 199

a. They are membrane receptors that open after binding their agonist ligand

Answer 200

b. examples are: nicotinic receptor and IP3 receptor

Answer 201

c. examples are muscarinic receptor + insulin receptor

Answer 202

d. they are located in cellular nucleus

Answer 203

a. Activation of nicotinic receptor produces IPSP of postsynaptic neuron

Answer 204

b. activation of nicotinic receptor produces EPSP of presynaptic knob

Answer 205

c. it is chemically gated sodium channel (Na)

Answer 206

d. nicotinic receptors activated by GABA

Answer 207

e. Acetylcholine is a natural gated ligand for the nicotinic receptor

Answer 208

a. ICF is approximately 20% of Body mass

Answer 209

b. ICF is app. 2/3 of the TBW in healthy, non obese humans.

Answer 210

c. its main anion is bicarbonate HCO3

Answer 211

d. its main kation is K+

Answer 212

e. volume of ICF can be tested by intravenous infusion of insulin

Answer 213

a. hypertonic solution used for counting of leukocytes dilutes blood

Answer 214

b. counting of leukocytes requires previous hemolysis of erythrocytes

Answer 215

d. fluid usually used for assessment of WBC shrinks erythrocytes

Answer 216

e. fluid usually used for assessment of WBC stains organelles of leukocytes

Answer 217

a. Agglutinins are present in plasma of adults

Answer 218

b. Agglutinins are inherited proteins located on membranes of erythrocytes

Answer 219

c. Agglutinogens are present in plasma of neonates (newborns)

Answer 220

d. Antigens of the AB0 are found in various tissues

Answer 221

a. in effect of action of strong inorganic acids in organic solvents

Answer 222

b. in temperature higher than 60 °C

Answer 223

c. in 5% solution of Glucose -

Answer 224

d. in distilled water

Answer 225

e. in 0,6 saline

Answer 226

a. these cells play role in cellular immunity

Answer 227

b. they mediate humoral immunity

Answer 228

c. they develop entirely in bone marrow

Answer 229

d. in effect of antigenic stimulation they form plasma cells which secrete immunoglobulins

Answer 230

a. chemotaxis

Answer 231

b. rolling

Answer 232

c. diapedesis

Answer 233

d. adhesion

Answer 234

Isovolemia

Answer 235

a. it depends on the ability of the molecule to dissolve in lipids

Answer 236

b. it depends on the chemical gradient

Answer 237

c. its rate of diffusion is directly proportional to surface area and inversely proportional to molecular size and thickness of membrane

Answer 238

d. requires special carrier proteins

Answer 239

a. Factor 2 (Prothrombin)

Answer 240

b. Fibrinogen

Answer 241

c. Factors 4,5,8,13

Answer 242

d. Factor 8 (fibrin stabilizing factor)

Answer 243

e. high molecular weight kininogen (HmWK)

Answer 244

a. is prolonged in treatment with antivitamin K (and diseases of liver)

Answer 245

b. depends on processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

Answer 246

c. depends on processes of extrinsic pathway

Answer 247

d. depends on platelets count (number of platelets)

Answer 248

e. depends on state of vascular endothelium

Answer 249

a. decreasing PO2 in plasma (hypoxia)

Answer 250

b. decreasing PH in Plasma (acidosis)

Answer 251

c. decreasing PCO2 in plasma

Answer 252

d. decrease in temperature

Answer 253

e. increasing PH in plasma (alkalosis)

Answer 254

a. a glycoprotein which controls production of erythrocytes

Answer 255

b. it is made mostly in liver

Answer 256

c. hypoxia is the main stimulus for EPO release

Answer 257

d. Adenosine antagonist stimulates secretion of EPO

Answer 258

a. Angiotensin AT1 – receptor is coupled with phospholipase C

Answer 259

b. Receptors coupled with Gs protein activate phosphodiesterase (PDE)

Answer 260

c. Epinephrine produces its intracellular effect decreasing of adenylyl cyclase

Answer 261

d. receptors for thyroid hormones are placed in plasma membrane

Answer 262

e. receptors for sex hormones possess DNA binding domains, there are transcription factors

Answer 263

a. Muscarinic receptor

Answer 264

b. Glycine receptor

Answer 265

c. Nicotinic receptor -

Answer 266

d. GABA-A receptor

Answer 267

e. Receptor with tyrosine kinase activity

Answer 268

a. acts through receptor related to Janus kinase

Answer 269

b. Is a water soluble amine hormone

Answer 270

c. is intensively liberated during NREM sleep

Answer 271

d. Elevates plasma level of glucose

Answer 272

e. is liberated from posterior pituitary gland

Answer 273

a. produces contractions of myoepithelial cells of female breast

Answer 274

b. increases secretion of prolactin

Answer 275

c. secretion is elevated by the progesterone

Answer 276

d. Is produced in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Answer 277

e. Decreases contraction in vas deferens in males

Answer 278

a. It maintains proper functioning of neurons and myocytes

Answer 279

b. It maintains proper functioning of membranes (trans-membrane transport)

Answer 280

c. It is factor II of coagulation, supporting proper coagulation process

Answer 281

d. It binds hemoglobin, reducing hemoglobin affinity to oxygen

Answer 282

a. movement/passage of blood cells, especially leukocytes, via intact capillary wall into interstitial space inflamed area

Answer 283

b. it is the movement of neutrophils and macrophages toward the source of some particular chemical substance.

Answer 284

c. It is a process which Is performed down concentration gradient of a chemotactic substance

Answer 285

d. It may be caused by the bacterial and viral toxins, degenerative products of the inflamed tissues and lymphokines.

Answer 286

a. produces contractions of myoepithelial cells of the female breast

Answer 287

b. is produced in the medulla oblongata

Answer 288

c. is liberated in effect of stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the uterine cervix

Answer 289

d. Produces relaxation of smooth muscle cells of most of vessels

Answer 290

a. Vasopressin, Calcitonin

Answer 291

b. GH, TSH

Answer 292

c. TRH,PIH parathyroid hormone

Answer 293

d. Prolactin, gonadotropins

Answer 294

a. N-Cholinergic receptor

Answer 295

b. Acetylcholine receptor

Answer 296

c. B-Adrenergic receptor

Answer 297

d. Folds of cardiac membrane

Answer 298

a. GnRH liberated from hypothalamus

Answer 299

b. Hyperglycemia

Answer 300

c. Decreased concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in plasma

Answer 301

d. Physical exercise

Answer 302

a. Stimulated synthesis of calcitonin in intestine -

Answer 303

b. increases number and activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Answer 304

c. ---ocytes, it up-regulates activity of cytosolic enzymes of and increases concentration of calcium binding…rising absorption of calcium ion from the lumen of intestine

Answer 305

d. Increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate in kidney

Answer 306

a. It is proportionate to plasma concentration of globulins

Answer 307

b. It should not exceed 15 mm/h in healthy adults. It is much higher in infectious diseases and cancer

Answer 308

c. It is a ratio of volume of all erythrocytes to the volume of whole blood

Answer 309

d. It decreases after heavy meals and physical exercise

Answer 310

a. Only 5-7% of CO2 is transported in dissolved form in blood

Answer 311

b. More than 70% of CO2 is converted in bicarbonate in plasma of blood

Answer 312

c. Bicarbonate is formed from carbonic acid. Reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase of erythrocytes

Answer 313

d. Part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin, forming carboxy- and methemoglobin

Answer 314

e. Carbaminohemoglobin is an example of reduced hemoglobin of red-brown colour

Answer 315

a. Hemorrhage

Answer 316

c. Dehydration

Answer 317

d. Repetitive exercise

Answer 318

a. They have gene/genes coding for the sequence amino acids of fucosyltransferase

Answer 319

b. They have no antigens on membranes of erythrocytes

Answer 320

c. Both anti-A and anti-B immunoglobulins are synthesized after exposition to those antigens

Answer 321

d. Both anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins are present in their plasma since their birth

Answer 322

a. It is prolonged in people treated with heparin (afibrinogenemia, factors 2,5,9,10,11,12)

Answer 323

b. It depends in the number of platelets

Answer 324

c. It tests processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

Answer 325

d. It depends on the state of the vascular wall

Answer 326

a. Depend on the equilibrium between plasma coagulation proteins and blood vessel

Answer 327

b. It tested by clotting time and APTT

Answer 328

c. Is tested by bleeding time

Answer 329

d. Is prolonged in individuals treated with inhibitors of cyclooxygenases (aspirin)

Answer 330

A. Increased Osmotic Pressure, Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Answer 331

B. Increased Blood Volume

Answer 332

C. Decreased Osmotic Pressure, Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Answer 333

D. Decreased Blood Volume

Answer 334

E. Increased Blood Pressure

Answer 335

a. increased arterial pressure

Answer 336

b. hypoperfusion of kidney

Answer 337

c. decreased Nacl in the area of the macula densa

Answer 338

d. Activation of sympathetic system

Answer 339

a. It produces hemolysis of erythrocytes.

Answer 340

b. It shrinks erythrocytes

Answer 341

c. It stains organelles of leukocytes.

Answer 342

d. It stains erythrocytes.

Answer 343

e. It dilutes blood.

Answer 344

a. Low plasma level of magnesium.

Answer 345

b. High plasma level of calcium

Answer 346

c. High plasma level of calcium. And H^+

Answer 347

d. Acidosis (low pH)

Answer 348

e. Alkalosis (high pH)

Answer 349

b. Calcitonin.

Answer 350

c. Glucocorticoids

Answer 351

d. Vitamin 1,25 (OH)2 D3 + thyroid hormones, GH

Answer 352

a. Carbaminians and carbaminohemoglobin.

Answer 353

b. Dissolved state.

Answer 354

c. Bicarbonate.

Answer 355

d. Carboxyhemoglobin

Answer 356

a) Is a part of the blood volume that is occupied by erythrocytes

Answer 357

b) Increases with increasing concentration of plasma globulins. (ratio of albumin/globulin)

Answer 358

c) Is proportionate to RBC (number of erythrocytes in blood)

Answer 359

d) Increases with decreasing volume of erythrocytes (MCV).

Answer 360

a) Agglutinin are inherited proteins located on membranes of erythrocytes.

Answer 361

b) Agglutinins are present in plasma of neonates (newborn)

Answer 362

c) Antigens are found in various tissues in addition to blood.

Answer 363

d) Agglutinins are present in plasma of adults.

Answer 364

a. Antigens H are present on erythrocytes.

Answer 365

b. Antigens A are present on erythrocytes.

Answer 366

c). Antigens B are present on erythrocytes.

Answer 367

d) Both anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinines are present in plasma.

Answer 368

a) D antigen is the most antigenic (strongest) component of the system.

Answer 369

b) D antigen is the only antigen of the system

Answer 370

c) Antigens are proteins located only on membranes of erythrocytes.

Answer 371

d) Agglutinogens are synthesized in Rh-positive individuals after exposure to Rh-negative blood.

Answer 372

They are found on all nucleated cells, dendritic, macrophages, b-lymphocytes

Answer 373

b) They are found on antigen presenting cells

Answer 374

c) They are bound by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Answer 375

d) They are bound by helper T-lymphocytes

Answer 376

a) Damage of the cellular membrane followed by cellular lysis.

Answer 377

b) Increase of the vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

Answer 378

c) Chemotaxis and chemokinesis of the macrophages and neutrophils.

Answer 379

d) Phagocytosis performed by NK-cells

Answer 380

e) Degranulation of mast cells and basophils

Answer 381

f) Opsonization (facilitate phagocytosis)

Answer 382

a) Lymphocytes

Answer 383

b) Neutrophils

Answer 384

c) Basophils

Answer 385

d) Eosinophils

Answer 386

e) Megakarocytes

Answer 387

a) Invasion of a pathogen and development of the disease

Answer 388

b) Vaccination with separated antigens of microbes

Answer 389

c) Passage of maternal immunoglobulins through placenta, with milk or colostrum

Answer 390

d) Parenteral administration of the ready-made immunoglobulins

Answer 391

a. Plasma coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X, C-protein, S protein

Answer 392

b. Plasma coagulation factors I, V, VIII, XIII

Answer 393

c. HMWK, prekallikrein

Answer 394

d. Plasma coagulation factors XI, XII

Answer 395

a. Activation of plasma coagulation factors X, II and I

Answer 396

b. Agglutination and coagulation of platelets

Answer 397

c. Contraction of the damaged vessel

Answer 398

d. Adhesion, activation, aggregation and granulation of platelets

Answer 399

a. Begins with exposure of collagen + activation of factor XII of coagulation

Answer 400

b. Begins with liberation of tissue thromboplastin (tissue factor)

Answer 401

c. Runs faster than intrinsic pathway

Answer 402

d. Requires calcium ions

Answer 403

a. They inhibit penetration of plasma proteins and inflammatory mediators through the vessel wall

Answer 404

b. They decrease the number of basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes

Answer 405

c. They decrease the number of neutrophils

Answer 406

d. All answers are wrong.

Answer 407

a. It is a stem cell homing factors involved in the movement of hematopoietic cells from........... hematopoiesis) -

Answer 408

b. It is a hematopoietic factor that acts at different stages of stem cell differentiation

Answer 409

c. This protein mostly regulates proliferation of stem and progenitor cells during.....??!

Answer 410

d. This factor enables the homing of transfused stem cells in the bone marrow..

Answer 411

e. Specifically interacts with superficial stem cell receptor – CXCRA

Answer 412

b. Calcitonin

Answer 413

c. Glucocorticoid Steroids

Answer 414

c. Glucocorticoid Steroids.

Answer 415

d. Vitamin 1,25 (OH)2 D3 + thyroid hormones, GH

Answer 416

a. Low plasma level of potassium

Answer 417

b. High plasma level of potassium.

Answer 418

c. High plasma level of HCO3^-

Answer 419

d. Acidosis

Answer 420

e) High plasma level of HPO4^-.

Answer 421

a. After natural invasion of a pathogen and development of the response

Answer 422

b. Vaccination with separated antigens of microbes

Answer 423

c. Parenteral administration of ready-made immunoglobulins

Answer 424

d. Passage of maternal immunoglobulins via placenta, with milk or colostrum

Answer 425

a. It produces hemolysis of erythrocytes.

Answer 426

b. It shrinks erythrocytes.

Answer 427

c. It stains organelles of leukocytes

Answer 428

d. It stains erythrocytes.

Answer 429

e. It dilutes blood.

Answer 430

a. Water characterises with extremely high specific heat

Answer 431

b. It is a natural solvent and environment for all physiological and chemical processes occurring in human organism

Answer 432

c. Aldosterone directly increases water reabsorption in collecting duct

Answer 433

d. Main cation of intracellular water compartment is magnesium, main anion dicarbonate

Answer 434

a. Its volume can’t be assessed by intravenous injection of inulin or other colloid molecule -

Answer 435

b. Majority of water of TBW fills extracellular compartment of organism

Answer 436

c. It is usually 60% of the body weight of the young adult human and it tends to decrease with age

Answer 437

d. Water can easily pass through cellular membrane via common to all cells water channel – aquaporin AQP1

Answer 438

a. GnRH liberated from hypothalamus

Answer 439

b. Hyperglycemia

Answer 440

c. Decreased concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in plasma (Hypoglycemia)

Answer 441

d. Physical exercise - sleep, Dopamines

Answer 442

a. Peptide hormone synthesized in anterior pituitary gland

Answer 443

b. Its liberation is inhibited by stimulation of mechanoreceptors located in cervix of the uterus

Answer 444

c. Responsible for milk ejection in effect of contraction of myoepithelial cells

Answer 445

d. Produces contraction of smooth muscle cells of the pregnant and non-pregnant uterus

Answer 446

a. Affinity is inversely proportional to pH

Answer 447

b. Affinity is proportionate to the body temperature

Answer 448

c. Product of glycolysis in erythrocytes – 2,3 BPG decreases affinity of hemoglobulin for oxygen

Answer 449

d. High partial pressure of carbon dioxide – pCO2in plasma decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Answer 450

a. It is proportionate to plasma concentration of globulins

Answer 451

b. It should not exceed 15 mm/h in healthy adults. It is much higher in infectious diseases and cancer

Answer 452

c. It is a ratio of volume of all erythrocytes to the volume of the whole blood

Answer 453

d. It decreases after heavy meals and physical exercise

Answer 454

a. Only 5-7% of CO2 is transported in dissolved from in blood

Answer 455

b. More than 70% of CO2 is converted in bicarbonate in plasma of blood

Answer 456

c. Bicarbonate is formed from carbonic acid. Reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase of erythrocytes

Answer 457

d. Part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin, forming carboxy- and methemoglobin

Answer 458

e. Carbaminohemoglobin is an example of reduced hemoglobin of red-brown colour

Answer 459

a. Hemorrhage (rapid loss of blood cells)

Answer 460

b. Anemia (loss of RBC)

Answer 461

c. Dehydration

Answer 462

d. Repetitive exercise

Answer 463

a. They have gene/genes coding for the sequence amino acids of fucosyl-transferase

Answer 464

b. They have no antigens on membranes of erythrocytes -

Answer 465

c. Both anti-A and anti-B immunoglobulins are synthesized after exposition to those antigens

Answer 466

d. Both anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins are present in their plasma since their birth

Answer 467

a. Hypertonic solution of glucose

Answer 468

b. Organic solvents (soap, detergents, etc)

Answer 469

c. Distilled water

Answer 470

d. Hypertonic solution of sodium chloride

Answer 471

b. Hypobilirubinemia

Answer 472

c. Decreased production of EPO

Answer 473

a. They are mediators of humoral immunity

Answer 474

b. They are formed mainly in thymus

Answer 475

c. In effect of antigenic stimulation they form plasma cells which secrete immunoglobulins

Answer 476

d. They mediate cellular immunity

Answer 477

a) It maintains proper functioning of neurons and myocytes.

Answer 478

b) It maintains proper functioning of the cellular membranes (trans-membrane transport)

Answer 479

c) It is factor IV of coagulation supporting proper coagulation process.

Answer 480

d) It binds hemoglobin reducing hemoglobin affinity to oxygen.

Answer 481

a) Is a part of blood volume that is occupied by erythrocytes

Answer 482

b) Is significantly lower in individuals treated with aspirin

Answer 483

c) Is inversely proportional to RBC (number of erythrocytes in blood).

Answer 484

d) Is proportionate to the volume of erythrocytes (MCV).

Answer 485

a) Low plasma calcium level

Answer 486

b) High plasma calcium level

Answer 487

c) Low plasma phosphate level

Answer 488

d) High plasma phosphate level

Answer 489

e) Increased excretion of calcium and phosphate through kidneys

Answer 490

f) Decreased excretion of calcium and phosphate through kidneys

Answer 491

a) It increases reabsorption of Ca 2, from intestines

Answer 492

b) It decreases reabsorption of Ca 2, from intestines

Answer 493

c) It increases reabsorption of Ca 2, from the nephron tubule

Answer 494

d) It decreases reabsorption of Ca 2, from the nephron tubule

Answer 495

a) Against antigens of Rh system develop in childhood

Answer 496

b) In ABO system are mainly of IgM class.

Answer 497

c) In ABO system are inborn

Answer 498

d) In ABO system are synthesized after immunization with antigens A and B commonly present in environment.

Answer 499

a. 0,5% NaCl

Answer 500

a. 0,9% NaCl

Answer 501

c. Hypertonic (hyperosmotic) solution

Answer 502

d. distilled water

Answer 503

e. soaps and detergents

Answer 504

a. Concentration of the Na = ion range 135-145 mEq/L

Answer 505

b. Concentration of the Cl- range 3,5-5 mEq/ L

Answer 506

c. Most of water of ECF is located in plasma of blood. Volume of ECF is approximately 5,0

Answer 507

d. Concentration of proteins in interstitial fluid is lower than plasma of blood

Answer 508

a. 35% of caucasians and most africans are Rh negative

Answer 509

b. The indirect antiglobulin test is used to detect immunoglobulins coating / binding erythrocytes

Answer 510

c. Blood type B has gene coding for the sequence of amino acid of the B- antigen of their erythrocytes

Answer 511

d. humans with type 0 in ABO system possess antigen H located in membranes of their erythrocytes

Answer 512

e. the maximum concentration of immunoglobulins in ABO system is observed at birth -

Answer 513

a. it stimulates synthesis of calcium binding protein (CBP) in intestines

Answer 514

b. its final active form is produced by the enzymatic process of 25- hydroxylation in liver

Answer 515

c. its final active form is produced by the enzymatic process of 1 alpha- hydroxylation in kidneys

Answer 516

d. it originates from 7- dehydroaldosterone treated with ultraviolet rays in skin

Answer 517

a. it can easily produce aggregation of erythrocytes in environment of own plasma

Answer 518

b. it has two antigen- binding sites

Answer 519

c. it is a memory immunoglobulin

Answer 520

d. it is not able to cross blood - placenta barrier

Answer 521

e. it can bind complement

Answer 522

f. it is commonly found in fetal blood: it is called natural or inborn immunoglobulin

Answer 523

a. 0,6% saline

Answer 524

b. detergents

Answer 525

c. hypertonic glucose solution

Answer 526

d. hypertonic sodium solution

Answer 527

c. ryanodine

Answer 528

a. Induces cell membrane Lysis via membrane Attack complex (MAC)

Answer 529

b. Induced by IgG

Answer 530

c. Leads to faster phagocytosis by macrophages

Answer 531

d. Increase vascular permeability

Answer 532

e. C5a leads to increased Chemotaxis

Answer 533

a. In high pH (alkalosis)

Answer 534

b. In temperature higher than 60°C.

Answer 535

c. In 5.0% solution of glucose

Answer 536

d. In distilled water.

Answer 537

e. In 0.2% saline

Answer 538

a. N-acetylogalatktoaminyl transferase catalyzing attachment of N-acetylogalactotiamine to H antigen

Answer 539

b. D-galactosyl transferase catalyzing attachment of isomaltose to H antigen

Answer 540

c. Fucose transferase catalyzing attachment of fucose to H antigen

Answer 541

d. D-galactose transferase catalyzes attachment of D galactose to D antigen

Answer 542

e. all ansers are incorrect

	Created by Rani Ravnsfjall about 3 years ago

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