Question 1
Question
According to WHO, for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, based on the measurement of bone density is:
Answer
-
2.5 SDs or more below the young adult peak bone density and a fracture
-
2.5 SDs or more below the young adult peak bone density
-
More than 1 SD but less than 2.5 SDs below the young adult peak bone density
-
Not more than 1 SD below the young adult peak bone density
Question 2
Question
What is the most common technique that is used to measure BMD?
Question 3
Question
What is the most common osteoporotic fracture?
Question 4
Question
In bone densitometry, what is the primary responsibility of the technologist?
Answer
-
beam collimation
-
distance
-
shielding
-
time
Question 5
Question
Which of the following is considered an uncontrollable risk factor for osteoporosis?
Answer
-
exercise
-
lifestyle choices
-
smoking
-
race
Question 6
Question
Which of the following measures more trabecular bone?
Answer
-
PA spine
-
Lateral spine
-
QCT spine
-
VFA
Question 7
Question
Primary osteoporosis Type 1, is related to
Answer
-
aging
-
disease
-
medication
-
menopause
Question 8
Question
Identify the incorrect statement from the following:
Answer
-
Caucasian and Asians are at an increase risk of developing osteoporosis compared to other ethnic groups
-
most obese patients are at an increase risk of developing osteoporosis
-
women are at an increase risk of developing osteoporosis compared to men because they achieve a lower peak bone mass and go through menopause
-
smoking is a recognized risk factor for the development of osteoporosis
Question 9
Question
Cancellous bone is also known as :
Answer
-
compact bone
-
cortical bone
-
trabecular bone
-
osteophyte
Question 10
Question
New bone matrix is formed by:
Answer
-
osteoblasts
-
osteoclasts
-
cortical bone
-
cancellous bone
Question 11
Question
What percentage of trabecular bone is found in the PA spine?
Question 12
Question
Currently, the most accurate method to determine a patient’s response to therapy form osteoporosis is:
Answer
-
serial DXA measurements of the forearm
-
serial DXA measurements of the hip and spine
-
serial QUS measurements of the calcareous
-
Serial QCT measurements of the spine
Question 13
Question
Which of the following does not help in achieving peak bone mass?
Question 14
Question
Which of the following statement is false concerning QUS advantages over x-ray base methodologies for BMD measurements?
Answer
-
QUS units are comparatively inexpensive
-
the patients heel must be immersed in liquid during the procedure
-
patients are not subjected to ionizing radiation
-
ultrasound examinations are quick to perform
Question 15
Question
which of following site is mostly composed of cortical bone
Answer
-
distal forearm
-
femoral neck
-
proximal forearm
-
vertebral bodies
Question 16
Question
What is the anatomical landmark on the proximal femur that indicates the best visual indication of the degree of rotation of the proximal femur?
Answer
-
femoral head
-
femoral shaft
-
greater trochanter
-
lesser trochanter
Question 17
Question
Which lumbar vertebra is described as having a characteristic shape of an X or H on a DXA PA spine scan?
Question 18
Question
What is the name of the radionuclitide used in DPA?
Answer
-
Americium- 241
-
Gadolinium-153
-
Iodine‘-125
-
Technetium-99
Question 19
Question
The forearm is not used to monitor the effects of therapy for osteoporosis because
Question 20
Question
Which of the following is not a bisphosphonate?
Answer
-
alendronate
-
etodronate
-
foiteo
-
zoledronic acid
Question 21
Question
The primary mechanism of action of anti-resorptive therapies is the result of direct interaction with:
Answer
-
the bone lining cells
-
the osteoblasts
-
the osteoclasts
-
the osteocytes
Question 22
Question
The WHO criteria for diagnosing osteoporosis was initially defined to apply to
Question 23
Question
The measurement of peripheral BMD is advocated for
Question 24
Question
The PA spine mostly measures the:
Answer
-
posterior elements
-
vertebral bodies
-
transverse processes
-
pedicle
Question 25
Question
Which of the following statement about QCT measurements of bone density of the spine is not
True?
Answer
-
the measurements are volumetric rather than areal measurements of bone density
-
accuracy may be affected by marrow fat
-
results are usually reported in g/cm squared
-
trabecular bone can be isolated from cortical bone
Question 26
Question
ln order to do a compare analysis:
Answer
-
the patient must have a previous scan done on the same mode/speed
-
you must retrieve the baseline scan(s)
-
patient positioning must be consistent
-
all of the above
Question 27
Question
How many degrees should you rotate the femur when positioning for a proximal femur scan?
Answer
-
10 -15 degrees
-
15-25 degrees
-
20-25 degrees
-
25-30 degrees
Question 28
Question
When should Z-scores be used to make a diagnosis, instead of T-scores?
Question 29
Question
Which of the following bone parameters is measured in grams?
Answer
-
area
-
bone mineral content
-
bone mineral density
-
total
Question 30
Question
Which lumbar vertebra has the widest transverse process?
Question 31
Question
The region of the proximal femur lying on the border of the femoral neck is termed:
Answer
-
lesser trochanter
-
femoral head
-
hip axis length
-
ward's area
Question 32
Question
What is important for serial monitoring?
Question 33
Question
If the daily QC fails, (in the United States) what should be your first step of action?
Question 34
Question
With changes in rotation of the femoral neck what happens?
Answer
-
decrease in the BMC
-
decrease in the BMD
-
increase in the BMD
-
increase ROI
Question 35
Question
Which of the following would best describe low bone mass due to menopause?
Question 36
Question
According to WHO, if a healthy female age 36 (female with no known medical condition present, all body parts working perfecting) has a T-score of 1 6 SD how would she be diagnosed?
Answer
-
normal
-
osteopenia
-
osteoporosis
-
none of the above
Question 37
Question
Which of the following term best describes the sum of data values divided by the number of values?
Answer
-
the mean
-
the standard deviation
-
the variance
-
the coefficient
Question 38
Question
How many decimal places to the right of the decimal point is used in reporting the T-scores?
Question 39
Question
At low energies the majority of x-ray interactions are:
Answer
-
Compton scattering
-
photoelectric
-
photodisintegration
-
pair production
Question 40
Question
What concept should always guide radiation protection effects?
Answer
-
time
-
distance
-
shielding
-
ALARA
Question 41
Question
If a patient has a history of hyper-parathyroidism, which of the following would be the preferred site to evaluate ?
Answer
-
proximal femur
-
spine
-
ultradistal
-
33% or 1/3 forearm
Question 42
Question
Which of the following classes of cells are involved in bone remodeling?
Answer
-
osteoblasts
-
osteoclasts
-
osteocytes
-
a and b
-
all of the above
Question 43
Question
Which of the following has the highest percentage of cortical bone?
Answer
-
femoral neck
-
fingers
-
whole body
-
33% radius
Question 44
Question
Which of the following bone parameters is measured in grams per centimeter squared?
Question 45
Question
What is the percentage of trabecular bone in the skeleton?
Question 46
Question
How would start labeling the vertebral bodies on a PA lumbar scan?
Answer
-
Let the software do it all!
-
start at L1, and count/label down
-
start at L4, and count/label up
Question 47
Question
What is the major source of precision error in clinical practice?
Answer
-
equipment
-
physician
-
technologist
-
receptionist
Question 48
Question
Which of the following is correct?
Answer
-
BMD=BMC/Area
-
BMD=BMCxArea
Question 49
Question
During analyzes of the lumbar spine, what would help you identify the vertebral bodies?
Question 50
Question
A great forearm scan should include all of the following except:
Answer
-
forearm centered
-
forearm straight
-
free of artifacts
-
motion
Question 51
Question
Sunlight is the main source of vitamin:
Question 52
Question
Bisphosphonates prevent bone loss by:
Answer
-
reducing the activity of the osteoclasts
-
increasing the activity of the osteoblasts
-
increasing the activity of the osteoclasts
Question 53
Question
DXA results may be influenced by:
Answer
-
body thickness
-
degenerative changes
-
fractures
-
scan mode
-
all of the above
Question 54
Question
Which of the following would best describe the effective dose for a central DXA scan?
Answer
-
one-tenth of a chest x-ray
-
less than a day of background radiation
-
less than a round trip from Boston to LA
-
all of the above
Question 55
Question
When measuring the proximal femur, which of the following statements is true?
Answer
-
the neck ROI includes any portion of the greater trochanter
-
the neck ROI is perpendicular to the femoral neck
-
the neck ROI includes both ends in bone
-
I need to read the manual!!
Question 56
Question
Which of the following statements is true regarding DXA?
Answer
-
DXA has been widely studied and requires a radioactive source
-
DXA is faster than DPA but is not as precise
-
DXA can only predict fracture risk of the hip and spine
-
DXA can be used to predict fracture risk and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment
Question 57
Question
How often should you perform the QA on the DXA unit?
Question 58
Question
Why is the non-dominant arm used in bone densitometry?
Answer
-
easier for the patient
-
easier for the technologist
-
its density values will be greater than that of the dominant arm
-
reference values reflect non-dominant arm measurements
Question 59
Question
If a patients BMC is 60.58 and the area is 61.60 what is her BMD?
Question 60
Question
All of the following are true, except:
Answer
-
accuracy is the ability to measure true value
-
accuracy is most important for diagnosis, less important for serial monitoring
-
accuracy is affected by the technologist
-
accuracy is affected by the technology
Question 61
Question
What is the distance a technologist should be away from the edge of the DXA table with a pencil beam scanner?
Answer
-
2 feet
-
3 feet
-
4 feet
-
10 feet
Question 62
Question
What is the most common osteoporotic fracture?
Question 63
Question
Two bones with the same volumetric densities may have different densities when measured with DXA because:
Answer
-
poor precision
-
poor accuracy
-
differ in size
-
degenerative changes
Question 64
Question
Regarding the Shewart Rules, the control limits are based on what percentage of the average values?
Question 65
Question
All follow-up DXA scans should be compared to:
Answer
-
any prior scan
-
the most recent scan
-
the baseline scan
-
Operator’s choice!
Question 66
Question
With DXA, regarding the PA spine, which vertebra is expected to have the lowest bone mineral density?
Question 67
Question
A DXA scanner that uses a single detector and a pinhole collimator is:
Answer
-
a fan beam scanner
-
a pencil beam scanner
-
an aerial beam scanner
Question 68
Question
The characteristic shapes of the vertebrae seen on the spine DXA image are primarily based on the appearance of the:
Question 69
Question
When scanning the proximal femur, what is the anatomical landmark to look at if you have correct rotation?
Answer
-
the femoral head
-
the greater trochanter
-
the lesser trochanter
-
the ischium
Question 70
Question
To determine the least significant change at 95% confidence level (for baseline and one follow-up scan), what is the "number" which the precision error is multiplied to determine the least significant change?
Question 71
Question
A technologist should perform a precision study in order to:
Answer
-
quantify the shifts and drifts(QA)
-
calculate the LSC
-
To see how great you are!
-
To see how great your doc is doing!
Question 72
Question
How many places to the right of the decimal point is used in reporting BMD?
Question 73
Question
The name of the forearm sites is based on what?
Answer
-
the location of the site on the bone in relationship to the overall length of the radius
-
the location of the site on the bone in relationship to the overall length of the ulna
-
% of cortical bone found at that site
-
% of trabecular bone found at that site
Question 74
Question
What skeletal site may be preferred for assessing early menopause or following oophorectomy?
Answer
-
Calcaneus
-
Forearm
-
Hip
-
spine
Question 75
Question
When analyzing the PA spine, which of the following is a "no can do?
Answer
-
Spine straight and centered within the ROI
-
The top line of the ROI positioned between T12 and L1
-
The bottom of the line of the ROI positioned between L4 and L5
-
Width is operator’s choice
Question 76
Question
If you are very fortunate, and you get a new DXA unit, what must be performed in order to do compare studies?
Answer
-
establish QC program
-
cross-calibration
Question 77
Question
All of the following are examples of weight-bearing exercise except:
Answer
-
running
-
dancing
-
racket sports
-
lap swimming
Question 78
Question
What type of bone with long term use of steroids affect?
Answer
-
trabecular
-
cancellous
-
Cortical
-
Compact
-
a and b
-
b and c
-
c and d
Question 79
Question
If a patient has had an Iaminectomy, how would that affect the results?
Answer
-
increase BMD
-
decrease BMD
-
nothing at all
Question 80
Question
What are the two most common methods for shifting the energies in DXA units?
Answer
-
energy switching
-
K-edge filtration
-
Compton effect
-
photoelectric effect
Question 81
Question
Why do you use a leg block, when performing a PA spine DXA scan? Select all that appy.
Question 82
Question
What is the term often used to express the precision of the DXA unit?
Answer
-
mean
-
standard deviation
-
linear regression
Question 83
Question
Why do you use a “hip positioner", during scanning of the proximal femur?
Answer
-
to place the femoral neck parallel to the tabletop
-
to place the ward's area in the correct location
-
to obtain the total hip results
-
because you have it!
Question 84
Question
lf a patients is found to have coins in their pocket while obtaining the proximal femur what should you do.
Question 85
Question
A patient with an elevated alkaline phosphatase may be an indicator of
Answer
-
osteoporosis
-
osteomalacia
-
osteopetrosis
-
Pagets
Question 86
Question
What is the percentage of cortical bone (compact bone) in the skeleton?
Question 87
Question
What angle should the patient's leg be positioned on the leg block for the PA spine?
Answer
-
30-60 degrees
-
40-60 degrees
-
60-80 degrees
-
60-90 degrees
Question 88
Question
What year was the Bone Mass Measurement Act proposed?
Question 89
Question
What pharmaceutical may be suggested for a woman with high risk of breast cancer and elevated lipids?
Answer
-
Actonel
-
Evista
-
Fosamax
-
Prolia
Question 90
Question
In bone densitometry, what describes the ability to reproduce the measurement when it is performed under identical conditions?
Answer
-
absolute risk
-
accuracy
-
precision
-
relative risk
Question 91
Question
Decide which of the following is the most important factor to consider when performing a DXA scan?
Answer
-
make sure pt is comfortable
-
make sure patient removes items that may attenuate the beam
-
make sure patient is NPO
-
make sure that you have the correct patient!
Question 92
Question
How can a patient be deprived of vitamin D?
Question 93
Question
Which of the following calcium supplements should be the choice for women who are at risk of kidney stone formation?
Answer
-
calcium carbonate
-
calcium citrate
-
calcium gluconate
-
calcium lactate
Question 94
Question
The correct way to measure radiation dose is as effective dose, expressed as:
Question 95
Question
All of the following are risk factors for 733 except:
Question 96
Question
QUS what is the gold standard to measure bone density?
Question 97
Question
Cortical bone makes up what?
Question 98
Question
All of the following are correct except:
Answer
-
osteoporosis is usually asymptomatic
-
back pain and height loss may be the first signs of osteoporosis
-
kyphosis is common in patients with osteoporosis
-
African Americans are at higher risk to develop osteoporotic in comparison to Asians
Question 99
Question
What are the four classifications that apply to the heel?
Answer
-
appendicular, predominately trabecular and weight-bearing
-
axial, peripheral, predominantly cortical and non weight-bearing
Question 100
Question
Secondary osteoporosis is defined as:
Answer
-
bone loss caused by factors other than estrogen deficiency
-
bone loss caused by factors other than aging
-
bone loss caused by factors other than estrogen deficiency and aging
-
none of the above
Question 101
Question
The forearm, pelvis, and scapula all belong to which skeletal classification?
Answer
-
appendicular
-
axial
-
central
-
weight-bearing
-
a and b
Question 102
Question
When there is an imbalance/uncoupling of the remodeling cycle, the result is
Answer
-
an increase in the calcium
-
a decrease in the resorption
-
a net gain in the bone mass
-
a net loss in the bone mass
Question 103
Question
During a DXA of the hip of a thin patient, a mottled or moth eaten appearance at the edge is seen, what may be helpful to correct this?
Question 104
Question
What is the bone edge detection methodology?
Answer
-
it tests the machine's ability to measure BMD
-
it tests the machine's ability to distinguish bone from soft tissue
-
it verifies the machine is calibrated correctly
Question 105
Question
What sites are preferred for children?
Question 106
Question
In making a diagnosis for children, what are some guidelines? Select all that apply.
Answer
-
Z--scores are used
-
low for age is preferred over the term osteopenia
-
pediatric software is highly recommended
-
osteoporosis can be made with a Z-score of -2.5 SD
Question 107
Question
What is the only anabolic pharmaceutical on the market for treatment of osteoporosis?
Answer
-
calcitonin
-
zoledronic acid
-
aloxifene
-
teriparatide
Question 108
Question
Although the technology is similar with all the DXA units, the BMD results are different because...select all that apply.
Answer
-
due to different calibration standards
-
algorithms to calculate BMD
-
differences in the region of interest
-
databases
-
All of the above
Question 109
Question
For low energies, the most common process of absorption is the:
Answer
-
Compton effect
-
pair production
-
photoelectric effect
-
photodisintegration
Question 110
Question
How many patients and how many times do you scan them in order to perform a precision study? Select all that apply.
Answer
-
10 patients 3 times
-
15 patients 3 times
-
20 patients 2 times
-
30 patients 2 times
Question 111
Question
Phantoms that mimic the shape and size of a skeletal region are called:
Answer
-
block phantom
-
brass phantom
-
anthromomorphic phantom
-
hydroxyaptite
Question 112
Question
If the QC graph shows a gradual decline in BMD overtime, what should you do?
Question 113
Question
Regarding bone densitometry, which of the following best describes accuracy?
Answer
-
the degree to which the measurement of BD reflects true value
-
the degree to which the QC reflects true value
-
the degree to which the %CV reflects true value
Question 114
Question
Which of the following are clinical signs and consequences of vertebral fractures? Select all that apply.
Answer
-
kyphosis
-
weight loss
-
reduced lung function
-
increase in height
Question 115
Question
All of the following are markers of bone formation, except?
Question 116
Question
Pencil beam DXA units usually have shorter scanning times and better resolution compared to fan beam units.
Question 117
Question
Quantitative ultrasonometry measures the broad band attenuation properties of bone.
Question 118
Question
The correct term for the scanning pattern of a pencil beam unit is rectilinear.
Question 119
Question
Archiving patient’s scans and running the system back-up are one in the same.
Question 120
Question
The weight Iimit for the DXA table is manufacturer specific?
Question 121
Question
When analyzing the proximal femur the box measuring the neck should include the greater trochanter.
Question 122
Question
In regards to the International society for Clinical Densitometry 2013 Official Positions, Osteoporosis cannot be diagnosed in men under the age 50 on the basis of BMD alone.
Question 123
Question
Cortical bone is also known as cancellous bone.
Question 124
Question
With fan beam scanners, scanning occurs point by point.
Question 125
Question
Discordance is a term that is rarely used in DXA.
Question 126
Question
The smaller the %CV, the better the accuracy and precision.
Question 127
Question
Rheumatoid arthritis can contribute to the development of osteoporosis.
Question 128
Question
Bone loss occurs when resorption exceeds formation.
Question 129
Question
T-scores are useful for the expression of relative risk.
Question 130
Question
T-scores should be used in serial monitoring.
Question 131
Question
Sievert refers to effective dose.
Question 132
Question
The measure of the variability or the spread of data around the mean is termed standard deviation.
Question 133
Question
Accuracy is most important for diagnosis, less important for serial monitoring.
Question 134
Question
The ultra distal part of the forearm is mostly trabecular bone.
Question 135
Question
With VFA, you are measuring the BMD L4 through T4.
Question 136
Question
Cortical bone is primarily affected with an estrogen deficient woman.
Question 137
Question
Precision is the ability to reproduce a measurement when performed under identical conditions.
Question 138
Question
When a patient comes back for a follow-up scan, it's no problem if you don't use the compare/copy function.
Question 139
Question
The Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2) method is often used to indicate bone age in children.
Question 140
Question
The T-score is the number of SDs an individual’s BMD is from the average BMD for sex-matched young normal peak bone mass.
Question 141
Question
Caucasians and Asians are at increased risk to developing osteoporosis compared to otherethnic groups.
Question 142
Question
Smoking is not recognized as a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis.
Question 143
Question
With fan beam scanners a solid state/multi element array detector system is used.
Question 144
Question
DXA BMD measures the amount of mineralized tissue in the area scanned. (g/cm3)
Question 145
Question
Accuracy indicates how close a measured value is to the actual value.