Hypertension PBL outcome questions

The secondary causes of hypertention are[blank_start]..[blank_end]?

The risk of hypertension include

The short term mechanism for decreasing blood pressure involves..

Regulation of [blank_start]blood vessel diameter[blank_end] is a short term mechanism to control changes in blood pressure. Rising blood pressure causes stretching of arterial walls which stimulates the [blank_start]baroreceptors[blank_end] in the [blank_start]carotid sinus[blank_end], [blank_start]aortic arch[blank_end] and other large arteries of the neck and thorax. Stimulation of baroreceptors [blank_start]increases[blank_end] impulses to the brain which in turn causes increased [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] activity in the heart via the [blank_start]vagus[blank_end] nerve and decreased [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] activity. This results in [blank_start]relaxation[blank_end] of vascular smooth muscle, increased arterial diameter and lower blood pressure. As well as a decrease in heart rate and cardiac output. In falling blood pressure, baroreceptors are [blank_start]inhibited[blank_end], [blank_start]decreasing[blank_end] impulses to the brain and [blank_start]decreasing[blank_end] parasympathetic activity, while [blank_start]increasing[blank_end] sympathetic activity to the heart, resulting in increased vasoconstriction and raised blood pressure.

Long term regulation of blood pressure is primarily accomplished by altering [blank_start]blood volume[blank_end] via the [blank_start]Renin-Angiotensin[blank_end] mechanism. [blank_start]Juxtaglomerular[blank_end] cells in the kidney monitor alterations in blood pressure. If blood pressure falls to low, these specialised cells release the enzyme [blank_start]renin[blank_end] into the bloodstream. Renin travels through the bloodstream and binds to inactive plasma protein, [blank_start]Angiotensinogen,[blank_end] activating it to Angiotensin I. As [blank_start]Angiotensin I[blank_end] passes through the [blank_start]lung[blank_end] capillaries and enzyme in the lungs called [blank_start]Angiotensin Converting Enzyme[blank_end], converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II continues through the blood stream until it reaches the [blank_start]adrenal glands[blank_end] where it stimulates cells in the [blank_start]adrenal cortex[blank_end] to release the hormone [blank_start]Aldosterone[blank_end]. When aldosterone reaches the kidneys it promotes [blank_start]increased[blank_end] reabsorption of sodium from the kidney tubules. As water follows sodium movement, water is also reabsorbed from the tubule lumen into the blood stream, thus increasing blood volume and therefore blood pressure. Angiotensin II also acts as a [blank_start]vasoconstrictor[blank_end] and therefore raises blood pressure in the body's arterioles.

Regulation of [blank_start]blood osmolarity[blank_end] is another way to regulate blood pressure with both long and short term effects. As increased osmolarity and thus [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] in blood volume is detected in the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end], it sends signals to the [blank_start]posterior pituitary[blank_end] to release [blank_start]antidiuretic hormone[blank_end]. ADH [blank_start]increases[blank_end] water reabsorption in the kidney by stimulating an increase in the number of water channels in the [blank_start]distal convoluted tubules[blank_end] and walls of the collecting ducts. These channels aid the movement of water [blank_start]back into[blank_end] the capillaries, [blank_start]decreasing[blank_end] the osmolarity of the blood volume and therefore decreasing blood pressure. In the short term, increased osmolarity excites the [blank_start]thirst centre[blank_end] of the hypothalamus and stimulates the individual to drink more water.

Use the image below to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension

The long term consequences of hypertension on the heart include ...

The long term consequences of hypertension to the brain include..

Long term concequences of hypertension to the Kidney and eye include

What are the predictors used in calculating cardiovascular disease risk[blank_start]?[blank_end]

Risk benefit of treating hypertension can be estimated simply by looking at?

Which drug is a beta blocker?

Which of these drugs does not cause hypokalaemia?

Which of these is the best choice for treating diabetic patients?

Which of these antihypertensive drugs is safe to use in pregnancy?

Which of these drugs is used to treat hypertension?