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Explanatory Talk

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social saved (Finished ) Quiz on Explanatory Talk, created by murat sertay on 15/08/2016.
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Question 1

Question
Attribution research aims to find out:
Answer
  • What causes specific behaviours
  • What causes specific ideologies
  • What causes society to develop a collective identity

Question 2

Question
According to the attribution theory, when real world events occur what are we, as individuals, likely to do first?
Image:
a71230f0-500b-45c7-97ed-f608e3a73077 (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Find out what caused it
  • Find out how it happened to begin with
  • Find out if society was to blame

Question 3

Question
Does research suggest that we are always rational in our decisions?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 4

Question
The general aggression model (Anderson & Bushman, 2002), suggests that our ________ affects how we decide to act in potentially aggressive situations.
Image:
11f068fc-3115-44c7-ad2c-a14a2530513a (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Arousal levels
  • Previous experiences
  • Mood

Question 5

Question
The rational choice theory states that we are always rational. Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 6

Question
Which way does the situation have to balance for us to act prosocially in situations that require it, according to Darley and Latané (1968)?
Answer
  • Pros outweigh cons
  • Cons outweigh pros
  • Neither, they can be balanced
  • They did not investigate this

Question 7

Question
Kelley's (1967) covariation model relies on three components. They are:
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66b57664-0b86-4e12-a56c-5053d63826b9 (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency
  • Consensus, disparity, and consistency
  • Covariation, distinctiveness, and consensus
  • None of the above

Question 8

Question
Kelley furthered his work on the covariation model with the configuration model (1972), citing that there need to be multiple [blank_start]sufficient[blank_end] and [blank_start]necessary[blank_end] causes when we attribute causality to behaviour in a situation.
Image:
3f9be96d-cd34-4fb2-8709-280e50e7124c (image/png)
Answer
  • sufficient
  • necessary

Question 9

Question
Internal attribution refers to when causality is:
Answer
  • Within the person themselves
  • Within the event itself
  • Within society itself

Question 10

Question
External attribution refers to when causality is:
Answer
  • Outside of the person themselves
  • Outside of the event itself
  • Outside of social circumstances

Question 11

Question
Where we attribute cause has ________ impact on how we respond to it. For example, if you had heard about a murder, how would you feel?
Answer
  • A major
  • Very little

Question 12

Question
One major criticism of Kelley's (1967) covariation model is that it is:
Answer
  • Overly scientific and analytical, not representative of casual thinking
  • Unable to casually explain the role of society
  • Outdated, and needs to be updated to reflect modern environmental factors

Question 13

Question
Actor-observer difference is when:
Image:
0edc4dc6-3188-43df-b640-cbf1097c0f3a (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Individuals overemphasize external factors and underemphasize internal factors
  • Individuals overemphasize internal factors and underemphasize external factors

Question 14

Question
Fundamental attribution error refers to:
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82e637a2-a541-4b76-abd1-0703d8c359b3 (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • An uncharacteristic overemphasis on internal factors
  • An uncharacteristic overemphasis on external factors

Question 15

Question
Internal/external distinction refers to whether or not a situation was in an individual's control. However, there are some questioning whether or not it is really relevant. They argue that:
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137c7eaa-883d-417f-8df4-408b44e3d3e3 (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • It's more about the responsibility of that person or situation, rather than the victim of it. The intention is more important
  • It's more about the self-victimisation aspect of the situation, than who is responsible for its causation
  • They did not argue any of it

Question 16

Question
An example of the validity of internal/external attribution is when someone turns up late. Would one care about where to locate the causation, or whether it was intentional of them to be late in the first place?
Image:
946dc407-f5fd-42e4-a0a1-aaf4bd125b9a (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Their intentions, and if they meant to be late
  • Where causation is localised

Question 17

Question
An issue with internal/external attribution is how they are:
Answer
  • Highly unrealistic
  • Incredibly outdated

Question 18

Question
Is internal-external attribution representative of everyday thinking?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 19

Question
Does internal-external attribution have significant ecological validity?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 20

Question
Are the experiments that seek to support attribution research realistic or unusual?
Answer
  • Very realistic
  • Highly unusual

Question 21

Question
Do findings from studies show experiment-specific effects (eg, Actor-Observer differences) where levels are changed if participants receive empathetic instructions (Regan & Totten, 1975)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 22

Question
Are the findings from attribution research culturally-specific or widely generalisable? For example, would attribution bias or self-serving bias be the same in India as it would be in the United Kingdom?
Answer
  • Yes, the findings are widely generalisable
  • No, the findings are culturally-specific

Question 23

Question
Ichheiser (1943) argued that:
Answer
  • Attributions are fresh and private mental cognitions that are unique to individuals in their minds
  • Attributions are actually ideological - in other words, ready-made and culturally-available - assumptions that circulate around society ("ideologies") that become presuppositions

Question 24

Question
Has there been criticism levelled at attribution research to suggest that it has been overemphasising the roles of underlying cognition and not delving into actionable causes?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 25

Question
Potter (1966) argued that attribution research can move away from cognition and look into actionable circumstances (eg, agreeing, disputing, exonerating, and blaming). What is this called?
Answer
  • Explanatory talk
  • Discursive talk
  • Attributional talk

Question 26

Question
With explanatory talk, we can:
Answer
  • Understand how people communicate and use attributions in social interactions
  • Understand how people communicate and attribute causes to either themselves or others
  • Understand how people communicate and form ideological ideas that circulate around society

Question 27

Question
Action orientation refers to:
Answer
  • What talk does
  • What talk says
  • What talk can do

Question 28

Question
By using action orientation, we can:
Answer
  • Observe how people do things in talk (eg, exonerate, blame)
  • Observe how we form these things in talk
  • Observe how we can late stop ourselves from doing certain things

Question 29

Question
Is the discursive approach relevant to real-world situations?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 30

Question
Do laboratory studies from discourse analysis extend to real-world situations as well?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 31

Question
Verbs are:
Answer
  • Doing certain types of work (eg, exonerate, blame, diffuse) in talk
  • Action words

Question 32

Question
Dickerson (2012) argues that we need context to avoid wrongful attributions. Can we question the utility (or usefulness) of decontextualised, 'stripped-down' stimulus sentences?
Answer
  • Yes, because they lack the context inherent in real talk
  • No, because we have enough already to make presuppositions

Question 33

Question
Weiner (et al., 1987) analysed various types of account-giving literature. Which was the most successful?
Answer
  • External, uncontrollable, and uninentional accounts
  • Internal, controllable, and intentional accounts

Question 34

Question
Can external, uncontrollable, and unintentional accounts (Weiner, et al., 1987) still fail?
Answer
  • Yes, because not all are realistic (eg, "I'm being chased by aliens with ray guns")
  • No, because all of them can be believed by anyone

Question 35

Question
Discursive approaches focus on:
Answer
  • Real-world, contextualised accounts of explanatory talk
  • Fictional, hypothetical accounts of explanatory talk

Question 36

Question
Cognitivist research understands attribution to be a language that unproblematically represents - or is a clear window to - an underlying cognitive reality (eg, hidden motives). What is this understood as?
Answer
  • Discursive psychology
  • Cognitivist psychology
  • Attributional psychology
  • Conversational psychology

Question 37

Question
Discursive approaches to psychology are:
Answer
  • Constructionist
  • Perceptual
  • Cognitive
  • Biological

Question 38

Question
With discursive psychology and conversational analysis, psychology can:
Answer
  • Observe the versions of the world that people construct, and what these do or achieve
  • Observe the versions of ourselves that we construct, and how this affects our mental cognitions
  • Observe how society constructs our realities, and what they can achieve

Question 39

Question
Can descriptions help to execute blame or diffuse presuppositions? For example, a cross-examiner in a courtroom with a rape victim who is trying to attribute blame through his descriptive language (eg, "You were talking an awful lot to him").
Answer
  • Yes because, although the language is descriptive, the implications are heavily accusatory
  • No, because there is little to suggest that anyone is being accusatory

Question 40

Question
In political talk, there are politicians that use a term that appeals to commonplace stances but remains vague in its meaning. What is it called?
Answer
  • National interest
  • National commonplace
  • National stance

Question 41

Question
This type of psychology emphasises what the talk is doing and the importance of sequential context in conversations and why it is there. What is this called?
Answer
  • Conversational analysis
  • Utterance analysis
  • Sequential analysis

Question 42

Question
________ ________ is less concerned with developing a critique of the cognitivist approach of social psychology, and psychology in general.
Answer
  • Conversation analysis
  • Discursive analysis

Question 43

Question
________ ________ maes use of methods (eg, conversation alaysis) and other methods such as rhetorical analysis to further its own critical agenda.
Answer
  • Conversation analysis
  • Discursive analysis

Question 44

Question
Antaki (1994) argued that there are places in interactions - either self-developed or done by others - where one has to justify or explain an interaction. What are these called?
Answer
  • Explanation slots
  • Discursive slots
  • Conversational slots

Question 45

Question
Do slots according to Antaki (1994) need to be observable by everyone?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 46

Question
Can these slots explained by Antaki (1994) be developed by the speaker themselves as well as those that they are conversing with?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 47

Question
According to Antaki (1994), these slots are:
Answer
  • Random, and can appear at any time
  • Sequentially relevant, and interactionally occasioned

Question 48

Question
________ ________ uses explanation slots that can be engineered by one speaker for another, or by one speaker for themselves. The talk is interactionally-occasioned and sequentially-relevant. Problematic (or "dispreferred") actions have a distinct conversational design compared to socially-preferred actions (eg, accepting an invitation). There are also normative features of account-giving, which have interactional and social advantages (eg, preventing a "spiral of accounting").
Answer
  • Conversation analysis
  • Discourse psychology

Question 49

Question
________ ________ involves commonplace phrases that can be flexibly deployed in explanatory talk to achieve various interactional outcomes (eg, exoneration, blame). Descriptions are never neutral, and there is almost always evidence from real talk that they construct events or the world in certain ways to achieve goals or outcomes (eg, implying a negative tone with descriptive language).
Answer
  • Discursive psychology
  • Conversation analysis

Question 50

Question
In this realm, there are risks that the slots Antaki (1994) talks about have a mechanistic view that is not entirely realistic. Additionally, explanations may not be fine-grained enough to describe real-world interactions, and need to be more descriptive. Are these from within the discursive paradigm or outside of it?
Answer
  • Within the discursive paradigm
  • Outside of the discursive paradigm

Question 51

Question
In this realm, critics argue that if we focus on only interactional concerns in real-world talk, then we could be ignoring the ideological issues that exist as well (eg, governmental hierarchies, socioeconomic differences, victim-blaming cultures). Is this in or outside the discursive paradigm realm? Furthermore, they also argue that we could be abandoning the cognitive aspect entirely, and therefore, being overly-narrow when it is unnecessary.
Answer
  • Inside of it
  • Outside of it

Question 52

Question
Exonerating explanations are:
Answer
  • Explanations of accounts for why we, or others, might not approve of
  • Explanations of accounts for why we, or others may approve of

Question 53

Question
According to the correspondent interference theory (Jones & Davis, 1965), we attempt to:
Answer
  • Correspond behaviour with the features of a person
  • Correspond preferences with the feature of a person

Question 54

Question
Hedonic relevance refers to:
Answer
  • The positive or negative impact that a behaviour to be explained has on a person deciding where attribution must go
  • The positive or negative impact that a behaviour to be disputed or exonerated has on a person deciding on possible attribution

Question 55

Question
For Jones and Davis (1965), personalism refers to:
Answer
  • Our likelihood in understanding a complaint directed at us as correspondent to a disposition in the person
  • Our likelihood in understanding a complaint directed at others to be relevant to society

Question 56

Question
________ ________ ________ refers to the ways in which many causes are anticipated to be needed to explain an unusual or difficult to achieve phenomenon.
Answer
  • Multiple necessary causes
  • Multiple sufficient causes

Question 57

Question
________ ________ ________ refers to the ways in which any one number of possible causes are anticipated as being adequate or sufficient to explain a regular or easy to achieve phenomenon.
Answer
  • Multiple necessary causes
  • Multiple sufficient causes

Question 58

Question
Jacobson, McDonald, Follette and Berley (1985) noted that where negative behaviour by one's partner was:
Answer
  • Attributed to the partner and relationship distress compared to positives
  • Attributed to themselves and their own faults compared to the positives

Question 59

Question
Research (Fincham, Beach & Nelson, 1987; Fincham, Beach & Baucom, 1987; Fincham & O'Leary, 1983) has highlighted that distressed couples who are in marital therapy attributed hypothetical causes as:
Answer
  • Negative and global
  • Positive and global

Question 60

Question
According to McArthur (1972), could people "underutilise" areas of Kelley's (1967) covariation model?
Answer
  • Yes, they can
  • No, it's automatic

Question 61

Question
In the Jones and Harris (1967) study, it was found that participants:
Answer
  • Attributed attitudes towards whichever speech was being written (eg, pro-Castro writers were pro-Castro)
  • Attributes attitudes away from whichever speech was being written (eg, pro-Castro writers were anti-Castro)

Question 62

Question
Fundamental attribution error is largely about:
Answer
  • The over and underestimation of situational factors in attribution
  • The accuracy of attributions concerning situational factors

Question 63

Question
According to Rholes and Pryor (1982), is it more about the person rather than the situation?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 64

Question
For Lerner (1980) are we more motivated to hold certain beliefs, particularly for blame, when bad things happen to people (eg, murder)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 65

Question
Has research (eg, Nisbett & Ross, 1980; Miller, 1984) found there to be cultural differences for attribution and beliefs regarding fundamental attribution error?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 66

Question
Has research (Block & Funder, 1986; Funder, 1987; Hewstone, 1989) found there to be demand characteristics in fundamental attribution error studies?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 67

Question
Has research (Choi, et al., 1999) found there to be a cultural variation of internal attributions?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 68

Question
According to the Storms (1973) study, did participants tend to explain their own behaviour with more emphasis on situational factors?
Answer
  • Yes, they did
  • No, they did not

Question 69

Question
According to the Storms (1973) study, did reorienting visuals change participants' attributions?
Answer
  • Yes, it did
  • No, it did not

Question 70

Question
For Regan and Totten (1975), empathetic attribution refers to when we feel:
Answer
  • Empathy for another person
  • Empathy for ourselves

Question 71

Question
Regan and Totten (1975) found that participants who received empathetic orientation were:
Answer
  • More likely to provide situational attributions rather than dispositional
  • No attributions at all

Question 72

Question
Did the Malle (et al., 2007) meta-analysis yield high or low effect sizes?
Answer
  • High effect sizes
  • Low effect sizes

Question 73

Question
For Malle (et al., 2007), it's about:
Answer
  • Internal-external attribution
  • Reason-causal history

Question 74

Question
Self-serving bias refers to:
Answer
  • When we tend to explain our success as internal, and failures as external
  • When we tend to explain our success as external, and our failures as internal

Question 75

Question
Are there cultural variations in self-serving bias?
Answer
  • Yes, there are
  • No, there are not

Question 76

Question
Intergroup bias is the idea that:
Answer
  • We attribute success of our own group (eg, football team to skill) differently to others (eg, rival time to poor officiating)
  • We attribute both success and failure towards societal values

Question 77

Question
Could, according to Hewstone (1989), intergroup biases be also down to stereotypes?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 78

Question
Did Deaux (1976) find British stereotypes of men and women, at the time, to be extremely sexist?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 79

Question
Social representations, broadly, refer to:
Answer
  • Socially shared understandings that may change over time or differ for certain groups
  • Individually shared understandings that stay rigid and hierarchical for generations

Question 80

Question
Did Moscovici (1976) find students using the word "complex" to be large among school pupils and students?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 81

Question
Attribution semantics refer to:
Answer
  • How verbal descriptions can have causal implications (meanings)
  • How verbal descriptions can be used for societal gains

Question 82

Question
According to the Ferstl (et al., 2011) findings, did participants respond differently with male and female noun phrases?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 83

Question
According to the Ferstl (et al., 2011) findings, were negative verbs attributed to males and positives to females?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 84

Question
Noun phrase positioning and attribution tends to be on which side for English speakers (eg, "Alan called for Jane")?
Answer
  • Left (NP1)
  • Right (NP2)

Question 85

Question
Has research suggested that different noun phrase positioning can elicit different causal implications?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 86

Question
Stripped-down stimulus refers to experiments where participants:
Answer
  • Are given context in their sentences
  • Are not given any context in their sentences

Question 87

Question
For Edwards and Potter (1992, 1993), do we attribute the cause of telephoning itself to the person who engages in the physical action of making a telephone call?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 88

Question
Did Edwards and Potter (1992, 1993) argue that finding out situational responsibility alters attribution?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 89

Question
Is blame typically an NP1 verb or an NP2 verb?
Answer
  • NP1
  • NP2

Question 90

Question
Do we, according to Edwards and Potter (1992, 1993) want to know why we are being told stimulus sentences and what it is doing?
Answer
  • Yes, we do
  • No, we do not

Question 91

Question
The conversation model (Garfinkel, 1967) refers to:
Answer
  • How requests for explanations can shape the responses that they elicit
  • How requests for explanations are cognitively based

Question 92

Question
Do all of our conversational utterances, according to Grice (1975) need to be informative, clear, relevant, and true?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 93

Question
Do requests or explanations, according to Pomerantz (1984) and Dickerson (2001) always happen?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 94

Question
Is explaining behaviour noted by Antaki (1994) as "sanctionable behaviour"?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 95

Question
Is there a difference between excuses and good-reason giving justifications for behaviour according to research (Scott & Lyman, 1968; Semin & Manstead, 1983)?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 96

Question
Excuses deny agency, and justifications accept responsibility (Shaw, Wild & Colquitt, 2003). Is this statement true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 97

Question
Did Shaw (et al., 2003) find excuses to be more effective than justifications?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 98

Question
For Weiner (et al., 1987), communicated accounts versus real reasons refers to:
Answer
  • The distinction between reasons for why someone could not attend coffee with a suspicious stranger and the real reason why
  • The distinction between what society wants and what you want

Question 99

Question
Did LeCouteur and Oxland (2011) note that the ways in which the categories in talk work to minimise or account for violent behaviour that the interviewee was or had been engaged in?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 100

Question
Can discursive research be seen as not focusing more on other factors that could affect interactional work?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No
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