Human Development and Learning

What theorist designed the Reciprocal Determinism/Causation model?

What are the factors that make up Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism/Causation model?

Check the four key developmental issues in theories of human development.

The Schema Theory was developed by Lev Vygotsky.

What metaphorical object can be used to help remember and explain how Piaget's Schema Theory works?

In order from infancy to maturity, what are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? Stage 1: [blank_start]Sensorimotor[blank_end] (birth - 2 years old) Stage 2: [blank_start]Pre-Operational[blank_end] (2 - 7 years old) Stage 3: [blank_start]Concrete Operational[blank_end] (7 - 11 years old) Stage 4: [blank_start]Formal Operational[blank_end] (adolescence to adulthood)

Sir Frederic Bartlett continued Piaget's studies into the Schema Theory through an experiment that introduced people of Western culture to a Native American folk tale. The tale was different to many stories that the audience had heard before. In this story a man's face contorts at the result of an encounter with supernatural beings. The people undertaking the experiment were then asked at different intervals in time, ranging from immediately after reading it to a year later, to draw a diagram of what the face looked like (being mindful of the context and language used in the story). Bartlett had found that:

In Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory there are three elements that make up a person's cognition. Match each of these with the descriptions provided. [blank_start]The Id[blank_end]: The instinctive, selfish and impulsive thought which is the first stage of thought in an infant. It is linked to an individual's basic needs. [blank_start]The Ego[blank_end]: The rational part of expressing instincts. This stage builds upon the Id and gives an individual some agency in their actions and fulfilment of needs. [blank_start]The Superego[blank_end]: Internalised moral standards.

Who's work did Erik Erikson build upon in his own research and theories?

Organise each of Erikson's Psychosocial stages to match each age range. Birth - 1 year old: [blank_start]Trust vs Mistrust[blank_end] 1 - 3 years old: [blank_start]Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt[blank_end] 3 - 6 years old: [blank_start]Initiative vs Guilt[blank_end] 6 - 12 years old: [blank_start]Industry vs Inferiority[blank_end] 12 - 20 years old: [blank_start]Identity vs Role Confusion[blank_end] 20 - 40 years old: [blank_start]Intimacy vs Isolation[blank_end] 40 - 65 years old: [blank_start]Generativity vs Stagnation[blank_end] 65 years and older: [blank_start]Integrity vs Despair[blank_end]

Freud and Erikson describe human development through their Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial theories, exploring especially the details of how this development originates.

Which of these theorists studied Conditioning?

Which of the following clearly illustrates Piaget's concept of assimilation?

Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation?

Which one of the following teachers is definitely keeping in mind Piaget's idea that assimilation and accommodation are both necessary for learning and cognitive development to occur?

From Piaget's perspective, children are:

Which statement best describes the idea that cognitive development involves a process of construction?

In Piaget's theory, a schema can best be described as:

Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he dribbles his basketball. His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piaget's concept of:

Imagine that you are a third grade teacher. If you were to make predictions based on Piaget's stages of cognitive development, you would expect most or all of your students to exhibit _________ thinking.

Carl can correctly answer a question such as, 'If all flegs are blats, and if all blats are dulms, are all flegs also dulms?'. From Piaget's perspective, Carl is most likely in the ___________ stage of cognitive development.

Central to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is the idea that children make sense of their world:

Vygotsky proposed that thought and language are:

Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development refers to:

Which statement most accurately describes Lev Vygotsky's view of how cognitive development occurs?

If you were to criticise Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development in a way that contemporary theorists sometimes do, what would you be most likely to say?

Which of the following pairs of concepts reflects the general idea that challenge is important for cognitive development?

If we consider Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, then which issue would we expect high school students to be most concerned about?

Which one best illustrates Erikson's stage of 'identity versus role confusion'?

Which one best describes attachment in the early years?

Which scenario is most consistent with the 'Strange Situation'?

While Mother fills out an application form at a new preschool, 18-month-old Colin happily explores a few toys nearby. When Mum momentarily steps out to use the washroom, Colin becomes upset, but he quickly calms down and smiles upon her return. Colin's behaviour is most consistent with a(n):

Children are likely to form secure attachments to teachers when:

Which one best illustrates self-efficacy rather than self-concept or self-esteem?

As children grow older, many of their neurons begin to transmit messages more rapidly than they did previously, thanks to:

Three-month-old Amy can hold her head up in the arms of an adult, but she doesn't have much control of what her legs do. Which one best describes Amy's progression in muscular control?

The 'false belief task' is used to assess:

The emphasis in Erikson's stage theory is on:

The development of young people's self-concept evolves by means of:

Mr Lynch always uses his 'mean' face to stop undesirable behaviour in his first-period class. However, even though he looks at Steve with this mean face each time Steve talks out of turn, Steve is talking out of turn more and more frequently. For Steve, the mean face apparently a:

Given current research findings, Piaget's theories seem to have ________ infant's cognitive abilities and ________ adolescent's cognitive abilities.

Compared to the behaviouristic orientation, the cognitive perspective recognises people as what type of learners?

Mr. Mac uses a token economy system in his history class. Whenever Jimmy breaks a rule, he loses a 'chip'. If the infraction is major, Jimmy loses several chips. This is an example of:

Which of the following best summarises the effects of parent-child attachments on later development?

In which type of attachment does a child use a caregiver as a base, become somewhat upset when separated from the caregiver, and is fairly outgoing with a stranger if the caregiver is present?

Which of the following definitions best describes 'development' in the context of human development and learning? Hint: it's in the Week 1 lecture.

What are the three domains of development?

Match the Key Developmental Stages with the age groups that define them: Conception to birth: [blank_start]Prenatal Period[blank_end] 6 to 12 years old (until onset of puberty): [blank_start]Middle Childhood[blank_end] 65 years and older: [blank_start]Late Adulthood[blank_end] Approximately 12 to 18/20 years old: [blank_start]Adolescence[blank_end] 40 to 65 years old: [blank_start]Middle Adulthood[blank_end] The first 2 years of life (where the first month is neonatal): [blank_start]Infancy[blank_end] 2 to 5/6 years old: [blank_start]Early Childhood[blank_end] 20 to 40 years old: [blank_start]Early Adulthood[blank_end]

Match each of the following examples of Skinner's Operant Conditioning with their correct label of either reinforcement or punishment. [blank_start]Positive Reinforcement[blank_end]: A child cleans their room, receives a hug from their parent for doing so, and as a result continues to clean their room in the future. [blank_start]Negative Punishment[blank_end]: Bob returns his library book after the date that it was due, as a result he must now pay a $5 late fee to cover the time that the library has not had access the book. [blank_start]Positive Punishment[blank_end]: A child throws a book across a classroom and as a result the teacher tells the student that they are to stay inside on detention after school hours. [blank_start]Negative Reinforcement[blank_end]: Stacey's mum asks her if she has cleaned her room, to which Stacey replies that she has. However, Stacey knows that despite telling her mum one thing, she has in actuality not tidied her bedroom. She has lied to her mum to avoid getting a lecture about being messy and has got away with this behaviour, therefore being more likely to lie to her mother in the future.

Match each of Bronfenbrenner's physical and social contexts of the Bioecological Model of Development with their descriptions. [blank_start]Microsystem[blank_end]: Immediate environment (face to face interactions) [blank_start]Mesosystem[blank_end]: The linkage/connection between 2 or more microsystems [blank_start]Exosystem[blank_end]: Linkages between social systems that have an indirect influence (e.g. children can be affected by how their parent's day at work went) [blank_start]Macrosystem[blank_end]: A larger cultural context (beliefs, cultures, and societal values) [blank_start]Chronosystem[blank_end]: Changes that occur within a lifetime - a continual flux of changes (e.g. war, economic crisis, etc.)

Pavlov used the neutral stimulus of a tuning fork during his classical conditioning experiments. The subject of these experiments, a dog, learned to salivate at the sound of the tuning fork with the anticipation of receiving a piece of meat that usually comes along with the sound. What has the tuning fork now become?

Place the following conditions for effective modelling in the appropriate order: 1. [blank_start]Attention[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Retention[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Reproduction[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Motivation[blank_end]

How is information transmitted in the nervous system?

Match the growth principle to its definition. [blank_start]Cephalocaudal.[blank_end] Growth occurs n a head to tail direction. [blank_start]Proximodistal.[blank_end] Growth occurs from the centre outwards. [blank_start]Othogenetic.[blank_end] Growth starts out as globally / undifferentiated, then moves towards differentiated

Persistence of primitive reflexes throughout development can suggest problems.

Name the five signs that indicate the presence of a theory of mind.

Match the experiment with the theory it supports. [blank_start]The Sally-Anne test[blank_end] Theory of Mind [blank_start]The 'Strange Situation[blank_end] Attachment Theory [blank_start]Rats in a box[blank_end] Operant Conditioning [blank_start]Tuning fork / Dog / Meat[blank_end] Classical Conditioning

Place in order Maslow's hierarchy of needs (low to high). 1. [blank_start]Physiological[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Safety[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Love[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Self-esteem[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Self actualisation[blank_end]

Situated Learning is based on which topic?

Name the theorist who created each specific Professional Learning Community model. Joint enterprise; shared repertoire; mutual engagement: [blank_start]Wengar[blank_end] Ensuring that students learn; a culture of collaboration; a focus on results: [blank_start]DuFour[blank_end] Supporting and shared leadership; shared values and vision; collective learning and application; shared personal practise; supporting conditions: [blank_start]Hord[blank_end]

The concept of 'Childhood' was not developed until the 17th century, before which children were dressed and treated as adults in many cultures, with the same duties and responsibilities. This concept of childhood recognised the innocence of children and the distinct difference in behaviour between themselves and adults.

The developmental stage of 'Adolescence' was acknowledged by theorists in the 17th century and was described as the period of an individuals life between the ages of roughly 12 years old (pre-pubescent) and 25 years old.

'Emerging Adulthood' is one of the more recently defined developmental stages being used by theorists, and is described as the time from 18 to 25 years when a person is exploring their identity, relationships, financial stability, independence, psychological needs, and so on.

'Middle Age' is a developmental stage that emerged in the 20th century. It describes a time in adulthood when individuals are generally financially stable, have meaningful relationships and responsibilities, and are beginning to see their children move out of home or gain more independence of their own.

What are the three goals of studying development?

Theories of development and developmental stages are tested in the hopes that they not only describe how we change as humans over time, but also how these stages can be optimised to encourage positive growth. The three goals of studying development are description, explanation and optimisation. Match each of the following definitions with their corresponding goal: [blank_start]Explanation[blank_end] - The developmental stages theorised are either typical to development or are individually different dependant on who they are applied to. This goal discusses theory universality and WHY developmental stages either do or do not apply to real life. [blank_start]Description[blank_end] - This goal recognises specific developmental stages and how they are applied to individuals. [blank_start]Optimisation[blank_end] - This goal recognises the stages of development that people undertake, and hence aims to devise ways that these stages may be used to encourage the best possible development in people.

Are each of the following definitions correct or incorrect? The definition of 'Nature': The influences of the environment on development, emphasis on learning, and the idea that experiences cause change. The definition of 'Nurture': Development is influenced by heredity, the process of maturation and biological factors.

Who is considered to be the founder of developmental studies?

Check all of the following that belong to the Key Assumptions of Development in regards to having a modern day life-span perspective. Development:

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD is a process of generating ideas and testing them. It states that preliminary observations should provide ideas for a theory, and that these theories should in turn generate hypotheses and predictions. In order to test the functionality of a theory, there are three elements that a good theory should be:

3 critical features of a true experiment is that there is a random assignment of participants, a manipulation of the independent variable, and that the experiment is controlled.

Match each of the following methods of experimentation with their descriptions. [blank_start]The Correlation Method[blank_end]: Aims to discover whether two variables are related in a systematic fashion. For example, the correlation between a child's viewing of violent TV shows and their level of aggressive behaviour 15 years later as an adult. [blank_start]Cross-Sectional Design[blank_end]: Explores the performance of and provides a comparison for different cohorts or age groups who complete the same experiment. E.g. a 5 year old and a 15 year old complete the same puzzle in a test to compare the differences in their cognitive abilities. [blank_start]Longitudinal Design[blank_end]: One cohort repeat a study over time, for example a memory test is administered to Year 12 students every 2 months to measure changes over time in the same age group. These studies tend to be time consuming, as participants must be contacted at each interval of the testing. [blank_start]Sequential Design[blank_end]: A combination of the cross sectional and longitudinal design, where a wide range of participants from different age ranges/cohorts undertake a study on multiple occasions. These tests are generally time consuming and can be expensive, but are proven to be the most effective at collecting accurate or useful data.

What are the ethical responsibilities that are expected to be carried out during experimentation?

Match each of the four key developmental issues with their appropriate descriptions. [blank_start]Continuity and discontinuity[blank_end] - To what extent do humans change gradually and in quantitative ways - or progress through qualitatively different stages and change dramatically into different beings? [blank_start]Nature and nurture[blank_end] - To what extent is development primarily the product of genes, biology and maturation - or of experience, learning and social influences? [blank_start]Activity and passivity[blank_end] - How much do humans do to actively shape their own environments and contribute to their own development - or are they more passive and shaped by forces beyond their control? [blank_start]Universality and context specificity[blank_end] - In what ways is development similar from person to person and from culture to culture, and in what ways do pathways of development vary considerably depending on the social context?

Match each of the theorists with their theories. Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychosexual Stages - [blank_start]Freud[blank_end] Psychosocial Stages - [blank_start]Erikson[blank_end] Behaviourism: Classical Conditioning (dog and tuning for experiment) - [blank_start]Pavlov[blank_end] Classical Conditioning (baby and rat experiment) - [blank_start]Watson[blank_end] Operant Conditioning (rat in box with button for food) - [blank_start]Skinner[blank_end] Social Cognitive Theory and the Reciprocal Causation/Determinism Model - [blank_start]Bandura[blank_end] Humanistic Theories: Hierarchy of Needs - [blank_start]Maslow[blank_end] Humanistic Theory of Personality - [blank_start]Rogers[blank_end] Attachment Theory (monkey experiments) - [blank_start]Harlow[blank_end] Constructivist Theories: Sociocultural Theory - [blank_start]Vygotsky[blank_end] Cognitive Developmental Theory - [blank_start]Piaget[blank_end] Spiral Education - [blank_start]Bruner[blank_end] Systems Theories: Bioecological Model of Development - [blank_start]Bronfenbrenner[blank_end] Epigenetic Psychobiological Systems Perspective - [blank_start]Gottlieb[blank_end]

Match each of the theorists with their theories. Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychosexual Stages - [blank_start]Freud[blank_end] Psychosocial Stages - [blank_start]Erikson[blank_end] Behaviourism: Classical Conditioning (dog and tuning for experiment) - [blank_start]Pavlov[blank_end] Classical Conditioning (baby and rat experiment) - [blank_start]Watson[blank_end] Operant Conditioning (rat in box with button for food) - [blank_start]Skinner[blank_end] Social Cognitive Theory and the Reciprocal Causation/Determinism Model - [blank_start]Bandura[blank_end] Humanistic Theories: Hierarchy of Needs - [blank_start]Maslow[blank_end] Humanistic Theory of Personality - [blank_start]Rogers[blank_end] Attachment Theory (monkey experiments) - [blank_start]Harlow[blank_end] Constructivist Theories: Sociocultural Theory - [blank_start]Vygotsky[blank_end] Cognitive Developmental Theory - [blank_start]Piaget[blank_end] Spiral Education - [blank_start]Bruner[blank_end] Systems Theories: Bioecological Model of Development - [blank_start]Bronfenbrenner[blank_end] Epigenetic Psychobiological Systems Perspective - [blank_start]Gottlieb[blank_end] Schema Theory (aside from Piaget, story about American Indians) - [blank_start]Bartlett[blank_end]