Question 1
Question
Which word is not processed by the letter-to-sound pathway?
Answer
-
hush
-
bush
-
crush
-
brush
-
blush
Question 2
Question
Which spelling error is least likely to be detected?
Answer
-
Selter
-
Siller
-
Farn
-
Saller
-
Firn
Question 3
Question
The reason that the same set of ambiguous strokes is read "B" in one context and "13" in another context without awareness of the ambiguity is
Answer
-
making an interpretation in one context makes it difficult to make the same interpretation in another context
-
the structural description of the stroke pattern is different each time it is encountered
-
it is not possible to perceive both interpretations of an ambiguous visual pattern
-
letters are more salient for some people and numbers are more salient for other people
-
the context primes only one structural description
Question 4
Question
Priming may occur between
Answer
-
Two words similar in meaning that occur close together in time
-
Two words with the same initial consonant cluster that occur in the same context
-
Any two words that occur close together in time
-
Any two words that are spoken in the same voice
-
Any two words that are spoken in the same context
Question 5
Question
A human adaptation for language is
Answer
-
The location of the voice box
-
The speech processing area in the left temporal lobe
-
The speech production area in the left frontal lobe
-
The logogens for word recognition
-
All of the above
Question 6
Question
Animals that have a specialized area in the left hemisphere controlling vocalization include
Answer
-
some songbirds
-
other primates besides humans
-
other great apes besides human
-
some songbirds and primates (other than humans)
-
bonobo chimpanzees
Question 7
Question
The phonemic restoration effect occurs when the missing phoneme is:
Question 8
Question
When a speech segment matches more than one syllable representation, one is selected if
Answer
-
it can be combined with prior and subsequent representations matching other segments to form a word
-
it forms part of a word that can be combined with prior and subsequent words to form a grammatical sequence
-
it forms part of a grammatical sequence that can be combined with prior sequences to form a meaningful phrase
-
it forms part of a meaningful phrase that can be combined with subsequent phrases to form a meaningful utterance.
-
all of the above
Question 9
Question
"Because of the hold, they later went for two" is difficult to understand because
Question 10
Question
In aphasia, one language function that is always impaired is
Question 11
Question
In the mobile recognition paradigm, the infant is connected to the mobile during
Answer
-
baseline
-
training
-
test
-
all of the above
-
none of the above
Question 12
Question
One factor that influences retention of the memory of a mobile or train that an infant has learned to move is
Answer
-
The age of the infant
-
The attractiveness of the study object
-
The communication skills of the infant
-
The time of day of the training session.
-
The sex of the infant
Question 13
Question
After two days of training, a 3-month-old infant trained to kick to move the training mobile will:
Answer
-
kick to any hanging object
-
kick to only the training mobile
-
kick to any swinging object
-
kick to move any similar mobile
-
kick to move any mobile
Question 14
Question
In which condition is the 3-month-old infant most likely to kick to a mobile during test
Answer
-
Training with mobile A on days 1 and 3, testing with mobile A on day 9
-
Training with mobile A on days 1 and 3, testing with mobile B on day 9
-
Training with mobile A on day 1 and testing with mobile A on day 5
-
Training with mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 2, testing with mobile 1 on day 9
-
Training with mobile A on days 1 and 2, testing with mobile A on day 14
Question 15
Question
When a more memorable event immediately occurs after a less memorable event:
Answer
-
The infant incorporates features of the more memorable event into the less memorable event, creating a false memory.
-
Retention of the more memorable event is somewhat reduced by association with the less memorable event
-
Retention of the each event is independent of the other
-
The infant forgets the less memorable event
-
The infant associates them and remembers the otherwise less memorable event longer
Question 16
Question
When an infant is reminded by being shown the target of an action
Answer
-
The older the infant, the longer the interval between the presentation of the target and the retrieval of the action.
-
The retention interval for the reminder is nearly as long as for the original training
-
At less than six months of age, the reminder is not yet effective
-
At greater than six months of age, the reminder is not yet effective
-
The mobile and train, but not the puppet, are effective reminders
Question 17
Question
English is an unusual language in the relationship of its printed to spoken forms. Most languages have regular spelling rules and only require the letter-to-sound pathway to read. However, because English is an amalgam of Anglo-Saxon and French, its spelling rules are irregular. Which word is not processed by the letter-to-sound pathway?
Answer
-
come
-
home
-
dome
-
rome
-
none of the above
Question 18
Question
Evidence that pronunciation of a word is automatically generated when it is seen comes from the fact that misspelled words that are homonyms of correctly spelled words take longer to detect. Which spelling error takes longest to be detected?
Answer
-
Navion
-
Nasion
-
Netion
-
Nution
-
Nition
Question 19
Question
Over a century ago, Cattell discovered semantic priming while measuring the threshold for word recognition. Cow will be read fastest when preceded by
Answer
-
apple
-
bird
-
snake
-
mammal
-
bug
Question 20
Question
The effect of context on the processing of ambiguous targets plays an important role on keeping people oriented to the task at hand. An ambiguous drawing of a rat or a face is seen as a rat in the context of other animals because
Answer
-
the animal context results in more superficial processing
-
other animals share more of the form features of the drawing
-
the other animals semantically prime the rat structural description
-
other animals induce a whole body rather than a facial interpretation of the drawing
-
it is not possible to construct a facial spatial description in the context of animals
Question 21
Question
What is true about early language learning?
Answer
-
Cooing consists of stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
-
Babbling consists only of the sounds of the language the infant hears
-
Babbling begins with consonant-vowel-consonant combinations containing stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
-
Babbling begins with random sequences like tadedoti.
-
Adult speech to infants often contains many simple consonants, like /m/, /b/, and /p/
Question 22
Question
The first aspect of language that an infant detects is:
Answer
-
The most common phoneme
-
The most common word
-
Its stress pattern
-
Its fundamental pitch
-
None of the above
Question 23
Question
Using words like camed and comed is a symptom of
Question 24
Question
Autistic children have impaired language development as the result of
Question 25
Question
One measure that predicts subsequent vocabulary growth for 4-year-olds is
Answer
-
word recognition
-
question comprehension
-
nonword repetition
-
word recall
-
word repitition
Question 26
Question
A vocabulary surge occurs at
Answer
-
26 months
-
10 months
-
18 months
-
22 months
-
14 months
Question 27
Question
Over three million years ago, the human diverged from the line that produced chimpanzees and bonobos. Since then, humans have undergone several evolutionary changes that collectively have made human language possible. A human adaptation for language is:
Answer
-
the bilateral speech production areas in the left and right frontal lobes
-
the speech processing area in the left inferior colliculus
-
the speech processing area in the left parietal lobe
-
the location of the voice box
-
the shape of the auditory canal
Question 28
Question
For a long part of their history, professionals in the fields of speech science and linguistics were trained to hear and record accurately precisely the sounds that a speaker produced. However, this proved to be impossible. Since communication is the goal of speech, when a predictable speech sound is missing from the speech input, the brain of the listener just fills it in. The phonemic restoration effect occurs when the missing phoneme is:
Answer
-
replaced by silence
-
part of a nonspeech sound
-
Part of a word in a sentence
-
part of a nonsense word
-
does not change the meaning of the word
Question 29
Question
In conversation, understanding of the speaker's knowledge allows the speaker to leave some things unsaid. This is what makes text messaging possible. At some point in the future your own text messages will be incomprehensible to you. The reason that you don’t understand “College was impossible because he couldn't wait,” is
Answer
-
the syntax is too difficult
-
you lack the necessary contextual information
-
it is a novel sentence
-
it is ambiguous
-
it is a “garden path” sentence
Question 30
Question
Most cognitive functions are performed in equally by both hemispheres in all animals. There is one exception. The left hemisphere is specialized for vocalization in:
Answer
-
humans and chimpanzees
-
humans and orangutans
-
humans and monkeys
-
humans only
-
All great apes
Question 31
Question
Contrary to our intuitions, we do not hear speech as it is spoken, word for word, but at the end of each phrase, after a brief delay. The sound a small segment of a sentence is heard as may be influenced by
Answer
-
only the sound immediately before it
-
only the sounds immediately before and after it
-
only the sounds and meanings of the words before it
-
only the sounds before it and the meaning of the word it is part of
-
the sounds and meanings of the words before and after it
Question 32
Question
Family members may over-estimate an aphasic patient's language comprehension because the patient is able to understand non-linguistic cues. In aphasia, which ability may be normal?
Question 33
Question
An example of a basic level category is:
Answer
-
Oak Tree
-
Hedge
-
Liquid
-
Tree
-
Plant
Question 34
Question
A typical category member of a perceptually-defined category
Answer
-
does not have any defining category features
-
looks like a lot of other category members
-
Is common
-
is present in many locales
-
has at least one unique feature
Question 35
Question
A four-year old sees John hide a candy in the blue box and Sam move it to the red box when John is away. When asked, the child will answer that when he returns ___ will look for the candy in ___ box.
Answer
-
John; the red
-
John; the blue
-
Sam; the blue
-
Sam; either
-
John; Sam’s box
Question 36
Question
When the category learning of humans versus rhesus monkeys was compared:
Answer
-
humans were superior for verbal categories
-
after practice there was a sharp increase in performance for humans
-
humans showed the most improvement for the most complex categories
-
there was no difference for visual categories
-
both species made use of verbal rules
Question 37
Question
Infants both learn through their own actions and by observing the actions of others. Immediately after viewing one puppet pull the glove off of another, an infant discovers that by banging a large spoon on the tray on his high chair, he can make a loud banging sound, which he loves.
Answer
-
The infant will immediately forgot the puppet show.
-
The puppet will become a cue for the banging action and increase retention of it.
-
The spoon will become a cue for the puppet show but will not increase the retention interval for it.
-
This will have no effect on memory of the puppet show.
-
The spoon will become a cue for the puppet show and increase the retention interval for it.
Question 38
Question
An infant does not always have to repeat an action to increase the retention interval over which its result is remembered. When an infant is shown a reminder of an action:
Answer
-
the older the infant, the longer the interval before the action is retrieved
-
the puppet and train, but not the mobile, are effective reminders
-
he mobile and train, but not the puppet, are effective reminders
-
only the mobile is an effective reminder, but not the train or puppet
-
the retention interval for the reminder is nearly as long as for the original training
Question 39
Question
A single training session, a three-month-old infant forgets the training mobile in five days. So, a second training session is required for longer retention. Which 3-month-old infant was most likely to kick to mobile A on day 9?
Answer
-
Ed was trained on mobile A on day 1 and on day 2
-
Cal was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 6
-
Al was trained on mobile A on day 1 and day 3
-
Bob was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 8
-
Don was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 3
Question 40
Question
The factors that determine retention of the memory of an event for infants are the same as for adults. After learning to kick to move a training mobile, whether an infant kicks to move a test mobile is a function of:
Answer
-
the similarity between the training and test mobile
-
the similarity between the training and test crib liner
-
the similarity between the training and test crib
-
all of the above
-
none of the above
Question 41
Question
The best way to learn a phone number is
Answer
-
count to seven after you hear the phone number, then repeat it
-
repeat each digit as it is heard
-
repeat the entire string in reverse order as each digit is heard
-
repeat the entire phone number immediately after hearing the last digit
-
generate a visual image of each digit, as it is heard
Question 42
Question
The first time you heard your 9-digit student number and tried to write it down, which digits were you most likely to get wrong?
Question 43
Question
In an immediate recall task, increasing the speed of item presentation should have which effect?
Answer
-
Decreased distributed rehearsal of the middle of the study list.
-
Increased distributed rehearsal of the beginning of the study list.
-
Increased distributed rehearsal of the middle of the study list.
-
Decreased distributed rehearsal of the beginning of the study list
-
Decreased distributed rehearsal of the end of the study list.
Question 44
Question
Which name on this list would be most memorable because of the Von Restorff Effect to someone unfamiliar with college football: Wisconsin, Nebraska, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Purdue, Ohio, Maryland.
Answer
-
Maryland
-
Wisconsin
-
Nebraska
-
Purdue
-
Illinois
Question 45
Question
Infant vocalization of speech sounds begins with cooing and babbling. What is true about early language learning?
Answer
-
Cooing consists only of the sounds of the language the infant hears.
-
Babbling consists of the simple sounds of all languages.
-
Babbling begins with consonant-vowel-consonant combinations containing stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
-
Babbling begins with reduplications like mama and papa.
-
Adult speech to infants often contains many simple consonants, like /m/, /b/, and /p/
Question 46
Question
Each spoken language has one of three different stress patterns. Infants detect the stress pattern of the language spoken to them
Answer
-
As the first step towards segmenting the speech stream into words
-
As soon as they can pronounce a few words
-
as soon as they detect the fundamental pitch of the language
-
as soon as they detect the most frequent phonemes
-
as soon as they detect the most frequent words
Question 47
Question
The ability of a mother and child to focus on each other and an object at the same time is crucial to learning the names of things. There are several toys on the floor between the mother child. Which toy is the mother most likely to name?
Question 48
Question
Over-generalization is characteristic of normal speech development and not a symptom of a disability. Because they generalize inflections across similar words, children sometimes say
Answer
-
goed
-
mealed
-
songed
-
dirted
-
speeched
Question 49
Question
Autism often emerges when an apparently normal infant begins to regress. Autistic children have
Question 50
Question
Four-year-old children must learn new words every day in order to have a vocabulary of sufficient size to learn sentence structure. An indication that a 4-year-old can encode the sounds of new words and hence is capable of rapid vocabulary growth is
Question 51
Question
You decide to learn the functions of various body parts by creating linking sentences that contain the name of each part and its function. Who can provide you with the most effective linking sentences for this task?
Question 52
Question
Which list is easiest to learn?
Answer
-
Dog fox wolf tiger leopard puma moose antelope elk
-
Dog tiger moose fox leopard antelope wolf puma elk
-
Antelope dog elk fox leopard moose puma tiger wolf
-
Fox elk dog puma wolf moose tiger leopard antelope
-
all of the above are equally difficult because they have the same words
Question 53
Question
Which college team name is most memorable?
Answer
-
Chanticleer
-
Hokie
-
Crimson
-
Hoya
-
Tiger
Question 54
Question
Below are three items from a 15-item word list containing similar items. Which list will be best recalled?
Answer
-
All lists were be learned equally well.
-
happy, brave, nice, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
-
dog, rock, wrench, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
-
happy, brave, nice, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
-
dog, rock, wrench, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
Question 55
Question
What is true about learning high imagery words and nameable pictures?
Answer
-
Naming pictures results in better memory for them than mentally imaging them
-
Naming words results in better memory for them than mentally imaging their referents
-
Pictures of objects and the words that name them are always remembered equally well
-
Words with imageable words are always remembered better than pictures
-
Both pictures and words are always better remembered when named than as the result of making mental images of them
Question 56
Question
In order to immediately encode large amounts of information, a mnemonist must:
Question 57
Question
Humans and rhesus monkeys sorted colored shapes into one of two artificial categories and were given feedback in order to learn them. When the category learning of humans versus rhesus monkeys was compared:
Answer
-
Humans were only superior to monkeys when the categories were verbally described by the experimenter
-
Both species made use of verbal rules regardless of how the categories were defined.
-
Humans showed the most improvement for the most complex categories
-
After an initial period of gradual improvement with practice, there was a sharp increase in performance for humans indicating that the human had a inferred a verbal rule describing the category.
-
There was no difference in performance because these were visual categories.
Question 58
Question
An example of a basic level category is
Answer
-
salmon
-
tuna
-
seafood
-
dolphin
-
fish
Question 59
Question
When an instance shares many features with most other category members, the instance is perceived as
Answer
-
distinctive
-
mundane
-
atypical
-
typical
-
familiar
Question 60
Question
A four-year old sees Mary hide a candy in the blue box and Sally move it to the red box when Mary is away. When asked, the child will answer that when she returns ___ will look for the candy in ___ box.
Answer
-
Mary; the red
-
Mary; the blue
-
Sally; the blue
-
Sally; either
-
Mary; Sally’s box
Question 61
Question
In the mobile recognition paradigm the infant is connected to the mobile during
Answer
-
Baseline
-
Test
-
Baseline and test
-
The retention interval
-
None of the above
Question 62
Question
The retention interval over which an infant remembers a mobile or train she can move is influenced by
Answer
-
The age of the infant
-
The training environment
-
Attractiveness of the mobile or train
-
The pointing skill of the infant
-
The verbal ability of the infant
Question 63
Question
As the result of the Von Restorff Effect, which name on the list Jami, Kerri, Loni, Meg, Randi, Tami, Toni, would be most memorable:
Question 64
Question
here have always been books with tips on how to remember things, written by individuals from a variety of backgrounds. One was co-written by Jerry Lucas, an all-star professional basketball player and notable mnemonist. One way to remember pairs of words is to create linking sentences for them. Who should you consult for the best linking sentences?
Question 65
Question
Which list is easiest to learn?
Answer
-
hammer, wrench, pliers, pencil, pen, paper, fork, spoon, knife
-
since all the lists contain the same words they would be equally easy to learn
-
hammer, pencil, fork, wrench, pen, spoon, pliers, paper, knife
-
pen, fork, knife, paper, spoon, hammer, pencil, pliers, wrench
-
fork, hammer, knife, paper, pen, pencil, pliers, spoon, wrench
Question 66
Question
Movie titles may be copyrighted, so that no one else can use the same title without permission. The movie "Lee Daniels' The Butler," was given this odd title to avoid infringing on the copyright of a 90 year old silent film called "The Butler." One characteristic that makes a title useful, hence valuable, is that it is easy to remember. Which movie title would be most memorable?
Answer
-
193MJW
-
Jersey Drive
-
Car-Jacking in Newark
-
Glizzle
-
Evil Speed
Question 67
Question
Both high imagery words and nameable pictures are easy to remember, especially if the most appropriate study strategy is used. What is true about learning high imagery words and nameable pictures?
Answer
-
Imaging their referents results in better memory for words than naming them
-
Pictures of objects and the words that name them are always remembered equally well
-
Words with imageable referents are always remembered better than pictures
-
an imagery task results in better memory for pictures than naming them
-
Naming words results in better memory for them than mentally imaging their referents
Question 68
Question
Sequence learning is difficult. When a sequence has more than nine items, thus exceeding the immediate memory span of most individuals, an error on the first repetition attempt is likely. Suppose that you read through your 16-digit credit card number once in preparation for typing it into a website. The digits in which positions are you must likely to get wrong?
Answer
-
First
-
4th through 12th
-
Fourteenth or Fifteenth
-
Second
-
Sixteenth
Question 69
Question
Psychologists were studying verbal learning for 60 years before they appreciated how important the characteristics of the words and the strategies of the students were in determining how much was remembered. Below are three items from a 15-item word list containing similar items. Which list will be best recalled?
Answer
-
Cat, gem, saw, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
-
Vague, well, odd, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
-
Vague, well, odd, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
-
All lists were be learned equally well.
-
Cat, gem, saw, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
Question 70
Question
Some mnemonists are only good at remembering a specific kind of study material while the skills of other mnemonists are more general. A mnemonist's ability is based on part upon
Answer
-
an enlarged hippocampus
-
hyper-emotionality
-
a highly practiced mnemonic
-
autistic obsession with repetition
-
compensation for a deficit in some other cognitive ability
Question 71
Question
Early in the history of experimental psychology it was found that merely hearing something repeatedly was insufficient to learn it. Though a psychologist read the same passage to his young son every day, the son was not able to repeat it accurately. It is the habit system that makes possible the learning of a sequence, has of phone numbers, passwords, etc. The best way to learn a password is
Answer
-
have someone say it to you one character at a time and repeat each character as it is heard
-
have someone say it to you one character at a time and visualize each character as it is heard
-
count to seven after you hear it and then repeat it
-
repeat the entire sequence in reverse order as soon as you hear it
-
repeat the entire sequence as soon as you hear it
Question 72
Question
When the presentation rate of text is increased past normal speaking rate and even normal reading rate, comprehension remains good. However, there is an effect an learning. In an immediate recall task, decreasing the speed of item presentation should least affect which portion of the recall function?
Question 73
Question
Which spelling error is most likely to be detected?
Answer
-
Wark
-
Werk
-
Soller
-
Wurk
-
Wirk
Question 74
Question
Because language is processed in phrases, the perception of an ambiguous speech sound is influenced by:
Answer
-
Sounds before it and after it
-
The meanings of words before it
-
The meaning of words after it
-
None of the above
-
All of the above
Question 75
Question
A symptom of aphasia is an impairment in understanding:
Answer
-
Either spoken or written language, depending on the type
-
Written words and sentences
-
Spoken words only
-
Sentences while still understanding words
-
Both spoken and written language
Question 76
Question
The phonemic restoration effect occurs when the missing phoneme is:
Question 77
Question
Tulip is read fastest if preceded by:
Answer
-
Apple
-
Tree
-
Flower
-
Plant
-
Corn
Question 78
Question
The fireworks exploded as the scarecrow burned, is difficult to understand because
Question 79
Question
The left hemisphere is specialized for vocalization in:
Answer
-
Some songbirds
-
Mammals
-
All songbirds
-
Birds
-
Animals
Question 80
Question
Which word is not pronounced through the letter-to-sound pathway:
Question 81
Question
A symptom of aphasia is an impairment in understanding:
Answer
-
Both spoken and written language
-
Either spoken or written language, depending on the type
-
Spoken language only
-
Written words and sentences
-
Sentences while still understanding words
Question 82
Question
Because language is processed in phrases, the perception of an ambiguous speech sound is influenced by:
Answer
-
Sounds before it and after it
-
The meanings of words before it
-
The meaning of words after it
-
All of the above
-
None of the above
Question 83
Question
To determine whether the infant remembers that she could move the mobile, her foot is not connected to the mobile during:
Answer
-
Baseline, to provide a pre-training measure of performance
-
Training, to determine the effect of training
-
Test, to provide a post-training measure of performance
-
Only after the experiment is completed.
-
Both baseline, to provide a pre-training measure of performance, and test, to provide a post-training measure
Question 84
Question
One factor that influences retention of the memory of a mobile that an infant has learned to move is: