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Final Exam Review --> Exam is on December 21st

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Zoology Quiz on Final Exam Review --> Exam is on December 21st, created by Manisha BHARADIA on 30/11/2016.
Manisha BHARADIA
Quiz by Manisha BHARADIA, updated more than 1 year ago
Manisha BHARADIA
Created by Manisha BHARADIA about 8 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Match the developmental stages of the eye to their functionality: Rudimentary: small patch of photosensitive cells; [blank_start]only for presence of light[blank_end] [blank_start]Invagination of patch[blank_end]: limited directional sensitivity Pinhole Eye: forces light to fall on a very small area; [blank_start]direction and imaging[blank_end] Fluid-Filled: introduced [blank_start]diffraction and lens to refine travel[blank_end] Modern Eye: another fluid filled chamber, [blank_start]separate cornea and iris[blank_end]
Answer
  • only for presence of light
  • Invagination of patch
  • direction and imaging
  • diffraction and lens to refine travel
  • separate cornea and iris

Question 2

Question
Which gene, related to the eyes, seems to be conserved amongst species?
Answer
  • SIXP
  • PAX6
  • HEG7
  • EYE1

Question 3

Question
Label the Compound Eye.
Image:
03df936b-7c96-4001-8b10-d06fd943c584 (image/png)
Answer
  • Cornea
  • The Ommatidium
  • Psuedocone
  • Support Cells
  • Retinular Cells
  • Rhabdomeres

Question 4

Question
Match the components of the compound eye with its purpose: Cornea: [blank_start]focuses light into central aspect[blank_end] [blank_start]Ommatidium[blank_end]: the single visual transduction unit that makes up the compound eye [blank_start]Support Cells[blank_end]: continue to focus light into the central portion of the cell Retinular Cells: [blank_start]transfer information to the rhabdomeres[blank_end] [blank_start]Rhabdomeres[blank_end]: inside of the retinular cells, send signals down to axon Rhabdomeres: [blank_start]made of microvilli, full of action[blank_end] [blank_start]Membrane of the Rhabdomeres[blank_end]: contain lots of photopigments (Rhodopsin)
Answer
  • focuses light into central aspect
  • Ommatidium
  • Support Cells
  • transfer information to the rhabdomeres
  • Rhabdomeres
  • made of microvilli, full of action
  • Membrane of the Rhabdomeres

Question 5

Question
Why do Rhabdomeres have so many microvilli?
Answer
  • To help it move around for better signal transduction
  • To help it contact the Retinular cells
  • To increase SA and the amount of Rhodopsin that can be contained on the membrane

Question 6

Question
What is the 2nd messenger cascade for Rhodopsin receptors?
Answer
  • G protein --> IP3/PKC --> activate TRP cation channel
  • G protein --> Rab 2 --> activate TRP cation channel
  • G protein --> IP3/PKC --> Ca2+ release from SER

Question 7

Question
The vertebrate eye differs from the compound eye in that the vertebrate eye has the ability to focus light, giving it more acuity.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 8

Question
What does the fluid filled portion of the eye introduce?
Answer
  • Diffraction
  • Reflection
  • Refraction
  • Squishy Stuff

Question 9

Question
[blank_start]Convex[blank_end] lenses cause light to converge while [blank_start]concave[blank_end] lenses cause light to diverge. This is caused by [blank_start]refraction[blank_end].
Answer
  • Convex
  • Concave
  • concave
  • convex
  • refraction
  • diffraction
  • reflection

Question 10

Question
Striated Muscle is:
Answer
  • Found in the heart
  • Found in Skeletal Muscle
  • Voluntary
  • Involuntary
  • Have well defined sarcomeres
  • Single Unit
  • Multi-Unit

Question 11

Question
The smallest unit of skeletal muscle is called a myoblast
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
Identify the correct order for the creation of a multinucleated muscle cell
Answer
  • Myoblast, myotubule, myocyte
  • Myocyte, myotubule, myoblast
  • Myotubule, myocyte, myoblast
  • myotubule, myoblast, myocyte

Question 13

Question
What makes a muscle striated?
Answer
  • Myotubules
  • Myofibrils
  • Sarcomeres, contained in myofibrils
  • myocytes

Question 14

Question
Thick filaments are made of [blank_start]myosin[blank_end] and thin filaments are made of [blank_start]actin[blank_end].
Answer
  • myosin
  • actin

Question 15

Question
Label the lines and bands on the sarcomere below:
Image:
3396875c-a0b9-4e39-a75c-bbf0b38ba2e4 (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Z-Disk
  • H-Zone
  • M-Line (Myosin)
  • Actin
  • I-Band
  • A-Band

Question 16

Question
In the sarcomere, [blank_start]titin[blank_end] asociates with myosin and [blank_start]nebulin[blank_end] associates with actin.
Answer
  • titin
  • nebulin

Question 17

Question
Label the electromicrograph with the location of: 1) The A band 2) The I band 3) The H Band 4) How these components interact with light (put this on top of the location) --> only for A and I
Image:
3a19344d-087c-4ed7-946b-5b0862fee542 (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • H-Zone
  • A-band
  • I-Band
  • ISOTROPIC (does not polarize light)
  • ANISTROPIC (polarizes light)

Question 18

Question
What is the thin:thick ratio of filaments in mammal skeltal muscle?
Answer
  • 1:2
  • 2:1
  • 1:3
  • 3:1

Question 19

Question
Myosin is made up of:
Answer
  • 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains
  • 4 heavy chains and 2 light chains
  • 1 heavy chain and 3 light chain
  • 3 heavy chains and 1 light chain

Question 20

Question
The myosin heavy chain is made up of ______________ and the myosin light chains are made up of ________________.
Answer
  • tail, head, neck AND essential and regulatory units
  • head AND tail
  • neck AND head and tail
  • essential and regulatory units AND tail, head, neck

Question 21

Question
What two binding sites does the myosin head contain?
Answer
  • Actin and ATP
  • Calcium and ATP
  • Actin and Calcium

Question 22

Question
What happens if trypsin is added to myosin?
Answer
  • Myosin is split into a tail and a neck/head region
  • Head and neck are broken apart

Question 23

Question
What happens when Papain is applied to myosin?
Answer
  • Split into a tail and head+neck region
  • broken apart into a head and a neck

Question 24

Question
There are 2 myosin light chain components per head. For a total of 4 MLC components.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 25

Question
What are the two forms of actin?
Answer
  • Globular & Filamentous
  • Aggregated & Spiraled

Question 26

Question
What are the two main regulatory proteins that associate with actin?
Answer
  • Troponin
  • Tropomyosin
  • Malbulim
  • Triulin

Question 27

Question
What was proposed in the Sliding Filament Theory?
Answer
  • The width of the A-band remains constant, the I-band and H band gets shorter
  • The width of the I-band remains constant, the A-band gets shorter
  • The width of the H-band and I-band remains constant, the I-band gets shorter

Question 28

Question
A. Huxley and H. Huxley both confirmed the Sliding Filament Theory through different methods.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 29

Question
Describe what is happening at each of the points identified in the graph
Image:
3e5412a9-b543-47fa-8988-86565c4b6d7f (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Myosin is being crushed by the Z-disks
  • Polarity Interference; reduces Ca releas
  • Maximal cross bridge overlap
  • A little overlap
  • No more cross-bridges being formed
  • Ascending Limb
  • Plateau
  • Descending Limb

Question 30

Question
Pure actin contains [blank_start]no binding proteins[blank_end]. Native actin contains [blank_start]tropomyosin and troponin[blank_end].
Answer
  • no binding proteins
  • tropomyosin and troponin

Question 31

Question
What characterizes rigormortis?
Answer
  • Calcium is present, ATP is absent
  • Calcium is absent, ATP is present
  • Troponin is present, tropomyosin is absent
  • Tropomyosin is absent, troponin is present

Question 32

Question
What is the phyisiological calcium concentration?
Answer
  • 10^-9 M
  • 10^-5 M
  • 10^-2 M
  • 10^-3 M

Question 33

Question
What is the highest number of calcium ions that troponin C can bind to?
Answer
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4

Question 34

Question
Do invertebrates have Na+ channels in T tubules?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 35

Question
How is an action potential propogated in invertebrate T Tubules?
Answer
  • Via passive diffusion
  • Via voltage gated sodium channels
  • They don't propogate action potentials

Question 36

Question
What type of ACh receptors do skeltal muscles have?
Answer
  • Muscharinic
  • Nicotinic

Question 37

Question
What stores calcium in a cell?
Answer
  • Mitochondria
  • Lysosome
  • Smooth ER
  • Rough ER

Question 38

Question
What does it mean to be an "L-type" voltage gated channel?
Answer
  • Long-lasting activation
  • Short-activation

Question 39

Question
What type of receptor is dihydrophyridine?
Answer
  • L-type voltage gated calcium channel
  • tetrameric receptor with a central pore

Question 40

Question
What type of receptor is ryanodine?
Answer
  • L-Type voltage-gated calcium channel
  • tetrameric protein with a central pore

Question 41

Question
The dihydropyridine receptor is localized on the T-tubules while the ryanodine receptor is localized on the SER membrane.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 42

Question
The huge difference in concentration between the SER and the cytoplasm helps with [blank_start]diffusion[blank_end] but, not with [blank_start]reuptake[blank_end]. Therefore, [blank_start]calsequesterin[blank_end] helps to sequester calcium in the SER and help the SERCa pumps wor.
Answer
  • diffusion
  • reuptake
  • calsequesterin
  • calmodulin

Question 43

Question
Which elements in muscle contribute to the resting tension (if a muscle were to be pulled without cross-bridges forming)?
Answer
  • Parallel Elements
  • Series Elements
  • Perpendicular Elements

Question 44

Question
What type of elements do tendons serve as in muscle mechanics?
Answer
  • External parallel component
  • External series component

Question 45

Question
What is the difference between a concentric and an eccentric contraction? (concentric, eccentric)
Answer
  • Muscle shortens, Muscle lengthens
  • Muscle lengthens, Muscle shortens

Question 46

Question
Why is the muscle force generated from a single depolarization relatively small?
Answer
  • It takes time for the series elastic components to stretch and generate force
  • It takes time for the parallel elastic components to stretch and generate force
  • It takes time for the contractile elements to stretch and generate force

Question 47

Question
Incomplete tetanus occurs when there is a [blank_start]small refractory period[blank_end] between action potentials. Fused or complete tetanus occurs when there is [blank_start]no refractory period[blank_end] between action potentials.
Answer
  • small refractory period
  • no refractory period

Question 48

Question
As tetanus occurs, the overall force that the muscle can generate increases but, the force reaches a plateau after fused tetanus occurs.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 49

Question
What is contained in a motor unit?
Answer
  • Motor neuron
  • axons contacting muscle cells
  • grey matter
  • interneuron

Question 50

Question
The motor neuron extends out of the [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] horn of the spinal cord
Answer
  • ventral

Question 51

Question
Spatial Summation controls:
Answer
  • The number of muscle cells recruited
  • The distribution of muscle cells in the body
  • The areas of the body that respond to external stimuli

Question 52

Question
What happens in a skeletal muscle cell as the velocity of shortening increases
Answer
  • fewer cross-bridges form
  • more cross-bridges form
  • reduced average force/cross-bridge
  • increased average force/cross-bridge

Question 53

Question
Power reaches a max at 20-40% of Vmax.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 54

Question
The muscle uses ATP in the following ways: 25%: [blank_start]Pumping calcium via SERCa pumps[blank_end] [blank_start]50%[blank_end]: Heat [blank_start]25%[blank_end]: Useful work in the cross-bridge cycle
Answer
  • Pumping calcium via SERCa pumps
  • 50%
  • 25%

Question 55

Question
What is muscle efficiency?
Answer
  • Useful work/Total E Used
  • How fast a muscle can shorten
  • How strong a muscle is

Question 56

Question
Is there work generated from an isometric contraction?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 57

Question
What are the three sources of ATP for muscle?
Answer
  • Glycolysis
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Creatine Phosphate
  • Steroids

Question 58

Question
Which two (helper) proteins are involved in the smooth muscle thick and thin filament network?
Answer
  • Caldesmon
  • Xinculin
  • Alpha-actin
  • Shelanin

Question 59

Question
STRESS RELAXATION ALLOWS ORGANS THAT ARE LINED BY SMOOTH MUSCLE (E.G. THE GUT) TO ACCOMMODATE LARGE CHANGES IN DIAMETER AND STILL PRODUCE ABOUT THE SAME AMOUNT OF FORCE
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 60

Question
Match the type of smooth muscle with its mechanism of action: 1. Single Unit Smooth Muscle (Visceral): [blank_start]gap junctions, myogenic[blank_end] 2. Multi-unit Smooth Muscle: [blank_start]independent, neurogenic, fine control[blank_end]
Answer
  • gap junctions, myogenic
  • independent, neurogenic, fine control

Question 61

Question
How does visceral smooth muscle depolarize without neural input?
Answer
  • It doesn't, it requires neural input
  • Pacemaker potentials
  • Slow wave potentials

Question 62

Question
Where are neurotransmitters released from in neural activation of smooth muscle?
Answer
  • Varsities
  • Varicosities
  • Synapses
  • No neurotransmitters are released

Question 63

Question
What is the neurotransmitter and receptor type involved in parasympathetic smooth muscle activation?
Answer
  • Ach, nicotinic
  • Ach, muscarinic
  • Epi, alpha
  • Epi, beta

Question 64

Question
What is the neurotransmitter(s) and receptor type(s) involved in sympathetic smooth muscle activation?
Answer
  • Alpha (Norepi & Epi) - contraction; Beta (Epi)- relaxation
  • Beta (Norepi & Epi) - contraction; Alpha (Epi)-relaxation
  • Beta (Epi) - contraction; Alpha (Norepi & Epi) - relaxation

Question 65

Question
What is it about smooth muscles that allow for Calcium diffusion WITHOUT the presence of T-Tubules?
Answer
  • small cell diameter
  • decreased diffusion distance
  • larger cell diameter

Question 66

Question
The SER is the primary source of Calcium for smooth muscles.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 67

Question
What does MLCK do?
Answer
  • Phosphorylate MLC
  • Dephosphorylate MLC
  • Hydroxylate MLC
  • Dehydroxylate MLC

Question 68

Question
What is an antagonist of MLCK?
Answer
  • MLC phosphotase
  • MLC hydrotase
  • MLC dehydrogenase
  • MLC transferase

Question 69

Question
What are the effects of serotonin and protein kinase C on smooth muscle?
Answer
  • They promote muscle activity by inhibiting MLC phosphatase
  • They promote muscle relaxation by inhibiting MLC phosphatase

Question 70

Question
How is protein kinase activated in smooth muscle and how does it affect MLCK?
Answer
  • Activated by Beta2 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; inactivates it
  • Activated by Beta2 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; activates it
  • Activated by Alpha1 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; inactivates it
  • Activated by Alpha1 receptors; phosphorylates MLCK; activates it

Question 71

Question
Is Protein Kinase C an inhibitory or excitatory protein in smooth muscle contraction?
Answer
  • Excitatory
  • Inhibitory

Question 72

Question
What is reciprocal innervation and when does it occur?
Answer
  • Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; withdrawl reflex
  • Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; cross-extensor reflex
  • Excitation to neuron and inhibition to another; stretch reflex

Question 73

Question
What is the muscle involved in a myotatic/stretch reflex and what are some of its basic characteristics?
Answer
  • Intrafusal muscle
  • Tonic; doesn't fire APs
  • Fires APs
  • Responds to stretch/shortening

Question 74

Question
What are the receptors contained within the intrafusal muscle?
Answer
  • Annulospiral Receptor
  • Flower Spray Receptor
  • Dihydropuridine Receptor
  • Ryanodine Receptor

Question 75

Question
What type of neuron is used by Annulospiral Receptors
Answer
  • IA - afferent
  • IIA- afferent
  • IIIA - afferent

Question 76

Question
What type of neuron is used by Flower Spray Receptors in a myotatic reflex?
Answer
  • IA - afferent
  • IIA - afferent
  • IIIA- afferent

Question 77

Question
Label the layers of the skin and the 4 mammalian mechanoreceptors
Image:
76dfe843-c47c-4190-8630-67772caa58c0 (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Pacinan Corpuscle
  • Ruffini Ending
  • Messiner's Corpuscle
  • Merkel Discs
  • Free Nerve Ending
  • Hair Cell

Question 78

Question
What type of cell is this?
Image:
3b619400-fa66-4617-9f46-79a593a71622 (image/png)
Answer
  • Hair Cell

Question 79

Question
Label the Ear
Image:
425a315b-0734-4fa9-bdbd-c7869ebc5688 (image/png)
Answer
  • Pinna
  • External Auditory Meatus
  • Tympanic Membrane
  • Ossicles
  • Semi-circular canals
  • Auditory Nerve
  • Cochlea
  • Oval Window
  • Round Window
  • Outer Ear
  • Middle Ear
  • Inner Ear

Question 80

Question
Label the diagram
Image:
e93e7770-15e7-4df4-9f63-d2518f674a7d (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • External auditory meatus
  • Tympanic Membrane
  • Malleus (Hammer)
  • Incus (Anvil)
  • Stapes (Stirup)
  • Oval Window
  • Round Window

Question 81

Question
The two muscles involved in dampening noise to the inner ear are the tensor tympani muscle and the stapedius muscle. The tensor tempani is active when we are [blank_start]chewing[blank_end] whereas the stapedius muscle contracts when we are [blank_start]talking[blank_end].
Answer
  • chewing
  • talking

Question 82

Question
Label the inner ear
Image:
d172e459-4ece-46e9-af16-1fcafda58914 (image/jpeg)
Answer
  • Oval Window
  • Scala Vestibuli
  • Helicotrema
  • Scala tympani
  • Stapes
  • Vestibular Membrane
  • Basilar Membrane
  • Scala Media
  • Organ of Corti
  • Round Window

Question 83

Question
The scala vestibuli and the scala tempani are continuous, there is no membrane separating them from eachother.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 84

Question
The organ of Corti sits on top of the Basilar Membrane.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 85

Question
Label pathway 1 and 2 with their purpose.
Image:
4cdffd6f-0057-406a-8274-840892c6f345 (image/png)
Answer
  • No auditory transduction
  • Transverse movement across scala media

Question 86

Question
The perilymph has a [blank_start]similar make up to the ECF[blank_end]. The Endolymph has a [blank_start]high K+ concentration[blank_end].
Answer
  • similar make up to the ECF
  • high K+ concentration

Question 87

Question
Humans can hear between what frequency?
Answer
  • 20 Hz-2000 Hz
  • 200-2000 Hz
  • 1000-2000 Hz

Question 88

Question
Label the image. Which organ is this?
Image:
7c8719bb-cd62-454f-b294-59fce965f81d (image/png)
Answer
  • Organ of Corti
  • Tectorial Membrane
  • Scala Media
  • Support Cells
  • Inner Hair Cells
  • Auditory Nerve
  • Stereocillia
  • Outer Hair Cells

Question 89

Question
Outer hair cells [blank_start]control auditory transduction[blank_end] by lengthening and shortening the hair cells, while inner hair cells [blank_start]lead to auditory transduction[blank_end].
Answer
  • control auditory transduction
  • lead to auditory transduction

Question 90

Question
What is the kinocilium?
Answer
  • Stereocillia present in the eye
  • A more rigid stereocilium that is part of the hair cell
  • A small micro-organism

Question 91

Question
What are tip links connected to?
Answer
  • Adjacent stereocilia
  • Stretch-activated channels
  • Voltage-Gated Channels

Question 92

Question
Why do Calcium and potassium enter stereocilia when stretch-gated channels are opened?
Answer
  • Hair cells are in the endolymph
  • Hair cells are in the perilymph
  • Hair cells are in the ECF

Question 93

Question
Which organs provide us information about balance and movement?
Answer
  • Semicircular Canals
  • Otolith Organs
  • Stapes
  • Ampulla

Question 94

Question
There are [blank_start]three[blank_end] semicircular canals that provide us information about [blank_start]rotational movement[blank_end]. The Utricle and Saccule are [blank_start]Otolith organs[blank_end] that give information about [blank_start]linear movement[blank_end]. The Utricle signals [blank_start]horizontal movement[blank_end], while the Saccule signals [blank_start]verticle movement[blank_end].
Answer
  • three
  • two
  • four
  • rotational movement
  • Otolith organs
  • linear movement
  • horizontal movement
  • verticle movement

Question 95

Question
Label the diagram
Image:
397ed947-027f-4df1-8c49-fe5ddeb339cb (image/png)
Answer
  • Semicircular Canals
  • Utricle
  • Saccule
  • Cochlea
  • Ampulla
  • Auditory Nerve
  • Oval Window
  • Round Window

Question 96

Question
What fluid fills the semi-circular canals?
Answer
  • Perilymph
  • Endolymph
  • ECF

Question 97

Question
If you rotate your head to the left, which way is the fluid in the semicircular canals moving?
Answer
  • To the right
  • To the left

Question 98

Question
When the head rotates, the ampulla in each ear
Answer
  • Move in the same direction
  • Move in opposite directions

Question 99

Question
When the ampulla moves it pulls on the __________, which affects ___________.
Answer
  • Hair cells, stretch activated channels
  • Stapes, stretch activated channels
  • Stretch activated channels, hair cells

Question 100

Question
When the hair cells are pushed towards the kinocilium, the cells are [blank_start]depolarized[blank_end]. When the hair cells are pushed away from the kinocilium, the cells are [blank_start]hyperpolarized[blank_end].
Answer
  • hyperpolarized
  • depolarized

Question 101

Question
When you move along one axis, the hair cells in one ear are depolarized while the hair cells in the other ear are hyperpolarized. This helps you determine directionality of the movement.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 102

Question
What happens to the ampulla after you consume a generous amount of alcohol?
Answer
  • Specific Gravity of fluid in the canals changes --> ampulla flops over
  • Your otoliths detach and make you feel like you are spinning
  • Your semicircular canals become blocked

Question 103

Question
What are otoliths?
Answer
  • The smallest bones in the body
  • Small Stones of calcium carbonate
  • They are part of the hair cell

Question 104

Question
Label the diagram
Image:
122cc266-bc4f-4a41-be5b-e235b9ba5588 (image/png)
Answer
  • Kinocilium
  • Stereocillia
  • Otoliths
  • Gelatinous Layer
  • Hair Cell
  • Support Cell
  • Nerve Fibre

Question 105

Question
What is the function of otoliths and the gelatinous layer they are found in?
Answer
  • They cause a lag in the movement of hair cells which helps us detect linear motion
  • They contact hair cells to activate them
  • They cause the cell to depolarize

Question 106

Question
What is vertigo caused by?
Answer
  • Otoliths detaching and activating hair cells
  • Constant depolarization of hair cells
  • Missing Kinocillium

Question 107

Question
Label the image
Image:
f6fc9dc0-905b-4d91-8577-2aecbdddf02b (image/png)
Answer
  • Fovea
  • Optic Disk
  • Optic Nerve
  • Sclera
  • Lens
  • Vitreous Humor
  • Aqueous Humor
  • Cornea
  • Pupil
  • Iris
  • Ciliary Body
  • Suspensory Ligaments
  • Retina

Question 108

Question
Where does the majority of refraction take place (in the eye)?
Answer
  • Lens
  • Cornea
  • Retina
  • Aqueous Humor

Question 109

Question
What produced aqueous humor?
Answer
  • Cornea
  • Ciliary Bodies
  • Conjunctiva
  • Lens

Question 110

Question
What does the aquous humor do?
Answer
  • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cornea
  • Is the sole layer responsible for refracting light
  • Diffractions light

Question 111

Question
How is vitreous humor produced?
Answer
  • Ciliary Bodies
  • Residual aqueous humor that passes through the lens
  • Conjunctiva

Question 112

Question
What is the structure that allows aqueous humor to drain from the eye?
Answer
  • Tear Duct
  • Conjunctiva
  • Pupil
  • Canals of Schlem

Question 113

Question
How many mL of aqueous humor is produced in a day?
Answer
  • 1
  • 2
  • 5
  • 10

Question 114

Question
What is the purpose of the iris?
Answer
  • To make the eye look nice
  • To stop light and force it to enter via the pupil
  • To diffract light

Question 115

Question
Match the muscle with 1) Movement of eye 2) Where it is located in the iris 3) which system it responds to: Circular: [blank_start]constrictive[blank_end]; [blank_start]center[blank_end]; [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] Radial: [blank_start]dilates[blank_end]; [blank_start]outer portion[blank_end]; [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end]
Answer
  • constrictive
  • center
  • parasympathetic
  • dilates
  • outer portion
  • sympathetic

Question 116

Question
Label the image, - the blue and pink arrows indicated the type of stimulation - label the other lines with the characteristics of that particular part of the eye - In front of the cornea of each eye, label the type of light that causes the observed changes
Image:
066b9c96-038c-4faf-a30b-1fd374ca4f38 (image/png)
Answer
  • Sympathetic Stimulation
  • Far object --> light comes in parallel
  • Near object --> light comes in diverging
  • Relaxed Ciliary Muscles
  • Flattened, weak lens
  • Tight suspensory ligaments
  • Parasympathetic Stimulation
  • Contracted Ciliary Muscles
  • Strong, Rounded Lens
  • Loose suspensory ligaments

Question 117

Question
Match the terms: Normal Vision: [blank_start]emmetropia[blank_end] Near-sighted: [blank_start]myopia[blank_end] Far- sighted: [blank_start]hyperopia[blank_end]
Answer
  • emmetropia
  • myopia
  • hyperopia

Question 118

Question
How do you correct myopia?
Answer
  • Concave lens to allow light to reach the back of the retina
  • Convex lens to allow light to reach the back of the retina

Question 119

Question
What happens in hyperopia?
Answer
  • Light is focused behind the retina
  • The lens is too weak
  • The lens is too strong
  • Far-sighted
  • Near-sighted

Question 120

Question
As we age...
Answer
  • The crystalline structure in our eyes starts to deteriorate
  • Cataracts form
  • Lens becomes more flexible
  • Lens becomes less flexible
  • Presbyopia develops
  • Near-Sighted
  • Far-sighted

Question 121

Question
Label the Retinal Cells
Image:
0cb8ea2b-de63-4250-b329-e88364769aec (image/png)
Answer
  • Light
  • Ganglion Cell
  • Amacrine Cells
  • Bipolar Cells
  • Horizontal Cell
  • Rod
  • Cone
  • Back of Retina

Question 122

Question
What is it about the processing cells in the retina that allow light to travel to the photoreceptors?
Answer
  • They are transparent
  • There are spaces between the cells for light to pass through
  • Light cannot pass through, it has to be transmitted through the processing cells first

Question 123

Question
What is at the optic disk?
Answer
  • Blood Vessels
  • Highest Visual Acuity
  • Blind Spot
  • Axons of Ganglion Cells converge here
  • Optic Nerve
  • Macula

Question 124

Question
There are many more rods than cones in the retina.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 125

Question
There are more [blank_start]rods[blank_end] than [blank_start]cones[blank_end] in the retina. Rods are activated by [blank_start]low light[blank_end] and have a [blank_start]slow[blank_end] response time. Cones are activated in [blank_start]intense light[blank_end] and have a [blank_start]fast[blank_end] response time. Rods are [blank_start]monochromatic[blank_end] while cones are [blank_start]trichromatic[blank_end].
Answer
  • rods
  • cones
  • low light
  • slow
  • intense light
  • fast
  • monochromatic
  • trichromatic

Question 126

Question
Cones are better than rods in detecting changes in visual stimuli.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 127

Question
Which neurotransmitter is released by rods and cones?
Answer
  • Glutamate
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Glutamine

Question 128

Question
Why are cones better at transducing light?
Answer
  • They have increased SA
  • They have disks in their outer segment
  • They have a larger amount of Glutamate that can be released

Question 129

Question
Retinal is derived from which vitamin?
Answer
  • Vit B1
  • Vit B6
  • Vit E
  • Vit A

Question 130

Question
When no light is present, retinal is in the all [blank_start]cis[blank_end] form. When light hits, it is converted into the all [blank_start]trans[blank_end] form. This form is also called [blank_start]metarhodopsin II[blank_end].
Answer
  • cis
  • trans
  • metarhodopsin II

Question 131

Question
cGMP phosphodiesterase converts [blank_start]cGMP[blank_end] into [blank_start]5' GMP[blank_end] which causes the rod cell to [blank_start]hyperpolarize[blank_end].
Answer
  • cGMP
  • 5' GMP
  • hyperpolarize

Question 132

Question
If an on-center bipolar cell is stimulated, this means that the off-center bipolar cell will not be stimulated.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 133

Question
Label the diagram
Image:
2098218b-249d-428b-8932-27724ce0caf8 (image/png)
Answer
  • Photoreceptor = hyperpolarized (LIGHT)
  • On-center bipolar (DEPOL)
  • On-center Ganglion (DEPOL)
  • Off-center Bipolar (HYPERPOL)
  • Off-center Ganglion (HYPERPOL)
  • Few APs
  • Many APs

Question 134

Question
What type of pathway is visual transduction following in this pathway ?(label in top L corner) Label the cell types present
Image:
2d231bbc-601e-4615-97de-305ebc8f3a21 (image/png)
Answer
  • Vertical Pathway
  • Lateral Pathway
  • Photoreceptor = HYPERPOL (LIGHT)
  • Horizontal = HYPERPOL
  • Adjacent PR = DEPOL
  • Adjacent PR = HYPERPOL
  • On-center bipolar = HYPERPOL
  • Off-center bipolar = HYPERPOL
  • Off-center ganglion = HYPERPOL
  • On-center ganglion = HYPERPOL
  • Few APs
  • Lots of APs

Question 135

Question
What type of process would generate these responses?
Image:
c3aa87f7-8a3d-4d84-88a8-530c6048cab2 (image/png)
Answer
  • On-Center Processes
  • Off-Center Processes

Question 136

Question
What type of processes would generate these responses?
Image:
f0572a08-48e3-45ee-b4e6-ea3f0f57596c (image/png)
Answer
  • Off-Center Processes
  • On-Center Processes

Question 137

Question
Blue cones contain the pigment [blank_start]cyanolabe[blank_end] Green cones contain the pigment [blank_start]chlorolabe[blank_end] Red cones contain the pigment [blank_start]erythrolabe[blank_end]
Answer
  • cyanolabe
  • Chlorolabe
  • Erythrolabe
  • chlorolabe
  • Cyanolabe
  • erythrolabe
  • erythrolabe
  • cyanolabe
  • chlorolabe

Question 138

Question
Blue light has the [blank_start]shortest[blank_end] wavelength of light, while red has the [blank_start]longest[blank_end].
Answer
  • shortest
  • longest

Question 139

Question
What is color blindness caused by?
Answer
  • Deficiency in rods
  • Deficiency in cones
  • Difficiency in metarhodopsin II
  • Deficiency in retinal
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