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Chapter 1 Comprehensive Review

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Two, three, four
Zachariah Atteberry
Quiz by Zachariah Atteberry, updated more than 1 year ago
Zachariah Atteberry
Created by Zachariah Atteberry almost 8 years ago
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Question 1

Question
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of
Answer
  • Behavior and mental processes
  • Diagnosing and treating behavioral disorders
  • Conscious and unconscious mental processes
  • The mind

Question 2

Question
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes describe?
Answer
  • Behavorism
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Psychology
  • Clinical psychology

Question 3

Question
As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?
Answer
  • Eliminate behavior
  • Explain behavior
  • Predict behavior
  • Control behavior

Question 4

Question
A ____ proposes a relationship among observed events
Answer
  • Science
  • Theory
  • Prediction
  • School of psychology

Question 5

Question
Theories allow psychologists to make ___ such as a client's chance of recovery
Answer
  • Descriptions
  • Explanations
  • Predictions
  • Beliefs

Question 6

Question
Which is not true of psychological theories?
Answer
  • Theories that make assumptions about behavior
  • Theories explain behavior and mental processes
  • Theories are used to make predictions
  • Theories are always discarded as new observations are made

Question 7

Question
The results of ________ research in the study of perceptual development in lower animals are often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.
Answer
  • Pure
  • Basic
  • Controlled
  • Action

Question 8

Question
Applied research is research undertaken
Answer
  • With humans
  • With lower animals
  • For its own sake
  • To find solutions to specific problems

Question 9

Question
The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between
Answer
  • Prediction and control
  • Practice and theory
  • Research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems
  • Applications and adaptation

Question 10

Question
Which of these is NOT one of the three main things psychologists engage in?
Answer
  • Analyzing
  • Practice
  • Research
  • Teaching

Question 11

Question
__________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the individual through the life span.
Answer
  • Health
  • Personality
  • Developmental
  • Social

Question 12

Question
__________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.
Answer
  • Environmental
  • Forensic
  • Personality
  • Social

Question 13

Question
Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT
Answer
  • Aristotle
  • Democritus
  • Pythagoras
  • Socrates

Question 14

Question
The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was
Answer
  • Willhelm Wundt
  • William James
  • Charles Darwin
  • Gustav Fechner

Question 15

Question
Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent a “near-death” experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is called
Answer
  • Insight
  • Self-revelation
  • Recovered memory
  • Introspection

Question 16

Question
What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution from other contributions to psychology?
Answer
  • he wrote the first textbook of psychology
  • He defined psychology as the science of behavior
  • He established psychology as a laboratory science
  • He studied insight in lower animals

Question 17

Question
Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called?
Answer
  • Functionalism
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Behavorism
  • Structuralism

Question 18

Question
Under the school of structuralism, Wundt used a method called ____________ to look into one’s own objective sensations and subjective feelings.
Answer
  • Conditioning
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Introspection
  • Insight

Question 19

Question
Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was to
Answer
  • Break down conscious experience into basic elements
  • Focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior
  • Analyze the relationship between sensory stimuli and behavior
  • Determine the functions of conscious experience

Question 20

Question
Structuralism defined experience in terms of?
Answer
  • Behavioral tendencies and habits
  • Continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes
  • Functions of consciousness
  • Sensations, feelings, mental images

Question 21

Question
Functionalism was established by
Answer
  • G. Stanely Hall
  • Wilhelm Wundt
  • John Watson
  • William Jones

Question 22

Question
Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?
Answer
  • The mind is composed of discrete elements.
  • Perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
  • The only object of psychology is the study of behavior.
  • Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.

Question 23

Question
The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is called
Answer
  • Functionalism
  • Behavorism
  • Structuralism
  • Psychoanalysis

Question 24

Question
A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements?
Answer
  • Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts.
  • Consciousness is a continuous process.
  • Behavior and mental processes are adaptive.
  • All of the above

Question 25

Question
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.
Answer
  • More intelligent
  • Better adapted to the environment
  • More conscious
  • Better at problem solving

Question 26

Question
The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior
Answer
  • were broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts.
  • were part of the unconscious.
  • led the individual to self-knowledge.
  • assisted the organism to adapt to the environment.

Question 27

Question
John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of
Answer
  • stream of consciousness.
  • unconscious mental processes.
  • measurable behavior.
  • sensation, feelings, and mental images.

Question 28

Question
John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.
Answer
  • behaviorism
  • functionalism
  • structuralism
  • psychoanalysis

Question 29

Question
John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all of the following EXCEPT
Answer
  • mental processes.
  • behavior.
  • consciousness.
  • feelings and thoughts.

Question 30

Question
B. F. Skinner made major contributions to
Answer
  • structuralism.
  • functionalism.
  • behaviorism.
  • Gestalt psychology.

Question 31

Question
Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. From Skinner’s perspective the treat would be considered a
Answer
  • Bribe
  • Stimulus
  • Reinforcer
  • Control

Question 32

Question
Watson and Skinner had one objective in common, which was the
Answer
  • Treatment of disorders
  • Explanation of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement
  • Use of mental imagery
  • Discovery of unconscious conflicts

Question 33

Question
The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed
Answer
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Functionalism
  • Structuralism
  • Gestalt psychology

Question 34

Question
Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to
Answer
  • Psychotherapy
  • Adaptation to the enviornment
  • Perception
  • Habit

Question 35

Question
Gestalt psychologists believed that problem solving is not always accomplished by mechanical repetition but rather is accomplished by sudden ___________ in which a solution
Answer
  • Insight
  • Reinforcement
  • Introspection
  • Evolution

Question 36

Question
For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter of
Answer
  • Trial and error
  • Insight and understanding
  • Rote practice and repetition
  • habit and environmental adaptation.

Question 37

Question
In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solved a problem and reached the banana because of
Answer
  • Intelligence
  • Reinforcement
  • Environment clues
  • Insight

Question 38

Question
Which of these sayings would a Gestalt psychologist most likely agree with?
Answer
  • If you can conceive it and believe it, you can achieve it
  • Monkey see, monkey do
  • The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
  • What you see is what you get

Question 39

Question
Psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes while behaviorism emphasizes
Answer
  • Perception
  • Observation
  • Sensation
  • Introspection

Question 40

Question
The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is
Answer
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Structuralism
  • Functionalism
  • Gestalt psychology

Question 41

Question
The psychodynamic theory of human motivation centers on
Answer
  • Insight
  • Unconscious
  • Reinforcement
  • Introspection

Question 42

Question
Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method of
Answer
  • Scientific inquiry
  • Introspection
  • Self-knowledge
  • Psychotherapy

Question 43

Question
Freud’s technique of psychotherapy is called
Answer
  • Reality therapy
  • Insight therapy
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Behavior therapy

Question 44

Question
Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology
Answer
  • Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior
  • Learning is the basis of behavior
  • Humans are potentially good
  • The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts

Question 45

Question
The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.
Answer
  • Sociocultural
  • Humanistic-existential
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Social-cognitive

Question 46

Question
Dr. Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant children. Most likely, Dr. Maloff is a __________ psychologist.
Answer
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Behavioral
  • Sociocultural
  • School

Question 47

Question
Which of the following is NOT likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists?
Answer
  • Alcohol abuse among ethnic minority groups
  • Color perception
  • Gender roles
  • Racial bias

Question 48

Question
Dr. Rabin is studying whether Asian men are more or less likely to seek treatment for clinical depression as part of a larger study of Asian men’s attitudes toward health issues. Dr. Rabin is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
Answer
  • Humanistic-existential
  • Sociocultural
  • Industrial
  • Personality

Question 49

Question
Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish has an impact on intelligence scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.
Answer
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Humanistic-exitstential
  • Learning
  • Sociocultural

Question 50

Question
The sociocultural perspective is concerned with the
Answer
  • Behavior of society
  • Influence of a group on the behavior of the individual
  • Issues of gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status
  • Makeup of social and cultural organizations

Question 51

Question
Critical thinking is associated with
Answer
  • Skepticism
  • Respect
  • Disbelief
  • Opposition

Question 52

Question
A(n) __________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.
Answer
  • Observation
  • Scientific method
  • Theory
  • Hypothesis

Question 53

Question
The scientific method allows us to
Answer
  • Support popular opinion
  • Maintain traditions
  • Justify our values
  • Test ideas and refine knowledge

Question 54

Question
Which of the following is a valid hypothesis?
Answer
  • Viewing TV violence increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in children.
  • Viewing TV violence may influence children’s behavior.
  • Viewing TV violence is unlikely to change children’s behavior.
  • None of these.

Question 55

Question
A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that
Answer
  • becomes a selection factor in research
  • can be tested by gathering evidence
  • is accepted if it is popular
  • provides an operational definition

Question 56

Question
If participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study, this is called a ____________ that is a source of bias that could influence the results.
Answer
  • Correlation
  • Selection factor
  • Hypothesis
  • Placebo

Question 57

Question
As a scientist, you try not to speculate or draw conclusions when you do not have evidence. This approach is consistent with your use of
Answer
  • Common sense
  • Personal experience
  • Good economic decisions
  • The scientific method

Question 58

Question
In selecting research participants, the results can be generalized if the sample represents the
Answer
  • Ideas of the researcher
  • Common sense views of the times
  • Target population
  • Theory in question

Question 59

Question
A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.
Answer
  • Sample
  • Group
  • Team
  • All of these

Question 60

Question
Dr. Davis wants to study the TV viewing habits of elementary school children. He selects 50 children from local schools to participate in his research. These groups of students would be considered the
Answer
  • Population
  • Sample
  • Representative group
  • None of these

Question 61

Question
If you conclude that the participants in a study are a representative sample, then you can __________ from the research sample to the larger population.
Answer
  • Replicate
  • Speculate
  • Generalize
  • Conclude

Question 62

Question
n a __________, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.
Answer
  • Random sample
  • Selection sample
  • Stratified sample
  • Free sample

Question 63

Question
If 12% of the American population is Hispanic, what percentage of a stratified sample would be Hispanic?
Answer
  • 6%
  • 24%
  • 12%
  • 88%

Question 64

Question
Would a sample of children from an affluent suburban school district be considered a representative sample of American children?
Answer
  • No, because affluent suburban schools tend to be less racially, ethnically, and economically diverse than the nation as a whole.
  • No, because they are nothing like the average American child.
  • Yes, because public education is available to all children.
  • Yes, because they have all the advantages and none of the disadvantages.

Question 65

Question
A ________ is a method of collecting information about individuals or small groups.
Answer
  • Correlation
  • Journal
  • Survery
  • Case Study

Question 66

Question
Case study methods are often used to study __________ cases.
Answer
  • Controversial
  • Rare
  • Stratified
  • Random

Question 67

Question
The ___________ method(s) of observation may produce inaccurate results because of inaccuracies in people’s memory.
Answer
  • Case study
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Survery
  • Case study and survery

Question 68

Question
The __________ method uses interviews and questionnaires to collect information from large numbers of people.
Answer
  • Case study
  • Scientific
  • Experimental
  • Survery

Question 69

Question
An advantage of survey research is that
Answer
  • it allows you to get in-depth information.
  • it allows you to have a large sample size.
  • it allows you to work in a lab.
  • it is less subject to volunteer bias.

Question 70

Question
Working for a consumer research organization, a woman needs to learn about behavior that she can neither observe in its natural setting nor study experimentally. She probably will use the __________ method.
Answer
  • observational
  • case study
  • experimental
  • survey

Question 71

Question
By using the __________ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another behavior or trait.
Answer
  • correlational
  • statistical
  • experimental
  • survey

Question 72

Question
A correlation coefficient is a number
Answer
  • indicating the percentile of a score.
  • representing a location on the normal curve.
  • that expresses the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
  • that presents the average relationship.

Question 73

Question
You design a test of intelligence. Based on the idea that intelligence is related to academic performance, you use __________ to test the relationship between performance on your new test and grades in school.
Answer
  • an experimental method
  • a test-retest method
  • the correlational method
  • naturalistic observation

Question 74

Question
Which represents the strongest correlation?
Answer
  • +.97
  • +.90
  • +.09
  • -.99

Question 75

Question
Which of the following is most likely a correlation coefficient for a relationship between stress and health?
Answer
  • -0.78
  • +1
  • 0
  • +0.98

Question 76

Question
Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation?
Answer
  • salary and years of education
  • age and incidence of illness
  • studying and GPA
  • all of these

Question 77

Question
In correlational research, when one variable increases as the other variable decreases, it is a __________ correlation.
Answer
  • positive
  • dubious
  • invalid
  • negative

Question 78

Question
There is a good chance that we will find a __________ correlation between time spent watching TV and grades in school.
Answer
  • Perfect
  • negative
  • positive
  • weak

Question 79

Question
The best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is
Answer
  • observation.
  • correlation.
  • an experiment.
  • a case study

Question 80

Question
In an experiment, a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature has received a __________.
Answer
  • dependent variable
  • treatment
  • random effect
  • consequence

Question 81

Question
If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, you could vary the consumption levels of caffeine. The administration of caffeine is
Answer
  • the treatment.
  • the control
  • unethical
  • the dependent variable

Question 82

Question
In an experiment, the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined.
Answer
  • dependent variable
  • independent variable
  • placebo
  • observer

Question 83

Question
If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior, temperature would be the __________ variable.
Answer
  • dependent
  • Independent
  • hypothetical
  • correlated

Question 84

Question
The experimental group participants in an experiment receive
Answer
  • no treatment.
  • the dependent variable
  • the independent variable
  • the same treatment as the control group participants

Question 85

Question
The measured outcomes or results in an experiment are called
Answer
  • the independent variable
  • treatments
  • dependent variables
  • controls

Question 86

Question
In an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol consumption on aggression, aggressive behavior would be the
Answer
  • treatment
  • independent variable
  • control variable.
  • dependent variable

Question 87

Question
An experiment in which the independent variable is noise level and the dependent variable is resistance to distraction, the goal is to observe whether distractibility is a(n) __________ noise
Answer
  • cause of
  • correlate of
  • treatment for
  • effect of

Question 88

Question
In an experimental design, participants in an experimental group receive ___________.
Answer
  • no treatment
  • conditions
  • Treatment
  • the answers

Question 89

Question
Participants who go through an experiment but who do not receive any treatment or manipulation are called the __________ group.
Answer
  • self-selected
  • random
  • control
  • experimental

Question 90

Question
Examples of a __________ would be the use of a “sugar pill” instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However, the individual must believe that he or she is experiencing the real thing.
Answer
  • Confederate
  • Placebo
  • Treatment
  • Bias

Question 91

Question
Well-designed experiments control for the effects of expectations by creating conditions under which participants are unaware of, or __________, the treatment.
Answer
  • Blind to
  • Indifferent to
  • Unconscious of
  • Singled out for

Question 92

Question
Experimenters may believe that a certain kind of treatment is effective. Consequently, experimenter expectations can bias research outcomes. One way to control for experimenter and participant bias is to
Answer
  • be sure they understand ethics
  • debrief them
  • remind them of the importance of the research
  • Use the double-blind technique

Question 93

Question
In a __________ study, neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has obtained
Answer
  • Single blind
  • Double blind
  • Confounded
  • Debriefed

Question 94

Question
Ethical standards in human research allow researchers to balance interests in acquiring new information with concern about
Answer
  • Ethical review
  • Debriefing
  • Informed consent
  • Confidentiality

Question 95

Question
____________ is a process of explaining the purposes and methods of the research after a study has been completed.
Answer
  • Debriefing
  • Controlling
  • Reviewing
  • Consenting

Question 96

Question
When research cannot be carried out with human participants, researchers
Answer
  • Must abandon the issues
  • Often rely on volunteers
  • Rely on theoretical models
  • Often use animals

Question 97

Question
The benefits of animal research
Answer
  • Are obvious to everyone
  • Can never justify the loss of the animal's right to freedom
  • Cannot be demonstrated
  • Must justify the harm that might be done to an animal

Question 98

Question
As an animal lover, you find it difficult to participate in the destruction of animals for research purposes. As a scientist, you
Answer
  • Fight the use of animal models by your colleagues
  • Know that these models are unjustified
  • Realize that ethical animal models are never uncomfortable for the animals
  • Understand the value of animal research and promote ethical standards.

Question 99

Question
Brain lesioning studies in rats have provided insights regarding
Answer
  • Abuses of animals in laboratories
  • Attachment in monkeys
  • Regulation of eating and eating disorders
  • Social evolution

Question 100

Question
Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying what?
Answer
  • Animal learning and motivation
  • Human thinking and memory
  • Genetic and hormonal effects on behavior
  • Introspection and behavioral disorders(

Question 101

Question
The humanistic-existential perspective unities ____ and ____ as central principles to this approach
Answer
  • Brain; behavior
  • Self-fulfillment; free choic
  • Mental processes; consciousness
  • Culture; values

Question 102

Question
Cathy was a successful real estate agent. At age 36, she decided to to donate her wealth to charity and become a missionary in Haiti, where she has been living in relative contentment for the past two years. Which perspective would best explain Cathy's behavior?
Answer
  • Psychodynamic
  • Social-cognitive
  • Humanistic-existential
  • Developmental

Question 103

Question
Five-year old Todd watched his father at his workbench, hammering together a bird house. Soon Todd was next to his father, hammer in tapping the workbench. Todd's behavior is best described as?
Answer
  • Social-cognitive
  • Behavioral
  • ociocultural
  • Neoanalytic

Question 104

Question
In ____ researchers study behavior when it actually happens or in the field.
Answer
  • Experiments
  • Correlational research
  • Naturalistic observations
  • Case studies

Question 105

Question
Unobtrusive measures strive to minimize ____ during naturalistic observation
Answer
  • Experimenter's expectations
  • Time involved
  • Inaccurate reporting
  • Interference with behaviors being observed
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