C2.1 Structure and Bonding

Ions always have a free bond so attract more and more ions.

The forces between oppositely charged ions act in all directions, so ions are packed closely together in a regular arrangement.

Ions are very small so a crystal contains many ions.

H-O-H, O=O

H-O-H, O-O

H-H-O, O=O

Group for elements can react and join to multiple atoms, this happens here and a giant structure is formed.

Silicon atoms join to others in al directions, so giant structure is formed.

They have four covalent bonds, so form to four other atoms, this continues until a giant structure is formed.

Atoms share electrons with each so all atoms have a full outer shell, this holds the atoms in place together. (forces between atoms are strong)

Outer electrons delocalise, leaving a lattice of positive ions, the delocalised electrons attract positive ions and hold them in position. (Electrostatic forces are strong)

Metallic atoms attract each other and are held together by strong magnetic forces.

When two elements react with each other.

A molecule made up of different elements.

A substance made of two or more elements that are chemically joined together.

The Inner electrons (closest to nucleus).

The outer electrons (highest energy level of shells).

All electrons.

They are lost in the reaction.

They are shared with the other atom - so all atoms have full shells.

They are transferred (metal lose electron, non-metal gains electron)

They are shared (for each covalent bond, a pair of electrons is shared)

They are transferred (metal atom loses electron, non-metal atom gains electron)

Outer electrons are lost in reaction.

They gain an electron, which means its charge becomes positive.

They lose one outer electron (which has a negative charge, so charge becomes positive)

They gain protons in it's nucleus so its charge becomes positive.

They lose their seven electrons which makes the atom charge negative.

They lose one electron which makes the atom negative.

They gain one electron to make a full outer shell (electron is negative).

KCl

H2O

C2H6

MgO

CO2

NaNO3

The atoms in copper are all the same size (and are spherical) and are packed tightly together (as a solid, in a giant structure)

Atoms are always represented as small circles the same size, solids are made of closely packed atoms and copper is a solid (at room temp).

Atoms are all metallic so are the same size and are packed closely together (as they attract each other).