Memory Quiz- Psychology (AS)

Which researcher investigated coding in LTM and STM and when?

Name one disadvantage of Baddeley's coding study.

What is the correct capacity, coding, and duration of STM?

What is the correct capacity, coding and duration of LTM?

Which researcher investigated capacity in STM and when?

Name one disadvantage of Jacobs' capacity study.

Which researcher developed Jacobs' capacity results and when?

Name one disadvantage of Miller's capacity study.

Which researcher investigated the duration of LTM and when?

Name one advantage of Bahrick's duration study.

Which researcher investigated the duration of STM and when?

Name one disadvantage of Peterson and Peterson's duration study.

Label the Multi-Store Memory Model

Name two sensory stores in the sensory register.

Name one advantage of the multi-store model of memory.

Name three disadvantages of the multi-store model of memory.

There are 4 types of long term memory

Episodic memory refers to our ability to [blank_start]recall events[blank_end]. They are [blank_start]time stamped[blank_end] and include [blank_start]people, objects and places[blank_end]. As well as this, they require [blank_start]conscious effort[blank_end] to recall.

Name an example of episodic memory

Name an example of semantic memory.

Procedural memory refers to [blank_start]actions and skills[blank_end]. These memories aren't [blank_start]time stamped[blank_end], and require no [blank_start]conscious effort[blank_end].

Endel [blank_start]Tulving[blank_end] ([blank_start]1985[blank_end]) realised the multi-store model was too simplistic and that LTM wasn't a [blank_start]unitary store[blank_end]. He believed there were [blank_start]3[blank_end] separate LTM stores: episodic, semantic and procedural.

Name three advantages of Tulving's three LTM stores.

Name two disadvantages of Tulving's three LTM stores.

[blank_start]Central executive[blank_end]- coordinates activities of subsystems and allocates resources./. [blank_start]Visual-spatial[blank_end]- memory store for visual and spatial information./. [blank_start]Phonological loop[blank_end]- memory store for auditory information./. [blank_start]Episodic buffer[blank_end]- store which integrates all information into a single memory with time sequencing.

Define phonological store.

Define articulatory loop.

Name four advantages of the working memory model.

Name a disadvantage of the working memory model.

Define interference

Retroactive interference: [blank_start]newer[blank_end] memory interferes with [blank_start]older[blank_end] memory e.g. teacher can't remember [blank_start]previous[blank_end] class' names Proactive interference: [blank_start]older[blank_end] memory interferes with [blank_start]newer[blank_end] memory e.g. teacher can't remember [blank_start]current[blank_end] class' names

Which researcher investigated how similarity affects retroactive interference and when?

The word type which produced the worst recall in McGeoch and McDonald's retroactive study was [blank_start]synonyms[blank_end].

Name two advantages of the interference explanation for forgetting

Name two disadvantages of the interference explanation for forgetting

Retrieval Failure: an explanation for forgetting that suggests that [blank_start]insufficient cues[blank_end] cause information to be forgotten. These cues can be [blank_start]state[blank_end] dependent (internal, e.g. drunk, tired) or [blank_start]context[blank_end] dependent (external, e.g. location)

[blank_start]Tulving[blank_end] ([blank_start]1983[blank_end]) suggested the [blank_start]Encoding[blank_end] Specificity Principle (ESP). This indicates that cues must be [blank_start]present on encoding[blank_end] and [blank_start]retrieval[blank_end] in order for them to be sufficient. Some cues are linked to material in a [blank_start]memorable[blank_end] way e.g.' STM' helps us recall information about short term memory. Other cues are not so obvious: either context (external) or state (internal) dependent.

[blank_start]Baddeley[blank_end] ([blank_start]1975[blank_end]) conducted a study deep sea divers based on [blank_start]context[blank_end] dependent forgetting. They learned words either in/out of the sea and then recalled them either in/out of the sea. When the environmental contexts matched (e.g. sea - sea, land - land) the recall was [blank_start]better[blank_end].

[blank_start]Carter and Cassaday[blank_end] ([blank_start]1998[blank_end]) conducted a study based on [blank_start]state[blank_end] dependent forgetting. They either gave the participants [blank_start]anti-histamines[blank_end] or didn't, asked them to learn and recall word lists. They recalled them either on the drug or not. They found that when there was a [blank_start]mismatch[blank_end] of internal states, recall was [blank_start]worse[blank_end].

Name two advantages of the retrieval failure explanation for forgetting

Name three disadvantages of the retrieval failure explanation for forgetting

Which researcher investigated leading questions and when?

Which verb in the leading question study by Loftus and Palmer, 1974, led to the highest calculated mean average?

The [blank_start]response bias[blank_end] explanation suggests that the wording of a question has [blank_start]no effect[blank_end] on the participants' memories, but it changes the way they decide to answer. Words such as '[blank_start]smashed[blank_end]' encouraged them to answer a [blank_start]higher[blank_end] estimated speed.

[blank_start]Loftus and Palmer[blank_end] ([blank_start]1974[blank_end]) conducted a second experiment to prove that memory [blank_start]was[blank_end] changed by [blank_start]wording[blank_end]. They found that participants who heard '[blank_start]smashed[blank_end]' were [blank_start]more[blank_end] likely to report broken glass even though there wasn't any.

If [blank_start]witnesses[blank_end] discuss a crime with each other, their eyewitness testimonies may become [blank_start]contaminated[blank_end]. This is because they [blank_start]combine[blank_end] information from others with their own memories.

Which researcher investigated post-event discussion and when?

[blank_start]Gabbert[blank_end] put participants in pairs, and they watched a video of [blank_start]the same[blank_end] crime from [blank_start]different[blank_end] perspectives. They had a post-event discussion, and were then asked to recall the event. Gabbert found that [blank_start]71[blank_end]% of participants recalled information that they couldn't have seen from their perspective, suggesting post-event discussion [blank_start]directly affects[blank_end] eyewitness testimony.

Name an advantage of research into leading questions and post-event discussions.

Name three disadvantages of research into leading questions and post-event discussions.

Which researcher investigated how anxiety affects recall in a negative way, and when?

Which answer describes Johnson and Scott's study on anxiety?

Which researcher investigated how anxiety affects recall in a positive way, and when?

Which answer describes Yuille and Cutshall's study on anxiety?

Which two researchers explained the contradictory evidence provided by Johnson and Scott, and Yuille and Cutshall, and when?

The [blank_start]Yerkes-Dodson[blank_end] law suggested that the relationship between [blank_start]emotional arousal[blank_end] and [blank_start]performance[blank_end] looks like an inverted [blank_start]U[blank_end]. This means that too [blank_start]little[blank_end] anxiety leads to too [blank_start]little[blank_end] recall, and too [blank_start]much[blank_end] anxiety leads to too [blank_start]little[blank_end] recall. Therefore, there is an [blank_start]optimal[blank_end] level of anxiety to ensure accurate recall.

Name five disadvantages of the anxiety-recall studies. 1. [blank_start]Weapon[blank_end] focus could be [blank_start]irrelevant[blank_end]- may be based on [blank_start]unusualness[blank_end] of object/situation, not anxiety 2. Field studies can lack [blank_start]control[blank_end]- Yuille and Cutshall's (1986) study had post-event discussions, which is an [blank_start]extraneous[blank_end] variable 3. [blank_start]Ethical[blank_end] issues- deception (thought they were doing lab study), [blank_start]psychological[blank_end] harm (inducing anxiety) 4. Inverted U too [blank_start]simplistic[blank_end]- anxiety has more elements (emotional, cognitive etc.) other than [blank_start]physical[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]Demand[blank_end] characteristics- lab studies

Which researcher investigated the cognitive interview and when?

What are the 4 steps of a cognitive interview? 1. [blank_start]Report everything[blank_end]- include every detail, no matter how seemingly significant they are. They may actually be important, or trigger other memories 2. [blank_start]Reinstate the context[blank_end]- the witness should return to the scene in their mind, and remember their feelings and the environment (e.g. weather) 3. [blank_start]Reverse the order[blank_end]- change the chronology of event, preventing lying or basing answers on expectations 4. [blank_start]Change perspective[blank_end]- ask the witness to imagine themselves as a different witness/criminal, and then what they would've seen. This prevents basing answers on expectations.

Name five aspects to enhance the cognitive interview created by Fisher (1987)

Name three disadvantages of the cognitive interview

Name an advantage of the cognitive interview

Semantic memory involves our [blank_start]knowledge of the world[blank_end]. Unlike episodic memory, these memories are not [blank_start]time stamped[blank_end], although they do require [blank_start]conscious effort[blank_end] to recall.