Question 1
Question
Fill in the blank for each function with its corresponding match.
- [blank_start]Schwann Cell[blank_end]: myelin-producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system
- [blank_start]Neuroglia[blank_end]: fill spaces, provide structure, produce myelin
- [blank_start]Oligodendrocytes[blank_end]: form the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord
- [blank_start]Astrocytes[blank_end]: found between blood vessels and neurons. Fills scar tissue in brain, form BBB (blood brain barrier)
Answer
-
Schwann Cell
-
Neuroglia
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Astrocytes
Question 2
Question
How is the RMP established and maintained?
Answer
-
Na+ moves out and K+ moves in, ATPase maintains RMP
-
The ATPase releases MG2+ which allows for Ca+ to flow through the NMDA
-
More AMPA channels bind to the cell membrane
-
K+ moves out, Na+ moves in, ATPase maintains RMP
Question 3
Question
Which of the following is true of the Goldman equation?
Question 4
Question
Which of the following is true of the Nernst equation?
Question 5
Question
Which of the following variable's change when new conditions are presented?
Answer
-
Graded potential
-
RMP potential
-
Iontropic potential
-
mM values
-
Action potential
-
EPSP
-
IPSP
Question 6
Question
The process of starting/stopping an AP:
[blank_start]Gated[blank_end] Na+ and K+ channels are closed, only [blank_start]leak[blank_end] channels are open. [blank_start]RMP[blank_end] is maintained and you need threshold before [blank_start]depolarization[blank_end] occurs in order for an [blank_start]AP[blank_end] to occur.
Answer
-
Gated
-
leak
-
RMP
-
depolarization
-
AP
Question 7
Question
Match the term with its definition in respect to action potentials.
- [blank_start]Depolarization[blank_end]: membrane becomes more positive away from the RMP
- [blank_start]Re-polarization[blank_end]: membrane becomes more negative away from the RMP
- [blank_start]Hyper-polarization[blank_end]: membrane becomes even more negative than the RMP
Answer
-
Depolarization
-
Re-polarization
-
Hyper-polarization
Question 8
Question
The role of the Na/K ATPase is to reset the chemical conditions in the RMP. After repolarization occurs the pump restores electrical conditions.
Question 9
Question
Label the diagram with is respective phases.
Answer
-
depolarization
-
resting state
-
hyperpolarization
-
repolarization
Question 10
Question
Fill in the blank to explain how one neuron signals to another once an AP reaches the axon terminal in the pre-synaptic neuron.
An AP in the axon terminal causes [blank_start]voltage gated[blank_end] Ca+ channels to [blank_start]open[blank_end] and enter the cell. Ca+ inside the cell causes the [blank_start]synaptic vesicle[blank_end] to [blank_start]fuse[blank_end] with the membrane. Each has a certain amount of neurotransmitter released into the cleft. Neurotransmitter [blank_start]diffuses[blank_end] across the cleft. Neurotransmitter [blank_start]binds[blank_end] to receptors on the post synaptic neuron where it can act.
Answer
-
voltage gated
-
open
-
synaptic vesicle
-
fuse
-
diffuses
-
binds
Question 11
Question
Which of the following is true of Iontropic NT receptors?
Question 12
Question
EPSP: leads to [blank_start]depolarization[blank_end] of the neuron. [blank_start]Excited[blank_end] the post synaptic neuron
IPSP: leads to [blank_start]hyper-polarization[blank_end] of the neuron. [blank_start]Inhibits[blank_end] the post synaptic neuron
Answer
-
depolarization
-
hyper-polarization
-
Excited
-
Inhibits
Question 13
Question
[blank_start]Spatial summation[blank_end]: simultaneous EPSP in different location - produces AP, EPSP & IPSP in different location - reduces chance of AP
[blank_start]Temporal summation[blank_end]: rapid repeat of EPSP in same location - produces AP
Answer
-
Spatial summation
-
Temporal summation
Question 14
Question
[blank_start]Myelinated[blank_end]: AP is faster, contains [blank_start]nodes of ranvier[blank_end]: voltage gated Na+ channels where AP is generated.
[blank_start]Un-myelinated[blank_end]: AP is slower, contains [blank_start]leak channels[blank_end]: less flow of ions, difficult to get incoming Na+ charges to move.
Answer
-
Myelinated
-
Un-myelinated
-
nodes of ranvier
-
leak channels
Question 15
Question
If the Na/K ATPase stopped working the membrane would be more negative which would be harder to start an AP.
Question 16
Question
The brains ability to form or change synaptic connections is known as _____________.
Answer
-
Long term potentiation
-
Synaptic Pruning
-
Neuroplasticity
-
Myelination
Question 17
Question
Early LTP: [blank_start]AMPA[blank_end] receptor becomes [blank_start]excitatory[blank_end] which leads to an increase of [blank_start]Na+[blank_end] which then depolarizes the post synaptic cell. The EPSP that has been started releases the [blank_start]Mg+[blank_end] from the [blank_start]NMDA[blank_end] receptor and allows [blank_start]Ca+[blank_end] to enter.
Late LTP: Begins when [blank_start]sustained[blank_end] activation from early LTP leads to protein synthesis. The post synaptic changes increase dendritic spines and increase AMPA receptors.
Answer
-
AMPA
-
excitatory
-
Na+
-
Mg+
-
NMDA
-
Ca+
-
sustained
Question 18
Question
Match the term with its corresponding scenario:
[blank_start]Ca2+ levels[blank_end]: a decrease in this could cause a neuron to not pass through the NMDA receptors resulting in no LTP.
[blank_start]AMPA receptors[blank_end]: if there are none of these in early LTP then there will not be any LTP at all but if the release of NMDA occurs there none to make the membrane more permeable; causing late LTP to occur slower or not at all.
[blank_start]Lack of threshold[blank_end]: this would result in Na+ not flowing through the cell therefore no LTP would be initiated. Mg2+ would possibly block the NMDA receptor and no late LTP would occur.
[blank_start]Excess Mg2+[blank_end]: this would cause for more Na+ to flow in causing depolarization of the cell faster
[blank_start]Lack of Na+[blank_end]: there would be no EPSP, no Mg2+ release, no LTP
Answer
-
Ca2+ levels
-
AMPA receptors
-
Lack of threshold
-
Excess Mg2+
-
Lack of Na+
Question 19
Question
The [blank_start]photo-receptor[blank_end] cell receives light signals and is located in the [blank_start]retina[blank_end].
Answer
-
photo-receptor
-
bi polar
-
ganglionic
-
retinal
-
retina
-
fovea
-
macula
-
primary visual cortex
Question 20
Question
The rods are used for [blank_start]dim[blank_end] light and [blank_start]high[blank_end] sensitivity.
The cones are used for [blank_start]bright[blank_end] light and [blank_start]low[blank_end] sensitivity.
Question 21
Question
The macula contains the fovea.
Question 22
Question
The fovea has a low density of photoreceptors.
Question 23
Question
What photo-receptors are found in the periphery?
Question 24
Question
Which ion is released when signaling photo-receptors?
Question 25
Question
Pathway of light from eye to brain.
[blank_start]Light[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Retina[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Photoreceptor[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Bi Polar Cell[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Ganglionic Cell[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Optic Nerve[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Optic Chiasm[blank_end] -> [blank_start]LGN[blank_end] -> [blank_start]V1[blank_end]
Answer
-
Light
-
Retina
-
Photoreceptor
-
Bi Polar Cell
-
Ganglionic Cell
-
Optic Nerve
-
Optic Chiasm
-
LGN
-
V1
Question 26
Question
What axons make up the optic nerve?
Answer
-
Bi polar cell
-
Photoreceptor
-
Ganglionic Cell
-
Nerve endings
Question 27
Question
The optic chiasm is the crossing over point for vision.
Question 28
Question
Label the pathway from the outer to inner ear.
[blank_start]External meatus[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Tympanic Membrane[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Malleus[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Incus[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Stapes[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Oval Window[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Inner Ear[blank_end]
Answer
-
External meatus
-
Tympanic Membrane
-
Malleus
-
Incus
-
Stapes
-
Oval Window
-
Inner Ear
Question 29
Question
Top tube: [blank_start]scala vestibule[blank_end]: connects to the oval window
Middle tube: [blank_start]scala media[blank_end]: holds organ of corti - hair cells that change waves to electric signals - sits on basilar membrane and covered by tectorial membrane
Bottom tube: [blank_start]scala tympani[blank_end]: connects to round window
Answer
-
scala vestibule
-
scala media
-
scala tympani
Question 30
Question
The stereocilia depolarizes in response to sound waves.
Question 31
Question
Sound waves come in and bend the stereocilia which allow for Na+ to flow in.
Question 32
Question
The [blank_start]endolymph[blank_end] is high in potassium.
Question 33
Question
Stereocilia is stuck in the [blank_start]tectorial membrane[blank_end] and allows for tugging when sound waves pass through. The organ of corti sits on the [blank_start]basilar membrane[blank_end].
Answer
-
tectorial membrane
-
basilar membrane
Question 34
Question
The [blank_start]depolarization[blank_end] of stereocilia causes them to release [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end] onto the [blank_start]spiral ganglion[blank_end] cells of the cochlear nerve.
Answer
-
depolarization
-
hyperpolarization
-
repolarization
-
crossing over
-
glutamate
-
potassium
-
sodium
-
calcium
-
spiral ganglion
-
hair
-
odorant
-
receptor
Question 35
Question
Cilia repolarize as K+ leaves the endolymph.
Question 36
Question
Fill in the blanks for the pathway of sound from the cochlea to the brain.
[blank_start]Hair Cell[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Spiral Ganglion Axon[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Cochlear Nerve[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Cochlear Nuclei in the medulla[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Superior Olive in the pons[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Inferior Colliculus in the midbrain[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Medial Geniculate Nucleus in the thalamu[blank_end]s -> [blank_start]A1 in the superior temporal lobe[blank_end].
Answer
-
Hair Cell
-
Spiral Ganglion Axon
-
Cochlear Nerve
-
Cochlear Nuclei in the medulla
-
Superior Olive in the pons
-
Inferior Colliculus in the midbrain
-
Medial Geniculate Nucleus in the thalamu
-
A1 in the superior temporal lobe
Question 37
Question
Where is the crossing over point for the auditory system?
Answer
-
medulla
-
midbrain
-
pons
-
thalamus
Question 38
Question
The primary auditory cortex is located in the Superior temporal lobe.
Question 39
Question
[blank_start]Pitch[blank_end] is based on frequency.
High pitch: [blank_start]base of cochlea[blank_end]
Low pitch: [blank_start]apex of cochlea[blank_end]
[blank_start]Loudness[blank_end] is based on intensity
Increased [blank_start]amplitude[blank_end] of waves: louder sounds
Answer
-
Pitch
-
base of cochlea
-
apex of cochlea
-
Loudness
-
amplitude
Question 40
Question
Explain the way in which odor molecules start an AP in sensory neurons.
[blank_start]Odorant particles bind to receptors[blank_end] on the cilia -> [blank_start]transduction begins[blank_end] -> [blank_start]signals the G Protein[blank_end] -> [blank_start]cAMP production[blank_end] -> [blank_start]cAMP binds to open ion channels[blank_end] -> [blank_start]allow Na+ and Ca2+ to enter[blank_end] -> [blank_start]depolarization[blank_end]
Answer
-
Odorant particles bind to receptors
-
transduction begins
-
signals the G Protein
-
cAMP production
-
cAMP binds to open ion channels
-
allow Na+ and Ca2+ to enter
-
depolarization
Question 41
Question
Trace the path of olfaction signals from the nose to brain
[blank_start]Mucus[blank_end] -> [blank_start]olfactory cells[blank_end] -> [blank_start]dendrite[blank_end] -> [blank_start]olfactory receptor[blank_end] -> [blank_start]basal cell[blank_end] -> [blank_start]axon[blank_end] -> [blank_start]olfactory gland[blank_end] -> [blank_start]olfactory nerve[blank_end] -> [blank_start]cribiform plate[blank_end] -> [blank_start]glomeruli[blank_end] -> [blank_start]mitral cell[blank_end] -> [blank_start]olfactory tract[blank_end]
Answer
-
Mucus
-
olfactory cells
-
dendrite
-
olfactory receptor
-
basal cell
-
axon
-
olfactory gland
-
olfactory nerve
-
cribiform plate
-
glomeruli
-
mitral cell
-
olfactory tract
Question 42
Question
How are different odors interpreted?
Answer
-
100 different receptor types
-
500 different receptor types
-
350 different receptor types
-
unknown amount of receptor types
Question 43
Question
Which cells make up the olfactory nerve?
Answer
-
mitral cell
-
basal cell
-
epithelial cell
-
gustatory cell
Question 44
Question
Which of the following have pertain to taste buds?
Answer
-
Gustatory cells
-
Epithelial cells
-
Basal cells
-
Ganglionic cells
-
Olfactory cells
Question 45
Question
Gustatory cells are ciliated and bind to dissolved chemicals.
Question 46
Question
Match the NT to its tastant:
T1R1: [blank_start]umami/MSG[blank_end]
T1R2: [blank_start]sweet[blank_end]
T1R3: [blank_start]sweet/umami[blank_end]
T2: [blank_start]bitter[blank_end]
ENaC: [blank_start]salty[blank_end]
PKD2L: [blank_start]sour[blank_end]
Answer
-
umami/MSG
-
sweet
-
sweet/umami
-
bitter
-
salty
-
sour
Question 47
Question
[blank_start]T1R1 & T2[blank_end]: binds G protein -> increase IP3 Ca2+ -> open TRP channels -> depol.
[blank_start]ENaC & PKD2L[blank_end]: enters through membrane Na+ channels -> depol.
Question 48
Question
Fill in the blanks for the path of taste bud to brain:
[blank_start]Cranial nerves[blank_end] -> [blank_start]medulla oblongata[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Pons (medulla)[blank_end] -> [blank_start]VPN thalamus[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Primary Gustatory Cortex (insula)[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Hypothalamus (limbic system)[blank_end]
Question 49
Question
The direction in which sensory information travels is from spinal cord to periphery
Question 50
Question
Fill in the blanks to show the path of sensory information from mechanoreceptors to S1 using the MLP:
[blank_start]Primary afferent[blank_end] -> [blank_start]medulla[blank_end] -> [blank_start]secondary afferent[blank_end] -> [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end] (where it crosses over) -> [blank_start]VPN[blank_end] -> [blank_start]tertiary afferent[blank_end] -> [blank_start]S1[blank_end] (parietal lobe)
Answer
-
Primary afferent
-
medulla
-
secondary afferent
-
thalamus
-
VPN
-
tertiary afferent
-
S1
Question 51
Question
Fill in the blank for the sensory information for nociceptors to S1 using the spinothalamic tract.
-[blank_start]Spinal cord[blank_end] -> [blank_start]cross at ventral route[blank_end] -> [blank_start]medulla[blank_end]
Answer
-
Spinal cord
-
cross at ventral route
-
medulla
Question 52
Question
In the medial lemniscal pathway crossing over occurs in the [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end] and in the spinothalamic pathway crossing over occurs in the [blank_start]spinal cord[blank_end].
Answer
-
thalamus
-
medulla
-
spinal cord
-
pons
-
spinal cord
-
thalamus
-
medulla
-
pons
Question 53
Question
[blank_start]A delta[blank_end]: myelinated, fast conduction, skin pressure/touch vibration
[blank_start]A beta[blank_end]: myelinated, sharp pain, cool/cold info
[blank_start]C fibers[blank_end]: unmyelinated, slow conduction, pain, warm/hot information
Question 54
Question
Match each mechano-receptor with the sensory information they detect:
[blank_start]Merkel Cell[blank_end]: mostly in fingertips, feel touch
[blank_start]Meisnner Corpuscle[blank_end]: respond to low freq. vibrations, brushing across skin, slippage of objects in hands
[blank_start]Paccinian Corpuscle[blank_end]: poor spatial resolution, respond to high freq. vibration, use of tools
Answer
-
Merkel Cell
-
Meisnner Corpuscle
-
Paccinian Corpuscle
Question 55
Question
S1 is in the parietal lobe and is somatotopically organized
Question 56
Question
2 point discrimination is the regions far apart in the body synapse in the cortex close together.
Question 57
Question
Both Substance P and Glutamate ________ interneurons. - Secondary afferents in the spinal cord.
Answer
-
inhibit
-
excite
-
hyperpolarize
-
eliminate
Question 58
Question
How do endogeous opiods block incoming nociceptor signals in order to reduce the perception of pain?
They all bind to opiod ligand -> release inhibitory [blank_start]NT[blank_end] on nociceptor neuron terminals in spinal cord and either block [blank_start]Ca2+[blank_end] channels or open [blank_start]K+[blank_end] channels.
Question 59
Question
Match each NT to its interneuron.
Mu: [blank_start]endorphin[blank_end]
Delta: [blank_start]enkephalin[blank_end]
Kappa: [blank_start]dynorphin[blank_end]
Answer
-
endorphin
-
enkephalin
-
dynorphin
Question 60
Question
What structures below are a part of the NMJ? (CATA)
Question 61
Question
During muscle contraction:
Answer
-
thin filaments allow thick filaments to slide on top
-
thin and thick filaments slide past each other
-
thin and thick filaments begin to convulse
Question 62
Question
Myosin heads bind to actin during muscle contraction
Question 63
Question
Match each term with their definition:
- [blank_start]Sarcolemma[blank_end]: plasma membrane
- [blank_start]Sarcoplasmic Reticulum[blank_end]: smooth ER; stores Ca2+ has voltage gated channels
- [blank_start]Muscle Fiber[blank_end]: thing filaments, myosin attaches, think filaments binding site for actin and ATP.
Answer
-
Sarcolemma
-
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
-
Muscle Fiber
Question 64
Question
The [blank_start]direct[blank_end] pathway signals inhibit some basal ganglia structures which lead to movement. The [blank_start]indirect[blank_end] pathway signals excite some basal ganglia structures which inhibit movement.
Answer
-
direct
-
indirect
-
indirect
-
direct
Question 65
Question
M1 is not organized somatotopically.
Question 66
Question
The size of the area determines the movement in M1.
Question 67
Question
Fill in the blanks with the pathway for motor movement from the brain to the muscle:
[blank_start]M1[blank_end] -> [blank_start]pons[blank_end] -> [blank_start]medulla[blank_end] -> [blank_start]spinal cord[blank_end] -> [blank_start]muscle[blank_end]
Answer
-
M1
-
pons
-
medulla
-
spinal cord
-
muscle
Question 68
Question
Where do the motor neurons decussate?
Answer
-
thalamus
-
ventral horn
-
dorsal horn
-
medulla
-
pons
Question 69
Question
The UMN synapses on the LMN at the __________________
Question 70
Question
Dorsal Horn: [blank_start]sensory neuron[blank_end]
Ventral Horn: [blank_start]upper motor neuron[blank_end]
Dorsal Route: [blank_start]sensory pathway[blank_end]
Ventral Route: [blank_start]motor pathway[blank_end]
[blank_start]Spinal Nerve[blank_end]: mixed between sensory & motor neurons
[blank_start]Left[blank_end] side of spinal cord: motor/descending ([blank_start]efferent[blank_end]) pathway
[blank_start]Right[blank_end] side of spinal cord: sensory/ascending ([blank_start]afferent[blank_end]) pathway
Answer
-
sensory neuron
-
upper motor neuron
-
upper motor neuron
-
sensory neuron
-
sensory pathway
-
motor pathway
-
motor pathway
-
sensory pathway
-
Spinal Nerve
-
Dorsal Nerve
-
Autonomic Nerve
-
Spinothalamic Nerve
-
Left
-
Right
-
efferent
-
afferent
-
Right
-
Left
-
afferent
-
efferent
Question 71
Question
Sensory neuron connect motor neurons through interneurons.
Question 72
Question
[blank_start]Flexor[blank_end] reflex causes automatic withdrawal of threatened body parts and uses simple reflex arc.
[blank_start]Stretch[blank_end] reflex maintains posture and adjusts.
Answer
-
Flexor
-
Stretch
-
Stretch
-
Flexor
Question 73
Question
Proprioceptors _________________.
Answer
-
detect stretch and fire AP - causes muscle contraction
-
detect stretch and contains AP - constricting muscle contraction
-
maintain homeostasis
-
carry signals from outer motor neurons to inner
Question 74
Question
Proprioception is ...
Question 75
Question
[blank_start]Autonomic[blank_end] NS: involuntary, impulses go to [blank_start]cardiac[blank_end] muscles
[blank_start]Somatic[blank_end] NS: voluntary, impulses go to [blank_start]skeletal[blank_end] muscles
Answer
-
Autonomic
-
Somatic
-
Somatic
-
Autonomic
-
cardiac
-
skeletal
-
skeletal
-
cardiac
Question 76
Question
Check all that apply to the Parasympathetic Nervous System.
Answer
-
Constricts airways
-
Decrease heart rate
-
Increase digestion
-
Increase Urine Output
-
Decrease Blood Pressure
-
Increase heart rate
-
Decrease digestion
-
Decrease Urine Output
-
Dialtate Airways
-
Increase Blood Pressure
Question 77
Question
Receptor Types:
- [blank_start]Nicotinic[blank_end]: stimulatory, found on skeletal muscles at the neuromuscular juntion, all postganglionic neurons.
- [blank_start]Muscarinic[blank_end]: inhibitory/excitatory, found on all effector cells.
Answer
-
Nicotinic
-
Muscarinic
-
Muscarinic
-
Nicotinic
Question 78
Question
What Neurotransmitter is used for signaling?
- Sympathetic: [blank_start]NE[blank_end]
- Parasympathetic: [blank_start]ACh[blank_end]
Question 79
Question
What type of fibers are used for in the SNS?
Answer
-
cholinergic
-
muscarinic
-
adrenergic
-
nicotinic
Question 80
Question
What type of fiber is used in the PNS?
Answer
-
adrenergic
-
cholinergic
-
muscarinic
-
nicotinic
Question 81
Question
The Central Nervous System is controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System.
Question 82
Question
Is the ANS controlled unconsciously by the CNS?