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NM Exam 2

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Neuromuscular Quiz on NM Exam 2, created by Samantha Butler on 24/06/2017.
Samantha Butler
Quiz by Samantha Butler, updated more than 1 year ago
Samantha Butler
Created by Samantha Butler over 7 years ago
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Resource summary

Question 1

Question
Postural muscles remain tonically active during quiet stance to maintain the body in an upright, narrowly confined position?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 2

Question
What muscles are tonically active during quiet stance?
Answer
  • Quadriceps, gastrocnemius - soleus complex, tibialis anterior, Hamstrings, abdominals
  • Gastrocnemus-Soleus complex, tibialis anterior, Hamstrings, eretor spinae
  • Gastrocnemus-Soleus complex, tibialis anterior, gluteus medius, TFL, thoracic spinae

Question 3

Question
A postural strategy is a type of abnormal muscle synergy.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 4

Question
What are the 3 types of compensatory postural strategies?
Answer
  • Ankle Strategy
  • Hip Strategy
  • Stepping Strategy
  • Jumping Strategy
  • Medial-Lateral Strategy
  • Anterior-posterior strategy

Question 5

Question
What strategy occurs in response to small perturbation and firm support surfaces?
Answer
  • Hip Strategy
  • Stepping Strategy
  • Jumping Strategy
  • Ankle Strategy

Question 6

Question
What strategy occurs to larger/faster perturbations, or when support surface is compliant?
Answer
  • Hip Strategy
  • Stepping Strategy
  • Jumping Strategy
  • Ankle Strategy

Question 7

Question
What strategy occurs in response to large/fast perturbations and when ankle or trunk musculature is weak?
Answer
  • Hip strategy
  • Stepping strategy
  • Jumping Strategy
  • Ankle Strategy

Question 8

Question
What occurs during ankle strategy?
Answer
  • Small Perturbations on a firm support surface
  • Large Perturbation on a compliant surface
  • Muscles Fire Proximal to Distal
  • Muscles Fire Distal to Proximal
  • Muscles firing in forward sway: Gastrocnemius > Hamstrings > Para spinals
  • Muscles Fire in a Forward sway: Abdominals > Quadriceps
  • Muscles fire in Backward induced sway: Para spinals > Hamstrings
  • Muscles fire in Backward induced sway: Tibialis anterior > Quadriceps > Abdominal muscles

Question 9

Question
What are the components in the stance phase of the gait cycle (Rancho Los Amigos Terminology)?
Answer
  • Initial Contact
  • Heel Strike
  • Loading Response
  • Foot Flat
  • Midstance
  • Terminal Stance
  • Heel Off
  • Pre Swing
  • Toe Off

Question 10

Question
Adaptive (Reactive) Postural Control occurs in response to destabilizing forces or perturbations. (EXTERNAL FORCE)
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 11

Question
Anticipatory (Proactive) Postural Control occurs in preparation of selfinitiated voluntary movements that have the potential to destabilize the body.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
What part of the brain plays an important role when interpreting where the body is in space? This includes motion or stationary.
Answer
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
  • Right and Left Hemispheres

Question 13

Question
The somatosensory input provides information about position movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 14

Question
Check all that apply to the vestibular input.
Answer
  • Provides brain with inforation about position of movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces.
  • The Semicircular canals sense angular acceleration.
  • Otoliths sense vertical and horizontal acceleration of the head.
  • Is the Strongest of the 3 inputs
  • Being in the dark inhibits or comprimises the vestibular input.

Question 15

Question
Adults rely heavily on _______ input where kids rely heavily on _______.
Answer
  • Somatosensory, Visual
  • Visual, Somatosensory
  • Vestibular, Somatosensory
  • Somatosensory, Vestibular

Question 16

Question
The SOT/CTSIB measures body sway under 6 different conditions.
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 17

Question
Stance Phase occupies how much time in the gait cycle?
Answer
  • 60 %
  • 40 %
  • 20 %
  • 10 %

Question 18

Question
The three essential requirements of successful gait are?
Answer
  • Progression, Stability, Adaptation
  • Progression, Adaptation, Movement
  • Proprioception, Progression, Adaptation

Question 19

Question
The Swing Phase occupies how much of the gait cycle?
Answer
  • 40 %
  • 60 %
  • 20 %
  • 80 %

Question 20

Question
Step Length:
Answer
  • The distance from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of the other foot. Normal young adult step length is 76.3 cm (30 inches)
  • The distance covered from initial contact of one foot to the following initial contact by the same foot
  • Horizontal distance between the middle heel of one foot and the middle heel of the opposite foot.
  • The number of steps per unit of time (usually steps per minute). Normal young adult mean cadence is 112.5 steps/min or 1.9 steps/second

Question 21

Question
Stride Length:
Answer
  • The distance from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of the other foot. Normal young adult step length is 76.3 cm (30 inches).
  • The distance covered from initial contact of one foot to the following initial contact by the same foot.
  • Horizontal distance between the middle heel of one foot and the middle heel of the opposite foot
  • The number of steps per unit of time (usually steps per minute). Normal young adult mean cadence is 112.5 steps/min or 1.9 steps/second

Question 22

Question
Step Width:
Answer
  • Horizontal distance between the middle heel of one foot and the middle heel of the opposite foot.
  • The number of steps per unit of time (usually steps per minute). Normal young adult mean cadence is 112.5 steps/min or 1.9 steps/second
  • The distance covered from initial contact of one foot to the following initial contact by the same foot
  • The distance from initial contact of one foot to initial contact of the other foot. Normal young adult step length is 76.3 cm (30 inches).

Question 23

Question
What should the ankle be doing at each phase in the gait cycle?
Answer
  • Initial Contact - 0 degrees
  • Loading Response 0-15 degrees
  • Mid Stance 15 degrees PF, 10 degrees DF
  • Terminal Stance 10 degrees DF to 0 degrees
  • PreSwing 0-20 degrees PF
  • Initial Swing 20-10 degrees PF
  • Mid Swing 10 degrees PF to 0 degrees
  • Terminal Swing 0 degrees

Question 24

Question
What is the Hip doing during the gait cycle?
Answer
  • Initial Contact 30 degrees flexion
  • Loading Response 30 degrees flexion
  • Mid Stance 30-0 degrees
  • Terminal Stance 0-10 degrees extension
  • Pre swing 10 degrees extension to 0 degrees
  • Initial Swing 0-20 degrees Flexion
  • Mid Swing 20-30 degrees flexion
  • Terminal Swing 30 degrees flexion

Question 25

Question
What is the knee doing during the gait cycle?
Answer
  • Initial Contact 0 degrees
  • Loading Response 0-15 degrees
  • Mid Stance 15-0 degrees
  • Terminal Stance 0 degrees
  • Pre Swing 0-35 degrees Flexion
  • Initial Swing 35-60 degrees Flexion
  • Mid Swing 60-30 degrees Flexion
  • Terminal Swing 30-0 degrees

Question 26

Question
Check all that are true:
Answer
  • As the swing leg advances, the pelvis rotates forward 5 degrees in the horizontal plane to increase the relative leg length. This strategy minimizes downward displacement of the COM.
  • Lateral pelvic tilt: At midstance the contralateral pelvis drops in the frontal plane to lower the body and thus minimize upward displacement of the COM.
  • The motion of the pelvis helps ‘smooth out’ gait so there is less up and down (vertical) motion.
  • Knee flexion during swing lengthens the length of the leg allowing the foot to clear the ground thus also increasing upward displacement of the COM.
  • During terminal stance, the lower extremity is elongated via ankle plantarflexion (i.e. heel rise).
  • For individuals with impaired balance, an increase in step width will decrease stability and sacrifice energy efficiency.
  • Lateral pelvic/hip motion: Reducing step width minimizes the medial-lateral displacement of the COM (i.e. during weight shifts).

Question 27

Question
What statements are TRUE
Answer
  • An individual dx with Parkinson's Disease will have a delayed activation of postural synergies.
  • Coactivation occurs when both the anterior and posterior synergy muscles Fire simultaneously.
  • An individual with a cerebellar lesion has difficult scaling amplitude
  • Hypermetric scaling problems occur do to LMN.
  • Individuals with a UMN that are engaged with dual tasks will have a decrease in postural sway.

Question 28

Question
Select all that are true for Static Balance
Answer
  • Being able to maintain one's COM within their BOS independently in a static position.
  • Can only be done in a seated position
  • Measure only anticipatory postural control.
  • Measures both anticipatory and adaptive postureal control
  • Clinical acceptance is being able to hold their balance for 15 sec .
  • Clinical acceptance is being able to hold their balance 30 sec.

Question 29

Question
Select what is TRUE for Dynamic balance
Answer
  • Refers to the individuals ability to maintain their COM over their BOS, or independently be able to recover when the COM approaches their limits of stability.
  • Is when an individual is unable to recover when the COM approaches their limits of stability.
  • Can be used to asses anticipatory and adaptive postural control
  • Is done is only standing
  • Can be done in both standing and seated

Question 30

Question
How is vertical displaement minimized?
Answer
  • Horizontal pelvic rotation: As the swing leg advances, the pelvis rotates forward 5 degrees in the horizontal plane to increase the relative leg length. This strategy minimizes downward displacement of the COM.
  • Lateral pelvic tilt: At midstance the contralateral pelvis drops in the frontal plane to lower the body and thus minimize upward displacement of the COM.
  • Knee flexion during stance and swing phase: Knee flexion during stance phase limits the maximum upward displacement of the COM. Knee flexion during swing shortens the length of the leg allowing the foot to clear the ground thus also minimizing upward displacement of the COM
  • Ankle rotation (dorsiflexion-plantarflexion): At heel contact the protruding calcaneous makes contact with the ground and functionally elongates the leg length. In addition, during terminal stance, the lower extremity is elongated via ankle plantarflexion (i.e. heel rise). Thus at both ends of stance phase downward displacement of the COM is minimized.

Question 31

Question
What compensation results in elevation of the ipsilateral of the swing phase to help clear the foot from the ground?
Answer
  • Circumduction
  • Hip-Hiking
  • Vaulting

Question 32

Question
What compensation is occuring when the individual raises up on the forefoot of the contralateral stance limb in order to clear the affected limb?
Answer
  • Vaulting
  • Circumduction
  • Hip Hiking

Question 33

Question
What compensation is occurring when the affected limb swings out to the side rather than bringing it forward?,
Answer
  • Circumduction
  • Hip Hiking
  • Vaulting

Question 34

Question
What way does the trunk lean during compensation to allow for the swing limb to clear the floor?
Answer
  • Ipsilateral
  • Contralateral
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • None of the above
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