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Description
Flashcards by Lukas Sogor, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lukas Sogor
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Opponents of the Tsar and their aims | Cadets: more democratic government SR: radical, violent, wanted revolution Socialist Democratic Party: ->Mensheviks: Marxism, slow, peaceful ->Bolsheviks: Lenin, revolution |
| 1904 | Russo-Japanese War, launched to gain support -> failed, ended late 1905 |
| Bloody Sunday | 22 January 1905, Winter Palace, 200'000 protesters, petition to Tsar, soldiers attacked |
| Potemkin Mutiny | June 1905, battleship, due to rotten meat, army now on people's side |
| October Manifesto | established Duma, right to free speech, right to form political parties, meanwhile Tsar made peace w/ Japan and brought back troops to crush revolution |
| Stolypin | Prime Minister, appointed in 1906, carrot and stick approach, assassinated in 1911, Tsar felt threatened by him |
| Carrot and Stick approach | carrot: kulaks allowed to buy land -> prosperous, big farms, increased production stick: brutal treatment of opposing forces |
| Rasputin | Healer using hypnosis, Tsar's son, gave advice to Tsarina and Tsar, people doubted Tsar's sovereignty -> controlled by Rasputin, murdered 1916 |
| First World War | 1914, army was short on everything, poorly led, Tsar himself commander-in-chief, great losses, poor goods transport (railway) |
| Marxism | power first from aristocracy to middle class, then from middle class to workers, in the end no government, communism |
| February ( / March) Revolution | 7 March 1917, huge strike started, International Women's Day, industry was at a standstill, Provisional Government + Petrograd Soviet, 15 March abdication of Tsar |
| Provisional Government | former Duma, vs Petrograd Soviet, Kerensky as member and later head, war effort failed -> desertions while farmers at home took land, steadily losing power |
| Lenin | Bolshevik leader, "Peace, Land and Bread", died in 1924 of strokes |
| Bolshevik Party | led by Lenin, only party demanding Russia pull out of WW1, took complete control of Russia in November 1917 |
| Kornilov Affair | September 1917, army leader, marched troops to Petrograd to get rid of PG and Bolsheviks -> Kerensky asked Bolsheviks for help -> formed Red Guards -> Kornilov's troops refused to fight Soviets |
| Kerensky | head of PG, seeked for help by Bolsheviks during Kornilov Affair |
| July Days | 1917, protests turned into a rebellion, initially Bolsheviks against it, then decided to support them, crushed by PG, Bolsheviks lost support |
| Red Guards | Bolshevik army, led by Leon Trotsky, later became the Red Army in civil war |
| October Revolution / Bolshevik Revolution | 6,7,8th (November), Red Guards take control of Petrograd, then stormed Winter Palace and overthrew PG, Kerensky fled into exile -> Bolsheviks now in complete control, SFSR |
| Trotsky | excellent speaker for Bolsheviks, leader of Red Guards, met Lenin in exile, former Menshevik, negotiated in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk |
| The Whites | during the civil war, 1917-1922, any group opposed to the Bolsheviks, collection of different groups |
| Red Terror | during the civil war, the Bolsheviks came down violently on any (suspected) opposition and they (and the Whites) took away grain and cattle from the peasants |
| War Communism | during and after the civil war, government controlling all trade and industry, peasants to hand over surplus food -> peasants refused which resulted in food shortage -> terrible famine |
| Cheka | Bolshevik secret police, set up in 1918 during the civil war |
| New Economic Policy | followed War Communism, 1921, reason was Kronstadt mutiny, peasants can now sell surplus food instead of giving it away, partially brought back capitalism, some private ownership possible |
| Stalin | 1929 leader of Communist/Bolshevik party, "Socialism in One Country", wanted to modernise the USSR, ended NEP, Five-Year Plans |
| Five-Year Plans | Stalin's idea, GOSPLAN > region > mine, factory etc. > foreman > shifts, individual workers |
| How was industrialisation achieved? | Five-Year Plans, strict goals, punishments for not meeting them, bonus for doing so, women in work force, free education, prisoners sentenced to hard labour, religion repressed |
| Collectivisation | 1929, small farms put together to increase production, met resistance by farmers, requisition parties took food, kulaks arrested or sent to labour camps, less production due to chaos -> famine in 1932/33, millions died 1941 agricultural land collectivised |
| The Purges | 1934, over 20 million people killed or sent to labour camps for made-up reasons |
| Cult of the Personality | 1930s, cult of Stalin, Stalin was praised everywhere, indoctrination was common, political opponents of Stalin that had been arrested where removed from books, pictures etc. |
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