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Flashcards by Anne Schubert, updated more than 1 year ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The Later Middle Ages, 1300-1485 | The Later Middle Ages, 1300-1485 |
| historical periodisation: -term "middle ages" invented much later: to pinpoint a time "in the middle" between Antiquity and modern times "modernity" -periods are constructions by later generations to facilitate understanding | The Later Middle Ages, 1300-1485 |
| What was the Hundred Years War and how did it influence the British Isles? | The Later Middle Ages, 1300-1485 |
| -age of war & political turmoil: -14th and 15th cent: period of violence and revolution => balance shift gtom military to merchant society -examples: 1327: Edward II deposed | The Hundred Years War |
| -1399: first time since 1190s English king had ended his reign without leaving a son -1399: worst crisis of the monarchy since Magna Carta | The Hundred Years War |
| the Hundred Years War: -decision of 'England' to seek imperial future in France ("English Claim"), a venture which led to Hundred Years War (1337-1453), required resources and manpower on the grandest scale | The Hundred Years War |
| -1328 French Obermufti died without heir, Edward II had claim (through French mother) -French nobles: Who gives more power & freedom? -one part nobles: crowned French cousin, attacked England | The Hundred Years War |
| -second part nobles: pro Edward, allied with England (restored England's and nobles' power) -Edward III started war in 1337 for his claim => huge gamble in Europe at that time | The Hundred Years War |
| -batlle of Crécy near Calais (1346), much fighting over Gascony -French army crushed, war made England rich -military revolutions: war against France saw first use of English cannon, first use of artillery in European battle | The Hundred Years War |
| -Henry V (1413-1422) entered Paris 1420 -chances were good for him to become king of France (even though he was entirely English), but he died in 1422 -1453: English territories in the south-west were entirely lost => end of war | The Hundred Years War |
| Joan of Arc: most important woman in the 100-years-war was French, Jeanne d'Arc, Saint Joan (1412-1431), then accused of witchcraft and burned at stake -raised national movement which united France against the English | The Hundred Years War |
| -border between England & Scotland: area of continual war (such as the batlle of Bannockburn, 1314 as key event in the establishment of the independence of Scotland as a nation) | The Hundred Years War |
| glorification of warfare in the 14th cent.: -Edward III cultivated the notion of war as romantic enterprise -cult of chivalry etc., founded the Order of the Garter (Hosenbandorden) in 1348 as a community of knights and being bonded in chivalry | The Hundred Years War |
| -motto of the Order of the Garter: "Shame on thee who thinks evil of it" -super-prestigious, still high honour (celebrated at St. Patrick's Day) -no more than 24 (reference to Arthur) including Prince of Wales and monarch | The Hundred Years War |
| English Politics, Society & Culture: 1349: the Black Death (known to contemporaries as the 'great mortality') arrived in rat-infested ships, reduced the population of England by one third | English Politics, Society & Culture |
| =>Jews were thought of being responsible -plague had far-reaching social consequences => seen as punishment by God for the sinful human beings | English Politics, Society & Culture |
| role of Church: -only transnational, European organisation which was supported by a European infrastructure: -clerics spoke same language (Latin), could read & write -easy communication & safehouses, seldomly robbed or killed | English Politics, Society & Culture |
| -the most important rites of passage were organised and controlled by the church: birth & baptising, marriage, death -the Pope was sort of a European supreme authority :organizing crusades, collecting taxes, monarchs eager to have Pope on their side | English Politics, Society & Culture |
| -political power: barons, viscounts, earls, marquesses, and dukes (ascending order) -link between deifferent sections of English seciety provided in parliament, but exercise of political power in favour of the landed aristocracy | English Politics, Society & Culture |
| -little sign of the political rise of a middle class during the period -top King, only Emperor above -prince from Latin pricept => monarch -Royal dukes/duchesses: family of king -commoners: labourer, husbandmen, yeomen, gentlemen, esquires, knights, baronets (ascending order) | English Politics, Society & Culture |
| the peasants revolt: -tax imposed (to finance the war) in 1381 was the immediate cause -much fewer peasants through black death =>realized own importance, wanted more rights | English Politics, Society & Culture |
| -leaders: Wat Tyler, John Ball, Jack Straw => managed to kill archbishop of Canterbury and some nobles -however, revolt pooly planned, more a spontaneous outburst, could not be sustained | English Politics, Society & Culture |
| The Lollards: -another movement that demanded crucial changes, this time religious background -Lollardy (name probably from 'lollaer'- a mumbler of prayers) | English Politics, Society & Culture |
| -significant religious movement -harsh criticism of English church as institution and its wealth =>unworthiness of English clerics -Why middleman betw. believers & God? -bible translated to English | English Politics, Society & Culture |
| How did the status of the English language change during the later Middle Ages? | English language |
| -spread of literacy and increased use of English language as twin developments of the late 14th and 15th centuries -English became common for formal business -problem of regional dialects -1362: English became national language | English language |
| -literature: -dominance of English verse in all its forms: lyric & romance, comedy & tragedy, allegory -'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight', 'Piers Plowman' as outstanding works | English language |
| -also miracle & mystery plays: organized/performed by town guilds, particularly popular in northern towns of England -literature: Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales' (1386-1400, bu never completed) | English language |
| Age of decadence? -one popular poet, writing in 1389, thought of it as decadent age with its stuffed shoulders, waisted dresses and long, pointing shoes | English language |
| the various Regions: Scotland -beginning of the 'invention of tradition', providing Scotland with a monarchy which streched back to 330 BC and ultimately to the marriage of a certain princess Scota who gave her name to Scotland | various Regions |
| -used by Scottish as justification of their land, kingdom, etc. =>gave national identity -Norman Scots declared for a kingdom of Scotland, autonomy =>long-standing influence on future events | various Regions |
| Wales: -1282 Edward I successful conquest of Wales after 200 years of intermittent warfare -brutal military occupation, erection of mighty castles, names his son Prince of Wales, no native Princes of Wales since (still firstborn named as Prince of Wales) | various Regions |
| Ireland: -area under direct rule contracted to the 'pale' around Dublin -real autonomy of the Normans in Ireland, possible through England's decision to fight for power in France => England hat no power beyond the Pale | various Regions |
| the South of England: -though rise of cloth industry: development of towns and villages in those (rural) areas -partial industrialization of the southern counties led to differentiation of this area of England from the rest of British Isles => dominance | various Regions |
| London in 15th cent: -merchant & craft guilds -center of every important institution (except Church => Canterbury) -18.000 people, but lost half to black death, so 9.000 remaining | various Regions |
| What were the 'Wars of the Roses' and what was their result? | Wars of the Roses |
| -name was Romantic invention -series of civil wars between supporters of the rival houses Lancaster and York for the throne of England -family symbols were the red rose (Lancaster) and the white rose (York) | Wars of the Roses |
| -7. August 1485, Henry Tudor (VII), Earl of Richmond, landed in Wales, coming from Britanny -claimed the English crown in the name of Lancaster dynasty -defeated York | Wars of the Roses |
| -legitimate heir Richard III seen as evil villain, who murdered rightful heirs and took throne, defeated by Henry (sceleton found in parking lot, ancestor of Benedict Cumberbatch) | Wars of the Roses |
| -Henry VII married Elisabeth of York => united roses - Tudor rose both, white & red => ended Wars of the Roses | Wars of the Roses |
| consequences: -the North gained greater political prominence -towns grew in importance and organised their economy in guilds - trade associations that controlled access to work and markets | Wars of the Roses |
| -yet the Wars of the Roses also brought great economic hardship -victory of Henry can be seen as end of Middle ages and the beginning of a new age: Renaissance | Wars of the Roses |
| -WotR made people distrust in monarchs & politicy => "regent sent by God", then why so much wars and discussions? -many influential families were killed off (from ~50 to 8 remaining) | Wars of the Roses |
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