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Description
Flashcards by Michael Tewes, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Michael Tewes
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Definition of SPEECH ACT | A SPEECH ACT is an utterance that has PERFORMATIVE function in language and communication |
| PERFORMATIV function of speech | Use speech/communication not simply to communicate but rather to act or consummate an action. "You are (hereby) authorized to pay..." "hereby" as a test of performative function |
| Describe LOCUTIONARY ACT. | Saying something with a certain meaning in traditional sense |
| Describe ILLOCUTIONARY ACT. | The PERFORMANCE of an act in saying something (vs. the general act in saying something) i.e. warning, command, ordering... |
| Explain PERLOCUTIONARY ACT. | Speech acts that have an effect on the feelings, thoughts or actions of either the hearer or the speaker. "they seek to change minds!" |
| Searle's classification of speech acts | 1. Assertives 2. Directives 3. Commissives 4. Expressives 5. Declarations |
| Searle's classification: ASSERTIVES | Commit the speaker to something being the case. Different kinds are: suggesting, putting forward, swearing, concluding. Example: "No one makes a better cake than me." |
| Searle's classification: DIRECTIVES | Try to make the addressee perform an action. Different kinds are: asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising. Example: "Could you close the window?" |
| Searle's classification: COMMISSIVES | Commit the speaker to doing something in the future. Different kinds are: promising, planing, vowing, betting. Example: "I'm going to Paris tomorrow." |
| Searle's classification: EXPRESSIVES | Express how the speaker feels about the situation. Different kinds are: thanking, apologizing, welcoming. Example: "I am sorry, that I lied to you." |
| Searle's classification: DECLARATIONS | Change the state of the world in an immediate way. Example: "You are fired, I swear, I beg you." |
| Explain INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS | If an indirect request is performed. Example: "Could you close the window?" --> Question, but with a request to close the window. "I am cold." more indirect but needs more understanding of addressee |
| Searle's PRIMARY and SECONDARY illocutionary acts | PRIMARY is the indirect one which is not literally performed. SECONDARY is the direct one Speaker A: "We need to leave, or we will not make it." Speaker B: "I'm not ready yet" (PRIMARY = rejection of A; SECONDARY = "not ready to leave") |
| Searle's process analyzing steps 1/2 | 1. Understanding the facts of conversation 2. Assume cooperation and relevance from participants 3. Establish factual background information 4. Make assumptions base on 1.-3. 5. if 1.-4. have no consequential meaning, infer, that there are two illocu. forces |
| Searle's process analyzing steps 2/2 | 6. Assume the hearer has the ability to perform the act, the speaker suggest 7. make inference from 1.-6. regarding possible primary illocution 8. Use background information to establish the primary illocution |
| Definition of INDIRECT speech acts? | Culpeper/Archer: DIRECTNESS is the varying degree to which the illocutionary point is made explicit by the utterance. |
| INDIRECT DIRECTIVES classes? | - Speaker-based declaratives - Hearer-based interrogatives - Hearer-based declaratives - Hearer-based conditionals |
| SPEAKER-BASED declaratives | Directives formed by declarative sentences, that express speaker volition. I wish, I desire, I want |
| HEARER-BASED interrogatives | Manifestations that question the volition/ability of the hearer or the fact that the hearer will perform the requested act. Can you, could you, will you |
| HEARER-BASED declaratives | Formed by declaratives expressing the need, advantage, benefit, or possibility of the hearer performing the required act. you had better, you might consider, perhaps you |
| HEARER-BASED conditionals | Indirect directives expressed by conditionals that refer to the willingness or reluctance of the hearer performing the requested act if you will, if you would, if you don't mind |
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