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B2.2 Tissues, Organs And Organ Systems
- B2.2.1 Animal Organs
- The cells of multicellular organisms may
differentiate and become adapted for specific
functions. Tissues are aggregations of similar
cells; organs are aggregations of tissues
performing specific physiological functions.
Organs are organised into organ systems,
which work together to form organisms.
- Large multicellular organisms develop systems for exchanging materials. During the development
of a multicellular organism, cells differentiate so that they can perform different functions.
- A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function. Examples of
tissues include: muscular tissue, which can contract to bring about movement;
glandular tissue, which can produce substances such as enzymes and
hormones; epithelial tissue, which covers some parts of the body.
- Organs are made of tissues.
One organ may contain several
tissues. The stomach is an organ
that contains: muscular tissue, to
churn the contents; glandular
tissue, to produce digestive
juices; epithelial tissue, to cover
the outside and the inside of the
stomach.
- Organ systems are groups of organs
that perform a particular function. The
digestive system is one example of a
system in which humans and other
mammals exchange substances with the
environment. The digestive system
includes: glands, such as the pancreas
and salivary glands, which produce
digestive juices; the stomach and small
intestine, where digestion occurs; the
liver, which produces bile; the small
intestine, where the absorption of
soluble food occurs; the large intestine,
where water is absorbed from the
undigested food, producing faeces.
- Organ systems are groups of organs
that perform a particular function. The
digestive system is one example of a
system in which humans and other
mammals exchange substances with the
environment. The digestive system
includes: glands, such as the pancreas
and salivary glands, which produce
digestive juices; the stomach and small
intestine, where digestion occurs; the
liver, which produces bile; the small
intestine, where the absorption of
soluble food occurs; the large intestine,
where water is absorbed from the
undigested food, producing faeces.
- Organs are made of tissues.
One organ may contain several
tissues. The stomach is an organ
that contains: muscular tissue, to
churn the contents; glandular
tissue, to produce digestive
juices; epithelial tissue, to cover
the outside and the inside of the
stomach.
- A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function. Examples of
tissues include: muscular tissue, which can contract to bring about movement;
glandular tissue, which can produce substances such as enzymes and
hormones; epithelial tissue, which covers some parts of the body.
- Large multicellular organisms develop systems for exchanging materials. During the development
of a multicellular organism, cells differentiate so that they can perform different functions.
- The cells of multicellular organisms may
differentiate and become adapted for specific
functions. Tissues are aggregations of similar
cells; organs are aggregations of tissues
performing specific physiological functions.
Organs are organised into organ systems,
which work together to form organisms.
- B2.2.2 Plant Organs
- Plant organs include stems, roots and leaves.
- Examples of plant tissues include:
epidermal tissues, which cover the plant;
mesophyll, which carries out
photosynthesis; xylem and phloem, which
transport substances around the plant.
- Leaves are adapted to absorbing sunlight for photosynthesis: chlorophyll, to absorb
sunlight; large surface area, to absorb more light; stomata, to let carbon dioxide diffuse
into the leaf; thin, short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells; network of
veins, to support the leaf and transport water and carbohydrates.
- The internal structure of a leaf is adapted to allow efficient photosynthesis: thin, waxy
cuticle made of wax, to protect the leaf without blocking out light; thin, transparent
epidermis, to allow more light to reach the palisade cells; layer of palisade cells on the
top surface, to absorb light; many chloroplasts in the palisade cells, to increase
absorption of light; spongy mesophyll inside the leaf, air spaces allow carbon dioxide
to diffuse through the leaf, and increase the surface area.
- The internal structure of a leaf is adapted to allow efficient photosynthesis: thin, waxy
cuticle made of wax, to protect the leaf without blocking out light; thin, transparent
epidermis, to allow more light to reach the palisade cells; layer of palisade cells on the
top surface, to absorb light; many chloroplasts in the palisade cells, to increase
absorption of light; spongy mesophyll inside the leaf, air spaces allow carbon dioxide
to diffuse through the leaf, and increase the surface area.
- Leaves are adapted to absorbing sunlight for photosynthesis: chlorophyll, to absorb
sunlight; large surface area, to absorb more light; stomata, to let carbon dioxide diffuse
into the leaf; thin, short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells; network of
veins, to support the leaf and transport water and carbohydrates.
- Examples of plant tissues include:
epidermal tissues, which cover the plant;
mesophyll, which carries out
photosynthesis; xylem and phloem, which
transport substances around the plant.
- Plant organs include stems, roots and leaves.
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