Nucleophilic substitution

nucleophile
1. are reagents that attack and form bonds with electron deficient carbons
2. usually a negatively charged ion
3. or a partially negative atom
4. has a lone pair of electrons
  1. used to make a covalent bond
5. common nucleophiles
  1. :OH-
  2. :NH3
  3. :CN-
rules
1. curly arrow
2. goes from electrons to +
3. goes from bond to atom
4. rate of reaction
  1. increases as you go down the group
    1. as bond strength decreases
for the hydroxide ion, :OH-
1. take place at room temperature
2. called a hydrolysis reaction
3. add ethanol
4. an alcohol is formed
with cyanide ions, :CN-
1. you get a nitrile
2. has one extra carbon
with ammonia, :NH3
1. used with excess conc solution of ammonia in ethanol
2. carried out under pressure
3. produces a primary amine, RNH2
4. H's have +
5. N has a -
6. add 2 NH3's
7. end up with NH4X
8. one of the H's becomes +
uses of nucleophilic substitution
1. primary amine
  1. secondary amine
    1. tertiary amine
2. alcohol
  1. aldehyde
    1. carboxylic acid
3. nitriile
  1. primary amine
  2. carboxylic acid

Zusammenfassung der Ressource

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