Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Nucleophilic
substitution
- nucleophile
- are reagents that attack and form
bonds with electron deficient carbons
- usually a negatively charged ion
- or a partially negative atom
- has a lone pair of electrons
- used to make a covalent bond
- common nucleophiles
- :OH-
- :NH3
- :CN-
- rules
- curly arrow
- goes from electrons to +
- goes from bond to atom
- rate of reaction
- increases as you go down the group
- as bond strength decreases
- for the hydroxide ion, :OH-
- take place at room temperature
- called a hydrolysis reaction
- add ethanol
- an alcohol is formed
- with cyanide ions, :CN-
- you get a nitrile
- has one extra carbon
- with ammonia, :NH3
- used with excess conc solution
of ammonia in ethanol
- carried out under pressure
- produces a primary amine, RNH2
- H's have +
- N has a -
- add 2 NH3's
- end up with NH4X
- one of the H's becomes +
- uses of nucleophilic substitution
- primary amine
- secondary amine
- tertiary amine
- alcohol
- aldehyde
- carboxylic acid
- nitriile
- primary amine
- carboxylic acid