METABOLISM

FAT METABOLISM
1. role of bile salt in lipid absorption and digestion
  1. emulsification of lipid aggregates
  2. solubilization and transport of lipid in an aqueous environment
2. amount of ATP produced from palmitic acid
  1. 1. 7 rounds of Beta Ovidation produce 14 ATP from FADH2 and 21 ATP from NADH
      1. 8 acetyl CoA produced will enter Kreb Cycle. it will produce 72 ATP from NADH, 16 ATP from FADH2 and 8 ATP from GTP
        TOTAL = 131 ATP - 2 ATP (used to activate FA) = 129 ATP
3. Fatty Acid synthesis VS Beta oxidation
  1. NADPH as reducing agent (Fatty acid) NAD and FAD as oxidizing agents (Beta oxidation)
  2. Fatty acid synthesis occur in cytoplasm while beta oxidation occur in mitochondria
  3. Fatty acid synthesis require 49 ATP while Beta oxidation produce 33 ATP
4. TAG synthesis vs lipolysis
5. regulation of enzyme activities
  1. Acetyl Co A Carboxylase
    1. regulation of FA synthesis
    2. catalyze acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA
    3. inhibited by hormone mediated phosphorylation
  2. HMG Co A Reductase
    1. inhibit by cholestrol
    2. reduce HMG CoA to mevalonate
    3. inhibit by Glucagon
  3. Hormone Sensitive Lipase
    1. Initiate the hydrolysis of Tri, di and monoglycerols to FA
    2. triggered by various catecholamines
    3. inhibit by insulin
PROTEIN METABOLISM
1. ubiquitination
2. ammonia intoxication in brain
  1. Ammonia intoxifification occurs when bloodaonium rises
    1. because the capacity to detoxify it by formation of glutamate and glutamine hasbeen exceed
  2. concentration of ammonia increase, the reaction proceed by formation of glutamate from alpha-ketoglutarate
    1. as alpha ketogutarate decrease, rate of TCA cycle activity fall, less energy formed and it effect the ion transport across nerve sell membrane
3. phenylketouria
  1. increases the level of phenylalanine
  2. Learning disabilities, Behavioural problems, Epilepsy
4. factors affecting urea cycle
  1. the concentration of free ammonia
  2. liver malfunction
  3. the presence of ATP
  4. the presence of carbomyl phosphate synthethase 1
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
1. ATP synthesized from one molecule of glucose
  1. ATP produced = 36 ATP
  2. 2 ATP produced from Glycolysis
  3. 2 ATP produced from the Kreb Cycle
  4. 32 ATP from Electron Transport Chain
    1. 4 ATP from NADH produced in Glycolysis
    2. 24 ATP from NADH produced in Kreb Cycle
    3. 4 ATP from FADH produced in Kreb cycle
2. inhibitors of enzymes
3. importance of hexomonophosphate shunt (HMP shunt)
  1. Production of NADPH from NADP
    Anmerkungen:
    - Hahahah
    - Bababananms
  2. Producing Ribose-5-phosphate
  3. Producing glycolytic intermediate
4. G6PD deficiency
  1. due to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
    1. causes haemolytic anemia
      1. may cause death
5. importance of TCA
  1. The final common pathway for oxidation of carbohydrates, lipid and protein because glucose, FA & most AA are metabolized to acetyl CoA or intermediates of the cycle.
    1. Harvest high-energy electrons from carbon fuels
      1. 1 acetate unit generates 12 molecules of ATP approx. per turn of cycle.
        Provides intermediates for biosynthesis of various compounds
6. Glycolysis
  1. Pyruvate
    1. Acetyl CoA
      1. TCA Cycle
        ENZYME INHIBITORS (ENZYME)
        NADH (1,2, and 3)
        ATP (1, and 2)
        Succinyl-CoA (1, and 3)
        EXAMPLE OF ENZYMES
        1. Citrate Synthase
        2. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
        3. ɑ-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
7. Pentose phosphate pathway or HMP Shunt
  1. Oxidative Pathway
    1. 2 NADPH
    2. CO2
  2. Non-oxidative pathway
    1. Ribose-5-phosphate
    2. Glycolytic intermediate
      1. Fructose-6-phosphate
      2. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
8. Glycogenesis
  1. Liver & Muscle cell

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METABOLISM

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