Chapter 8: Regional and Transregional Interactions, c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450

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10th grade World History Mindmap am Chapter 8: Regional and Transregional Interactions, c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450, erstellt von Ethan Kang am 15/05/2018.
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Chapter 8: Regional and Transregional Interactions, c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450
  1. Rise of Islam
    1. religion
      1. Five Pillars of Islam
        1. confession of faith
          1. prayer five times per day
            1. charity to the needy
              1. fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
                1. pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime
                2. Allah (God) transmitted his words to the faithful through Muhammad
                  1. sayings recorded in the Qu'ran
                3. Muhammad grew up in the city of Mecca
                  1. exposed many different beliefs (e.g. Christianity and Judaism)
                    1. conflicted with polytheistic religion of Mecca
                      1. led to persecution
                        1. Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina in 622 C.E.
                          1. returned to Mecca and destroyed the pagan shrines in 630 C.E.
                            1. Abu Bakr became caliph in 632
                              1. head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader
                                1. Islamic empire was a theocracy and a caliphate
                                  1. originally hereditary, until Hasan relinquished his title
                                    1. establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty
                                      1. enlarged the Islamic Empire
                                        1. intensify conflict with the Byzantine and Persian Empires
                                          1. capital moved to Damascus (modern-day Syria)
                                            1. Arabic became the official language of the government
                                              1. gold and silver became the standard monetary unit
                                                1. subjects "encouraged" to convert to Islam, otherwise forced to pay a tax
                                                  1. attempted to advance towards Paris, but stopped by Charles Martel, a Frankish leader
                                                    1. Shiite (Shia)
                                                      1. believed that Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire
                                                      2. Sunni
                                                        1. contend that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of the people
                                                        2. decline of the Umayyad Dynasty as Shia began to assert themselves more dramatically
                                                          1. Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)
                                                            1. built capital at Baghdad (modern-day Iraq), which became one of the great cultural centers of the world
                                                              1. introduced unique idea of credit
                                                                1. developed itemized receipts and bills
                                                                  1. Muhammad al-Razi published a massive medical encyclopedia that was unlike anything compiled before it
                                                                    1. expansion of mathematics from India
                                                                      1. fight for control of Silk Road trading posts
                                                                        1. learned how to make paper
                                                                        2. Muslims and Christians battled for control of the Levant during the Crusades
                                                                          1. Europeans found their history preserved in Arabic libraries and museums
                                                                          2. Sufis
                                                                            1. stressed a personal relationship with Allah
                                                                              1. succeeded in converting large numbers of people to Islam
                                                                              2. decline of Islamic Caliphates
                                                                                1. rival factions and powers developed
                                                                                  1. destabilized the central authority at Baghdad and cut tax revenues
                                                                                  2. external foes
                                                                                    1. Persians
                                                                                      1. Europeans
                                                                                        1. Byzantines
                                                                                          1. Mongols
                                                                                          2. overran and destroyed Baghdad
                                                                                            1. Ottoman Turks would reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in a new Islamic state
                                                                  2. Europe and the Byzantine Empire
                                                                    1. Byzantine Empire
                                                                      1. Orthodox Christianity
                                                                        1. emperors ruled by absolute authority
                                                                          1. used coined money
                                                                            1. Justinian (527-565)
                                                                              1. somewhat restored former glory and unity of the Roman Empire
                                                                                1. Justinianic Code
                                                                                  1. a codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive
                                                                                  2. flourishing of the arts and sciences
                                                                                    1. Hagia Sophia
                                                                                  3. conflicts between the two churches
                                                                                    1. nominated their own Patriarchs of the See of Constantinople instead of regarding the Pope
                                                                                      1. sacrament of communion
                                                                                        1. whether priests should be allowed to marry
                                                                                          1. use of local languages in church
                                                                                            1. excommunicated each other (the Pope and the patriarch)
                                                                                              1. East
                                                                                                1. Church of Constantinople
                                                                                                  1. Russia
                                                                                                    1. Slavic peoples of southeastern Europe and Russia were converted to Christianity by St. Cyril in the 9th century
                                                                                                      1. used Greek alphabet to create a Slavic alphabet known as the Cyrillic alphabet
                                                                                                        1. Vladimir, a Russian prince from Kiev, abandoned the traditional pagan religion and converted to Christianity
                                                                                                    2. West
                                                                                                      1. Roman Catholicism
                                                                                                        1. Franks
                                                                                                          1. Germanic tribe that united under the leadership of King Clovis in the late 5th century
                                                                                                            1. stretched from present-day Germany through Belgium and into France
                                                                                                              1. helped various peoples of western Europe solidify under a common culture
                                                                                                                1. made it easier for them to unify against Muslim invasions
                                                                                                                  1. Charles Martel
                                                                                                                    1. Battle of Tours
                                                                                                                      1. used position as political and military leader to put his sons forth as successors
                                                                                                                        1. Merovingian Dynasty (declining)
                                                                                                                          1. Carolingian Dynasty
                                                                                                                            1. Pepin the Short
                                                                                                                              1. Charlemagne crowned by the pope in 800
                                                                                                                                1. built the Holy Roman Empire upon coronation of Otto the Great in 962
                                                                                                                                  1. Northern Italy
                                                                                                                                    1. Germany
                                                                                                                                      1. Belgium
                                                                                                                                        1. France
                                                                                                                                          1. strong focused on the arts and education
                                                                                                                                          2. rule not absolute
                                                                                                                                            1. feudalism
                                                                                                                                            2. Treaty of Verdun in 843
                                                                                                                                              1. empire divided among Charlemagne's three grandsons
                                                                                                                                                1. western Europe constantly attacked by invaders
                                                                                                                                                  1. Vikings
                                                                                                                                                    1. also converted to Christianity
                                                                                                                                                    2. Magyars
                                                                                                                                                    3. the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution in western Europe
                                                                                                                                            3. had his succession certified by the pope
                                                                                                                            2. Middle Ages
                                                                                                                              1. Feudalism
                                                                                                                                1. king
                                                                                                                                  1. vassals
                                                                                                                                    1. peasants
                                                                                                                                      1. imprisonment led to highly skilled workers
                                                                                                                                        1. development of middle class
                                                                                                                                          1. burghers
                                                                                                                                    2. fiefs
                                                                                                                                      1. manors
                                                                                                                                      2. code of chivalry
                                                                                                                                        1. honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect
                                                                                                                                      3. Hanseatic League established in 1358
                                                                                                                                        1. controlled trade through much of northern Europe
                                                                                                                                        2. Crusades
                                                                                                                                          1. heresies
                                                                                                                                            1. people began to question organized religion
                                                                                                                                              1. Pope Innocent III
                                                                                                                                                1. perceived heretics and Jews were frequently persecuted
                                                                                                                                                  1. Pope Gregory IX
                                                                                                                                                    1. Inquisition
                                                                                                                                                      1. formalized interrogation and persecution process of perceived heretics
                                                                                                                                                        1. referred to as the Universal Church or the Church Militant
                                                                                                                                                2. Europe began to organize along cultural and linguistic lines
                                                                                                                                                  1. Germany
                                                                                                                                                    1. entered period of interregnum (a time between kings)
                                                                                                                                                    2. England
                                                                                                                                                      1. William the Conqueror led strong monarchy
                                                                                                                                                        1. forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 C.E.
                                                                                                                                                          1. reinstated feudal rights of the nobles
                                                                                                                                                            1. extended the rule of law to other people in the country
                                                                                                                                                              1. foundation of Parliament
                                                                                                                                                                1. made up of nobles
                                                                                                                                                                  1. House of Lords
                                                                                                                                                                    1. nobles and clergy
                                                                                                                                                                      1. legal issues and advised the king
                                                                                                                                                                      2. House of Commons
                                                                                                                                                                        1. knights and wealthy burghers
                                                                                                                                                                          1. issues of trade and taxation
                                                                                                                                                                2. France
                                                                                                                                                                  1. King Hugh Capet
                                                                                                                                                                    1. subsequent French kings expanded the territory
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Joan of Arc convinced French authorities that she had been divinely inspired to lead men into battle
                                                                                                                                                                        1. forced British to retreat from Orleans
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Spain
                                                                                                                                                                    1. united by Queen Isabella, the ruler of Castile
                                                                                                                                                                      1. married Ferdinand, heir to the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon in 1469
                                                                                                                                                                        1. united most of Spain in a single monarchy
                                                                                                                                                                          1. enlisted the Catholic Church as a strong ally
                                                                                                                                                                            1. forced conversion to Christianity or leave the country
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spanish Inquisition
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Russia
                                                                                                                                                                        1. succumbed to the Tatars under Genghis Khan
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ivan III expanded Muscovy territory into much of modern-day Russia and declared himself czar
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ivan the Terrible centralized power over the entire Russian sphere, ruling ruthlessly and using the secret police against his own nobles by the 1500s
                                                                                                                                                                  3. Developments in Asia
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Japan
                                                                                                                                                                      1. first important ruling family was the Yamato clan
                                                                                                                                                                        1. international connections helped them emerge as leaders in the 5th century
                                                                                                                                                                          1. claimed emperor was descendant of the sun goddess
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Shinto religion
                                                                                                                                                                            1. heavily influenced by China in the 6th century
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Buddhism
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Prince Shotoku
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. borrowed bureaucratic and legal reforms
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Taika Reforms (645 C.E.)
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Fujiwara
                                                                                                                                                                                1. capital moved to Heian in 794
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feudalism
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. shogun
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. daimyo/samurai
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. lesser samurai
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. peasants and artisans
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Code of Bushido
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. stressed loyalty, courage, and honor
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. China
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 C.E.)
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. under Emperor Xuanzong, expanded Chinese territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. collapsed due to size, and local warlords gained more power
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. capital at Chang'an (Xi'an)
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. center of Tang tribute system
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Wu Zhao
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. first and only Empress of China
                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 C.E.)
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. reunited by Emperor Taizu
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. fell to the Jurchen and Mongols
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. invented early form of movable type
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. increased literacy and bureaucrats among lower classes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. printed books
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. increase in productivity and population growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. new technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. magnetic compass
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. watertight bulkheads
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. sternpost rudders
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Champa rice
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. resulted in rapid population rise
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. footbinding
                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 C.E.)
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Yuan Dynasty (1279 - 1368 C.E.)
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. established by the Mongols
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Korea
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Korea became a vassal-state of the Tang in order to maintain the appearance of cordial relations with their Chinese neighbors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. borrowed political structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. spread of Confucianism and Chan Buddhism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. India
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Islamic invaders set up the Delhi Sultanate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. non-Islams had to pay a tax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Vietnam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. less willing to accept even the appearance of a tribute relationship
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Confucian education still accepted
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. active trade relationship
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Rise and Fall of the Mongols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Genghis Khan unified the Mongol tribes in the early 1200s and set them on a path of expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. unified several nomadic tribes of Mongolia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. invaded China in 1234
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. the empire eventually spanned from the Pacific Ocean to eastern Europe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. death of Genghis Khan resulted in splintering off into hordes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Golden Horde conquered the region of modern-day Russia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Kublai Khan ruled in China
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. destroyed cities and were ruthless warriors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pax Mongolica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Timur Lang destroyed the sultanate in India
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. consequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. most assimilated by those they conquered
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chinese not allowed to Mongolize
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Russia treated as a vassal state, did not unify or culturally develop as quickly as its European neighbors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. grew world trade, cultural diffusion, and global awareness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Developments in Africa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Kush
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. conquered part of Egypt in 750 B.C.E.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. capital at Meroe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. became center for ironworks and trade
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Axum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. traded frequently in ivory and gold
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. converted to Christianity in the 4th century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. converted to Islam in the 7th century
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Swahili Coast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. influenced by Bantu
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. traded gold, slaves, ivory, and other exotic products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Ghana (800 - 1000 C.E.)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. tons of gold
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Mali (1200 - 1450 C.E.)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. tons of gold
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mansa Musa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. lengthy pilgrimage to Mecca, complete with gold, servants, and camels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. oral literature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Benin culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. mastered bronze sculpting technique
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Songhai
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. established by Sonni Ali
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. capital of Timbuktu
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. major cultural center
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Developments in the Americas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mayans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. began to abandon their cities around 800 C.E.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Aztecs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. built capital at Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. tribute
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. military connected to religion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. sacrifices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Inca
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. thought to have controlled more than 2,000 miles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. professional army
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. established bureaucracy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. unified language
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. complex system of roads and tunnels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. builders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Temple of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Machu Picchu
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. CCOT of Women
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Europe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. strict and patriarchal social divisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. could inherit land and take oaths of vassalage, but property belonged to husband
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. could bring a court case, but not participate in decision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. division of labor; women in textiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Christian monogamy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. education limited to upper class males
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. did not recognize illegitimate children
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. veiling of upper class
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Islam
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. equality in religion, but separate in mosque
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. recevied half inheritance of male children
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. testimony had less weight than male
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. concubines and seclusion in harems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. literate society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. all children are seen as legitimate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. veiling in public
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. India
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. strict patriarchal caste system
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. child marriages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. practice of sati for widows
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. family textile labor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. marriage limited to caste members
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. education limited
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. purdah: veiling or seclusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. China
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. strict Confucian social order and guidelines for virtuous behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. access to dowries and owned businesses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. widow to remain with son; no property if remarried
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. silk weaving as female occupation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. concubines and seclusion in harems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. literate society, but state education limited to men
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. foot binding
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