Geology pt.2

Geology pt.2

Fossils
1. Remains
  1. Rare- soft parts of an organism
  2. Original hard parts- bones, shells
2. Petrified wood and bones
  1. Remains changed to stone
  2. Each cell replaced by stone
3. Impressions
  1. Hard part dissolves
  2. Leaves impression in surrounding rock
4. Traces
  1. Preserved footprints
5. Random
  1. Classified like animals and plants
  2. Harder to find on land
    1. Less sediment deposited
    2. Less disturbance
  3. P&A decompose quick with air
  4. Decomposition rate slows when buried
  5. Preserved naturally in the crust
  6. Dating- relies on Zone/Index fossils
Metamorphic Rocks
1. Originally Igneous/Sedimentary
2. Changed- Pressure & Heat
3. Rocks at surface covered with sediments=Pressure
4. Earth's movement= flatten, twist, stretch rocks
5. Heat&Pressure= crystals grow, new minerals form, gases released
6. Folding&Faulting= twist and squeeze, change
7. crust moves= strain=cracks
8. Joint- no movement along crack
9. Fault- crack with movement
10. Fold- Yield to strain
11. Contact Metamorphism- locally melted, direct contact with hot igneous rock
12. Regional Matemorphism- buried deep=H&P,
  1. Limestone=Marble
  2. Siltstone=Slate
Rock Cycle
1. Endless process
2. Mixing and Reusing Earth's rocks
3. Metamorphic/Igneous both can melt=Magma
4. Igneous/Sedimentary can both be Metamorphic
Daily Use
1. Tools, shelter, fuel, transport, recreation materials
2. Evolutionary advantage in hunting, defence, food prep to mankind
3. WA dependant on rocks/mining
4. Either finite or non-renewable resources
5. Classifications
  1. Petroleum (Natural gas&oil)
    1. Fossil Fuels, oil, gas
    2. decomposed P&A remains compressed,extreme pressure
    3. Extracted from ground
      1. shipped/piped to refineries
        physically & chemically changed
        Distillation- separates heavy and light into groups called fractions of hydrocarbons
        fuel oil- heating- car diesel
        naphtha- gasoline
        butane- cigarette lighters
        propane- bottled gas
        Ethane- component of natural gas
        Petrochemical plant- made into substances
        Xylene Propylene Benzene Ethylene Toluene
        Processed into well-known materials (polyethylene, nylon etc)
    4. Hand lotion, shampoo, hair colouring, lipstick, perfume, nail polish, mobile phones
  2. Metallic Minerals
    1. are ores used to make metals
    2. opaque
    3. good conductors of electricity
    4. Shiny
    5. Platinum, silver, mercury, titanium, cobalt, gold, zinc
    6. Not found pure, mixed
    7. Alloy- 2+ metals combined
    8. Brass-Copper, zinc Bronze, Copper, zinc, tin
  3. Non-Metallic
    1. Translucent
    2. form as crystals
    3. asbestos, quartz, talc, sulphur
    4. ceramic & chemical industries
    5. Roads & Buildings
  4. Rock-forming minerals
    1. Major building materials of the Earth
    2. Largely silicates (contains silicon & oxygen)
    3. Silicon- non-metallic, always mixed, 2nd main element after oxygen in Earth's crust
    4. large families of micas, garnets etc.
  5. Metallic, non-metallic, rock-forming, petroleum/plastic, coal
6. Toothpaste
  1. silica is abrasive, to clean
  2. Fluoride, from Fluorite makes teeth strong
  3. Titanium, makes white, in white paint
  4. Mica to make it sparkle
Plastics(Petroleum cont.)
1. Strong=waste problem
2. Research
  1. Biodegradable
  2. Photodegradable= degrades by sunlight
  3. made from plants= decomposes to compost
  4. Made from hydrocarbons
  5. Want to reduce polymer chain= lose strength-brittle-degrade into co2/h2o
3. Biodegradable-expensive
4. Carseeonigetic-causes cancer when burnt
Coal
1. millions of years
2. remains of living things
3. found in layers/seams under Earth's surface
4. heating/ production of steel
5. ingredient in pencils, paint, plastics
6. Peat-Lignite-Coal
Removal of resources
1. Exploration
  1. searching for something you want to find
  2. geologist
  3. process of finding areas where minerals can be found
  4. Aerial methods
    1. Geomagnetic
    2. gravity
    3. Electromagnetic surveys
  5. On-site
    1. Seismic surveys
    2. geochemical surveys
  6. satellite images
2. Mining
  1. Removal of the resource from the ground
  2. WA dependant
  3. oil and gas= drilling
3. Enrichment
  1. concentration of the resource
  2. sometimes removing materials which aren't needed
4. Extraction
  1. the process of removing the material from the ground

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