Zusammenfassung der Ressource
LOCALISATION OF
FUNCTIONS
- PARTS OF THE
CEREBRAL CORTEX
- FRONTAL LOBE:
awareness of
what we are
doing, conscience
and conciousness
- BROCA'S AREA:
converts
thought into
speech
- PARIETAL LOBE:
sensory and
motor
movements
- WERNICKE'S
AREA:
understanding
speech and
producing
speech that
makes sense
- OCCIPITAL LOBE:
location for vision
- CEREBELLUM:
stores repetitive
memory
- BRAIN STEM:
connects the
brain to the
rest of the
body
- TEMPORAL LOBE:
auditory ability
and memory
aquisition
- PARTS OF THE
LIMBIC SYSTEM
- HYPOTHALAMUS:
regulates
bio-rhythms
- THALAMUS:
registers pain,
relays
messages to
and from the
cerebellum
- AMYGDALA:
registers
emotion
- HIPPOCAMPUS:
crucial in laying
down memories
- KEY
TERMS
- LOCALISATION:
specific
functions/processes
occurring in certain
parts of the brain
- LATERALISATION:
the dominance of
one hemisphere
over the other for
specific functions
- LEFT
HEMISPHERE
- Logic
- Language
- Science
- Maths
- Analytic
thought
- RiGHT
HEMISPHERE
- Holistic
thought
- Intuition
- Creativity
- FRANZ
GALL
- PHRENOLOGY: the
detailed study of the
shape and size of the
cranium as a
supposed indication
of character and
mental abilities
- Gall manually searched for lumps
on the brain, and then made
inferences about their personality,
intelligence and tendency towards
murder
- CRITICISMS
- Not accurate
- Uncomfortable
for the patient
- Some were incorrectly
imprisoned due to his
conclusions
- PATIENT
TAN
- Named this because
the only word he could
say was 'tan'
- Following his death, a
post-mortem autopsy
showed damage to the
Broca's Area, the part
responsible for
forming coherent
speech
- Effects of damage similar to this
area has also been observed in
the speech of stroke victims
- Temporary or
permanent
loss of speech
is called
Broca's
Aphasia
- PHINEAS
GAGE
- A railroad worker who
suffered a personality
change after an iron
rod shot through his
brain
- The iron rod
went through his
frontal lobe
- FINDINGS AND
CONCLUSIOSN
- This shows a link
between the frontal
lobe and social and
emotional reasoning
- Provides
evidence for
localisation
- CRITICISMS
- Since it's a
unique case, it
can't really be
generalised
- Quasi-experiment,
no control over
the IV
- STRENGTHS
- Takes advantage of
a unique case
- SPERRY
- 11 people who'd had
their corpus
callosum cut (to
cure epilepsy) were
compared to people
with intact brains
- Standardised
procedure using
specialised equipment,
in which participants
were asked to perform
a range of tasks
- CONTROLS
- Blindfolding
participants,
so that only
one eye was
able to receive
information
- Asking each of
them to stare
at a dot at the
centre of the
screen
- The image was
flashed on the
left and the right
of the dot for
one-tenth of a
second
- FINDINGS AND
CONCLUSIONS
- Support for the
theory of
lateralisation
- Left hemisphere is
responsible for language,
right brain for creativity
- STRENGTHS
- High level of
control,
therefore
produced an
extremely
detailed
case-study
- CRITICISMS
- Small sample
(and an a-typical
sample), so it
can't be entirely
generalised
- Confounding
variable - are
the differences
due to the
split-brain or
epilepsy?
- Low ecological
validity, as the
findings would be
unlikely to occur in
real life situations
- Quasi-experiment,
no control over IV
- RAINE
- 41 NGRI people
and a matched
sample were
injected with the
tracer for a PET
scan, and then had
to perform a
continuous task
for 32 minutes
- FINDINGS AND
CONCLUSIONS
- Murderers had more activity in
the occipital lobe, and less
activity in the prefrontal and
parietal lobes
- Abnormal
asymmetries amongst
the murderers; the
right side of the
amygdala and
hippocampus was
more active than the
left side
- Supports the view that brain
structure affects the
production and management
of violence and aggression
- STRENGTHS
- Carefully controlled
laboratory environment,
so confounding variables
were eliminated
- CRITICISMS
- Problems with PET scans
- New and
experimental
- Scans show areas of
activity, but not what
type of activity is
going on
- Doesn't take
environmental
factors into
account
- Very specific sample, so
we should be cautious
when generalising
- MAGUIRE
- 16 male drivers
matched with
controls, and an
each participant
underwent an
MRI scan
- CONTROLS
- Same scanner
used for all
participants
- Person counting
pixels didn't know if
whose scan was
whose (eliminates
bias)
- Hippocampal
volume calculated
to include
adjustments for
brain size, so
results could be
compared
- FINDINGS AND
CONCLUSIONS
- Taxi drivers have
a larger grey
matter volume in
their posterior
right hippocampus
- Significant positive
correlation between
driving experience and
grey matter volume,
proving Maguire's
hypothesis
- STRENGTHS
- MRI scans are safe
for the participants
- Quantitative
data, so there's
no bias
- Unique case, so sample
size is acceptable
- CRITICISMS
- Not a
represent-
ative sample
- IV has not been
manipulated, so it is hard to
control extraneous variables