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Unit 2: Computer Science
- Binary
- Binary describes a
numbering scheme in
which there are only two
possible values for each
digit: 0 and 1. The term
also refers to any digital
encoding/decoding system
in which there are exactly
two possible states.In
digital data memory,
storage, processing, and
communications, the 0 and
1 values are sometimes
called "low" and "high,"
respectively.
- A hexadecimal number use the base 16 and therefore there are 16 digits instead of 10 which we are most used to. The 16
digits are 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 0. If you want to turn a decimal number into a hexadecimal one, you should be aware that
10 in hexadecimal means 16 in decimal. 100 in hexadecimal means 16 * 16 in decimal. Other examples are: 1-9 hex is 1-9 dec a
hex is 10 dec b hex is 11 dec c hex is 12 dec d hex is 13 dec e hex is 14 dec f hex is 15 dec 10 hex is 16 dec 11 hex is 17 dec and
so on This is the same for binary digits but instead of using the base 16 as in hexadecimal or 10 as in decimal, it use the base
2, and there are only two digits, 0 and 1. so: 1 bin is 1 dec 10 bin is 2 dec 11 bin is 3 dec 100 bin is 4 dec 101 bin is 5 dec 110 bin
is 6 dec 111 bin is 7 dec 1000 bin is 8 dec Comparing all three systems, Dec: 10 is 10 pow 1 => 10 100 is 10 pow 2 => 100 1000 is
10 pow 3 => 1000 Hex 10 is 16 pow 1 => 16 100 is 16 pow 2 => 16*16 (I
- Binary describes a
numbering scheme in
which there are only two
possible values for each
digit: 0 and 1. The term
also refers to any digital
encoding/decoding system
in which there are exactly
two possible states.In
digital data memory,
storage, processing, and
communications, the 0 and
1 values are sometimes
called "low" and "high,"
respectively.
- Memory
- Ram
- Rom
- Rom is non volitile
which means if
store something on
it and switch the
machine off it stays
on there
- Rom is non volitile
which means if
store something on
it and switch the
machine off it stays
on there
- Ram Is volatile
memory which
means that once
the machine is
switched off it
delete
everything on it
- Rom
- Cache
- Cache memory, also called
CPU memory, is random
access memory (RAM) that a
computer microprocessor can
access more quickly than it
can access regular RAM.
- Cache memory, also called
CPU memory, is random
access memory (RAM) that a
computer microprocessor can
access more quickly than it
can access regular RAM.
- Flash
- Flash memory is an electronic
non-volatile computer storage
medium that can be electrically
erased and reprogrammed.
Introduced by Toshiba in 1984,
flash memory was developed
from EEPROM (electrically
erasable programmable
read-only memory)
- Flash memory is an electronic
non-volatile computer storage
medium that can be electrically
erased and reprogrammed.
Introduced by Toshiba in 1984,
flash memory was developed
from EEPROM (electrically
erasable programmable
read-only memory)
- The Need For Virtual Memory
- Virtual memory is a component of most operating
systems, such as MAC OS, Windows and Linux. Virtual
memory has a very important role in the operating system.
It allows us to run more applications on the system than
we have enough physical memory to support. Virtual
memory is simulated memory that is written to a file on
the hard drive. That file is often called page file or swap
file. It's used by operating systems to simulate physical
RAM by using hard disk space. To understand how virtual
memory works we have to go back in time, before virtual
memory even exited. In the days of Windows version 1 or
2, we actually couldn't run many applications if we didn't
have enough physical RAM installed. As we know, the
system itself is using a portion of RAM. If we run more
applications, each application will also get its own portion
of RAM. If we run too many applications, at one point we
will run out of RAM. At that point we won't be able to open
any additional application. Back in those days
- Virtual memory is a component of most operating
systems, such as MAC OS, Windows and Linux. Virtual
memory has a very important role in the operating system.
It allows us to run more applications on the system than
we have enough physical memory to support. Virtual
memory is simulated memory that is written to a file on
the hard drive. That file is often called page file or swap
file. It's used by operating systems to simulate physical
RAM by using hard disk space. To understand how virtual
memory works we have to go back in time, before virtual
memory even exited. In the days of Windows version 1 or
2, we actually couldn't run many applications if we didn't
have enough physical RAM installed. As we know, the
system itself is using a portion of RAM. If we run more
applications, each application will also get its own portion
of RAM. If we run too many applications, at one point we
will run out of RAM. At that point we won't be able to open
any additional application. Back in those days
- Ram
- Input And Output Devices
- In computing, input/output or I/O (or informally, io or IO) is
the communication between an information processing
system (such as a computer) and the outside world, possibly
a human or another information processing system. Inputs
are the signals or data received by the system and outputs
are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also be
used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an
input or output operation. I/O devices are used by a human
(or other system) to communicate with a computer. For
instance, a keyboard or mouse is an input device for a
computer, while monitors and printers are output devices.
Devices for communication between computers, such as
modems and network cards, typically perform both input
and output operations.
- In computing, input/output or I/O (or informally, io or IO) is
the communication between an information processing
system (such as a computer) and the outside world, possibly
a human or another information processing system. Inputs
are the signals or data received by the system and outputs
are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also be
used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an
input or output operation. I/O devices are used by a human
(or other system) to communicate with a computer. For
instance, a keyboard or mouse is an input device for a
computer, while monitors and printers are output devices.
Devices for communication between computers, such as
modems and network cards, typically perform both input
and output operations.
- The CPU
- Fetch: Fetches a instruction from cpu
- Decode: Decodes The Instruction
- Execute:Executes the instruction
- A computer's CPU is considered the "brain
of the computer," being responsible for its
major processes, like searching for
information, sorting information, making
calculations and advanced processes as well
as decisions integral to the functioning of
the computer. The acronym CPU actually
stands for central processing unit and, as
such, works behind virtually any task the
user is doing on their computer, like writing
essays, making photo albums or reading
emails
- CPU clock speed, or clock rate, is
measured in Hertz — generally in
gigahertz, or GHz. A CPU's clock speed
rate is a measure of how many clock
cycles a CPU can perform per second.
For example, a CPU with a clock rate of
1.8 GHz can perform 1,800,000,000 clock
cycles per second.
- A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the
average time to access data from the main memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which
stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations. Most CPUs have different
independent caches, including instruction and data caches, where the data cache is usually
organized as a hierarchy of more cache levels
- Fetch: Fetches a instruction from cpu
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