Enzymes

Beschreibung

Leaving Certificate Biology (Enzymes) Mindmap am Enzymes, erstellt von eimearkelly3 am 08/08/2013.
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Mindmap von eimearkelly3, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von eimearkelly3 vor etwa 11 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Enzymes
  1. Proteins
    1. Catalysts
      1. Biological
        1. Organic
      2. Processes
        1. Photosynthesis
          1. Respiration
            1. Digestion
              1. Protein synthesis
                1. Cell division
                2. Catabolic enzymes
                  1. BIG --> small
                  2. Anabolic enzymes

                    Anmerkungen:

                    • DNA polymerase (plants and animals) (forms and repairs DNA) photosynthesis (water + carbon dioxide = glucose)
                    1. Denaturation

                      Anmerkungen:

                      • specific 3D shape of the active site has been changed, will no longer fit the substrate (generally irreversible) Temperature Below freezing point a solid forms and the enzymes can't work. lower - slows down higher - speeds up human enzymes 37 degrees plants 20-30 degrees shape is fully lost at about 0 degrees ( denatured) PH 6-8 (most enzymes) 7 - ideal (most enzymes) pepsin in the stomach is 2 Enzyme and substrate concentration.
                      1. Induced fit model

                        Anmerkungen:

                        • In the past - lock and key hypothesis (active site rigid in structure) Now- active site changes shape slightly to form an enzyme-substrate complex forming a product.
                        1. Immobilised enzymes

                          Anmerkungen:

                          • attached to or fixed to, each other or to an inert material. not free in solution
                          1. Bioprocessing

                            Anmerkungen:

                            • The use of biological materials (organisms, organelles, enzymes) to manufacture commercial products or treatment procedures of commercial, medical, or scientific interest e.g. drugs, vaccines, antibiotics sucrose ---> fructose and galactose (sucrase) Immobilised enzymes used in urine testing for illegal drugs and other chemicals.
                            1. Bioreactor

                              Anmerkungen:

                              • Stainless steel vessel used to produce useful substances from the activities of biological agents.
                              1. Methods

                                Anmerkungen:

                                • Adsorption - physically attached to inactive supports suchh as glass, beads, ceramics, cellulose particles or artificial polymers such as gels (all insoluble) Enclosed by a membrane Trapped in a gel Bonded to a support Bonded to each other
                                1. Advantages

                                  Anmerkungen:

                                  • can be reused  - cheaper recovered at the end of the process - rapidly purified (product) stabilises the enzyme - less needed cheaper - just as efficient
                                  1. Uses

                                    Anmerkungen:

                                    • penicillin ----> new antibiotic (penicillin acylase) glucose ---> fructose (sweeten soft drinks)  (glucose isomerase) lactose ----> glucose + galactose (sweeter sugars) (lactase) (replace condensed milk in the manufacture of soft toffee and caramel).
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