Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Enzymes
- Proteins
- Catalysts
- Biological
- Organic
- Processes
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Protein synthesis
- Cell division
- Catabolic enzymes
- BIG --> small
- Anabolic enzymes
Anmerkungen:
- DNA polymerase (plants and animals)
(forms and repairs DNA)
photosynthesis
(water + carbon dioxide = glucose)
- Denaturation
Anmerkungen:
- specific 3D shape of the active site has been changed, will no longer fit the substrate (generally irreversible)
Temperature
Below freezing point a solid forms and the enzymes can't work.
lower - slows down
higher - speeds up
human enzymes 37 degrees
plants 20-30 degrees
shape is fully lost at about 0 degrees ( denatured)
PH
6-8 (most enzymes)
7 - ideal (most enzymes)
pepsin in the stomach is 2
Enzyme and substrate concentration.
- Induced fit model
Anmerkungen:
- In the past - lock and key hypothesis (active site rigid in structure)
Now- active site changes shape slightly to form an enzyme-substrate complex forming a product.
- Immobilised enzymes
Anmerkungen:
- attached to or fixed to, each other or to an inert material.
not free in solution
- Bioprocessing
Anmerkungen:
- The use of biological materials (organisms, organelles, enzymes) to manufacture commercial products or treatment procedures of commercial, medical, or scientific interest
e.g. drugs, vaccines, antibiotics
sucrose ---> fructose and galactose (sucrase)
Immobilised enzymes used in urine testing for illegal drugs and other chemicals.
- Bioreactor
Anmerkungen:
- Stainless steel vessel used to produce useful substances from the activities of biological agents.
- Methods
Anmerkungen:
- Adsorption - physically attached to inactive supports suchh as glass, beads, ceramics, cellulose particles or artificial polymers such as gels (all insoluble)
Enclosed by a membrane
Trapped in a gel
Bonded to a support
Bonded to each other
- Advantages
Anmerkungen:
- can be reused - cheaper
recovered at the end of the process - rapidly purified (product)
stabilises the enzyme - less needed
cheaper - just as efficient
- Uses
Anmerkungen:
- penicillin ----> new antibiotic
(penicillin acylase)
glucose ---> fructose (sweeten soft drinks)
(glucose isomerase)
lactose ----> glucose + galactose (sweeter sugars)
(lactase)
(replace condensed milk in the manufacture of soft toffee and caramel).