Cell Adaptation and Injury Mindmap

Beschreibung

Mind map of Patho lecture 1- Adaptation and cell injury
Sasha Guimary
Mindmap von Sasha Guimary, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Sasha Guimary
Erstellt von Sasha Guimary vor fast 6 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Cell Adaptation and Injury Mindmap
  1. ATROPHY

    Anmerkungen:

    • -Decrease in cell size -Number of cells doesn't change
    1. Disuse atrophy

      Anmerkungen:

      • -Decreased energy requirement -Cell structure changes: Muscles have less ER, mitochondria, filament
      1. Denervation atrophy

        Anmerkungen:

        • -Nerve stimulation to muscle lost -Ex: Stroke patient
        1. Lack of hormone stimulation
          1. Inadequate nutrition
            1. Ischemia

              Anmerkungen:

              • -Decreased blood flow to organ -Leads to atrophy of cells and organ itself
            2. HYPERTROPHY

              Anmerkungen:

              • -Increase in cell size --> tissue --> organ -Occurs in cells that can't increase in numbers (Ex: cardiac and striated -Increased protein, myofilaments, mito
              1. Physiologic

                Anmerkungen:

                • -Ex: athletes -proportional increase in width and length of muscle cell -Changes stimulated by stretch of muscle fibers -Promoted by biochemical signals (growth hormone and other ligands --> protein production)
                1. Pathophysiologic

                  Anmerkungen:

                  • -Ex: Heart failure -Cells not proportional, malformed, not functioning properly -Change due to different signal molecules 
                2. HYPERPLASIA

                  Anmerkungen:

                  • -Increase in number of cells in tissue/organ -Occurs in cells that can undergo mitosis -Mechanism: activation of genes controlling cell proliferation -Increased rate of cell division
                  1. Physiologyic

                    Anmerkungen:

                    • -Compensatory response, leads to regeneration and healing -
                    1. Compensatory hyperplasia
                      1. Hormonal hyperplasia
                      2. Pathologic
                      3. METAPLASIA

                        Anmerkungen:

                        • -One cell type is replaced by another that is better able to survive -Mechanism: undifferentiated cells reprogrammed -Ex: In smokers, bronchial epithelial cells replaced by squamous cell 
                        1. DYSPLASIA

                          Anmerkungen:

                          • -Abnormal change in size, shape and organization of cells -Not a true adaptive change -Associated with irritation and inflammation
                          1. Stressors
                            1. Excessive use
                              1. Chemical exposure
                                1. Hypoxia
                                  1. Physical Trauma
                                    1. Infection and immune reactions
                                      1. Genetic chagnes
                                        1. Nutritional Imbalance
                                        2. Cell Injury

                                          Anmerkungen:

                                          • -Cell membrane, unable to maintain homeostasis
                                          1. Causes
                                            1. IC Accumulation of substances

                                              Anmerkungen:

                                              • -Cell tries to dispose if they could -Accumulates in cytoplasm or organelles
                                              1. Causes
                                                1. Excessive

                                                  Anmerkungen:

                                                  • Too much normal body substance Ex: fat in liver (alcoholic cirrosis)
                                                  1. Abnormal endogenous substance

                                                    Anmerkungen:

                                                    • Abnormal lipids in brain (Tay Sachs disease)
                                                    1. Exogenous substance

                                                      Anmerkungen:

                                                      • From environment  Ex: Coal dust in miner lungs
                                                  2. Tissue calcification
                                                    1. Dystrophic

                                                      Anmerkungen:

                                                      • Ca salts deposited in injured tissues Ex: Atherosclerosis plaques (contains ca) Ex: Tuberculosis lesions, includes calcified granulomas
                                                      1. Metastatic

                                                        Anmerkungen:

                                                        • Hypercalcemia- deposits to normal tissues -Also leads to renal calculi (kidney stones)
                                                      2. Physical agents

                                                        Anmerkungen:

                                                        • Damage cell structure 
                                                        1. Mechanical trauma

                                                          Anmerkungen:

                                                          • Direct damage to cells
                                                          1. Temp extremes

                                                            Anmerkungen:

                                                            • Damage to cells, organelle and enzymes -Hypothermia and frostbite
                                                            1. Electrical injury

                                                              Anmerkungen:

                                                              • damages tissues, disrupts cardiac and nerve impulses
                                                              1. Radiation

                                                                Anmerkungen:

                                                                • -Interrupt cell replication, cause mutation, kill cells -Cause cancers like leukemia 
                                                              2. Chemical exposure

                                                                Anmerkungen:

                                                                • Mechanisms: injure cell membranes, chemicals block enzyme pathways, coagulate proteins, toxic to cells (ex: liver cells) 
                                                                1. Drugs

                                                                  Anmerkungen:

                                                                  • Ex: Acetominophen toxic to liver
                                                                  1. Lead

                                                                    Anmerkungen:

                                                                    • Interferes with nerve and brain development  -May be toxic to children
                                                                    1. Mercury

                                                                      Anmerkungen:

                                                                      • Toxic to nerves and kidneys
                                                                    2. Infections

                                                                      Anmerkungen:

                                                                      • Biologic agents invade and destroy cells -Viruses change cell DNA -Bacteria produce toxins -Microorganisms cause inflammatory/immune response
                                                                    3. Mechanisms

                                                                      Anmerkungen:

                                                                      • -Lead to anaerobic metabolism, cell swelling and direct injury to cells 
                                                                      1. Free Radicals

                                                                        Anmerkungen:

                                                                        • Molecules with unpaired electrons -Unstable/reactive -Damage cell membranes, DNA, tissues 
                                                                        1. ROS

                                                                          Anmerkungen:

                                                                          • Reactive oxygen species -Oxygen-containing molecules that include free radicals -Produced by normal process (Ex: metabolic burst accompanying phagocytosis)
                                                                          1. Oxidative stress

                                                                            Anmerkungen:

                                                                            • -Occurs when body unable to eliminate ROS -Plays role in aging and development of disease (Ex: cancer)
                                                                        2. Hypoxic Cell Injury

                                                                          Anmerkungen:

                                                                          • Lack of oxygen, interrupts oxidative metabolism, generation of ATP -Heart, brain and kidneys cells damaged quickly 
                                                                          1. Hypoxia

                                                                            Anmerkungen:

                                                                            • Lack of sufficient O2 to body cells, tissues and organs
                                                                            1. Causes

                                                                              Anmerkungen:

                                                                              • -Blocked blood vessels -Respiratory disease, blocks inhalation and diffusion of oxygen across alveolar membrane 
                                                                              1. Blocked blood vessels
                                                                                1. Respiratory disease
                                                                                  1. Loss of hemoglobin

                                                                                    Anmerkungen:

                                                                                    • Carries oxygen to cells Leads to anemia 
                                                                                    1. Tissue edema

                                                                                      Anmerkungen:

                                                                                      • Can block oxygen from getting to cells
                                                                                      1. Inability to use oxygen

                                                                                        Anmerkungen:

                                                                                        • Ex: lactic acidosis -Cells unable to use oxygen even though it's being delivered to them
                                                                                      2. Results

                                                                                        Anmerkungen:

                                                                                        • Decreased ATP production, cells swell -Na/K pump fails -Na and water move into clls -Vacuoles form -Cytoplasm swells -Cells degenerate and rupture
                                                                                        1. Call membrane damange

                                                                                          Anmerkungen:

                                                                                          • -Cell destruction releases markers  >Troponin from damaged heart cells >AST/ALT from damaged liver cells 
                                                                                      3. Hypoxemia

                                                                                        Anmerkungen:

                                                                                        • Lack of O2 in the blood specifically 
                                                                                        1. Ischemia

                                                                                          Anmerkungen:

                                                                                          • Lack of enough oxygen to cells or organ -Leads to anaerobic metabolism -Ex: Myocardial eschemia- coronary arteries blocked 
                                                                                          1. Reperfusion Injury

                                                                                            Anmerkungen:

                                                                                            • -Occurs when O2 restored to ischemic tissue -Ischemia causes increase in ATP consumption, production of xanthine dehydrogenase -O2 --> metabolizes xanthine to produce massive amounts of superoxide hperoxide -Radicals cause membrane damage, ca overload of mitochondria -Mito pores open, ATP escapes, cells die 
                                                                                            1. Free Radicals

                                                                                              Anmerkungen:

                                                                                              • -Product of xanthine dehydrogenase metabolism from influx of O2 during reperfusion injury
                                                                                          2. Anoxia

                                                                                            Anmerkungen:

                                                                                            • Lack of oxygen to cells Ex: brain - cerebral anoxia 
                                                                                          3. Impaired Ca homeostasis

                                                                                            Anmerkungen:

                                                                                            • -Ca/Mg pump uses ATP to move Ca out of cell (only precise small amount needed in cell) -Cell membrane damage allows Ca to enter cell -Activates enzymes (proteases, lipases, protein kinases) that damage cell membranes, cytoskeleton, proteins, chromatin *-ases are enzymes that breakdown
                                                                                          4. Outcomes
                                                                                            1. Recovery
                                                                                              1. Apoptosis

                                                                                                Anmerkungen:

                                                                                                • -Programmed cell death -Purpose: removed injured cells -Cell fragments engulfed by phagocytes
                                                                                                1. Execution Pathways

                                                                                                  Anmerkungen:

                                                                                                  • carried out by proteolytic enzymes called caspases
                                                                                                  1. Extrinsic Pathway

                                                                                                    Anmerkungen:

                                                                                                    • Activated by FAS ligand
                                                                                                    1. Intrinsic Pathway

                                                                                                      Anmerkungen:

                                                                                                      • Activated by signals like ROS
                                                                                                      1. ROS

                                                                                                        Anmerkungen:

                                                                                                        • Activates intrinsic pathway, which signals apoptosis 
                                                                                                  2. Cell Death

                                                                                                    Anmerkungen:

                                                                                                    • -Cell death to organ or tissue -Loss of cell membrane activity and enzyme breakdown of cell parts
                                                                                                    1. Liquefaction necrosis
                                                                                                      1. Coagulation necrosis
                                                                                                        1. Gangrene

                                                                                                          Anmerkungen:

                                                                                                          • Large area of necrosis 
                                                                                                          1. Dry

                                                                                                            Anmerkungen:

                                                                                                            • Area shrinks, wrinkles -Turns black
                                                                                                            1. Wet

                                                                                                              Anmerkungen:

                                                                                                              • Swollen, bacteria 
                                                                                                        2. Cell aging theories

                                                                                                          Anmerkungen:

                                                                                                          • -Molecular: Mutation or changes in gene expression -Cellular: senescence involving free radical injury, telomere shortening (happens with every cell division), apoptosis -Decline in integrative functions of organ systems  *Senescence- decline of functioning with age
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