History - Germany Depth Study

Germany's Defeat and Revolution
1. Low Morale
  1. 1918 - Food Shortage (Semi-Starvation)
  2. 1918 - Coal, Gas and Electricity Shortage
    1. Cold and Dark Country
    2. Boredom set in
  3. Summer of 1918 - Spanish Influenza
    1. Weak from years of hunger
    2. Death Toll
      1. 400,000 German Civillians
      2. 186,000 German Soldiers
2. Revolution
  1. Allie's wouldn't make peace with Germany until democratic government
  2. 28th October 1918
    1. German Navy chiefs ordered Kid Port warships to be put to sea for battle
    2. 2 ships worth of sailors refused, this was mutiny
    3. 600 Arrests
    4. Mutiny spread to workers and they took over Kiel
  3. Revolution spread to all over Germany
    1. Socialist's took over
    2. Germany became a republic
3. Abducation
  1. Kaiser Wilhelm II
    1. Forced to abducate
    2. 10th November 1918 - Fled to Holland
New Democratic Weimar Republic
1. 'Weimar' - town in which the government hid during the 1919 Berlin violence
2. First President - Friedrich Ebert (social democratic party)
3. Article 48
  1. In times of emergency, the president could rule by degree without consulting the Reichstag
  2. No specification of an emergency so led to dictators
4. Proportional Representation
  1. Votes for each party were turned into a percentage of seats
  2. A party could only rule if the party got 50% of votes
  3. Coalitions occurred and this caused problems and disagreements
5. Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
  1. "Stab in the back" Theory
    1. The treaty was very harsh and took money, land and army from the Germans
    2. The public felt the government had betrayed them and "stabbed them in the back"
Opposition to the Weimar Republic
1. Inside the Reichstag
  1. KPD (Communist)
    1. Supported by the working class
    2. Policies
      1. Against the republic
      2. In favour of a workers revolution
  2. DNVP (Nationalist)
    1. Supported by Middle and Upper Class
    2. Policies
      1. Against the republic
      2. Strongly nationalist
      3. Strong central government
  3. NSDAP (Nazi)
    1. Supported by Nationalists and Conservatives
    2. Policies
      1. Against the republic
      2. Strong government
2. Outside the Reichstag
  1. Spartacists
    1. Rosa Luxemburg
    2. Karl Liebknect
    3. Started a communist revolution on 6th January 1919
    4. The free corps destroyed the Spartacists and arrested, then killed, both their leaders
  2. Free Corps/ Kapp Putsch
    1. Ex-Soldiers
    2. Wolfgang Kapp
    3. Supported Ebert to fight off the Spartacists
    4. They turned on Ebert and took control of Berlin but for only 100 hours, as all workers went on strike
    5. Wolfgang Kapp fled to Sweden

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History - Germany Depth Study

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