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The Blood
- The Function and Composition of Blood
- The Function of Blood
- The blood is
responsible for
providing
transportation,
regulation, and
protection throughout
the body
- The blood carries waste
to the kidneys and
carbon dioxide to the
lungs, where both the
waste and carbon
dioxide are eliminated
from the body.
- The blood also protects
the body against infection
and regulates body
temperature by directing
heat towards the skin and
lungs. Buffers and Amino
Acids transported in the
blood helps maintain the
body's pH at healthy levels
between 7.35 and 7.45.
- The blood is
responsible for
providing
transportation,
regulation, and
protection throughout
the body
- The Formed Elements
- Plasma
- Plasma is a pale yellow fluid
composed of 90% water and
8% plasma proteins; the
remaining 2% is a mixture of
electrolytes, nutrients, ions,
respiratory gases,
hormones, proteins, and waste
products.
- Plasma contains
three types of
proteins:
Fibrinogen,
Albumin, and
Globulin.
- The electrolytes include
sodium, potassium,
chloride, magnesium,
and calcium.
- Plasma contains
three types of
proteins:
Fibrinogen,
Albumin, and
Globulin.
- Plasma is a pale yellow fluid
composed of 90% water and
8% plasma proteins; the
remaining 2% is a mixture of
electrolytes, nutrients, ions,
respiratory gases,
hormones, proteins, and waste
products.
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Shape and Size
- Mature Red Blood
Cells are
disk-shaped cells
that look like a
doughnut without
the hole in the
center. They are
extremely small (7
to 8 micrometers in
diameter)
- Mechanisms of the Red Blood Cells
- 1. It increases
the surface
area of the
cell, providing
a larger
binding area
for oxygen
and carbon
dioxide.
- 2. It increases
the flexibility of
the cell, allowing
it to change
shape so it can
fit into capillary
openings that
are half the size
of the cell.
- 3. It limits
the cell's
life span to
120 days;
without a
nucleus,
the cell is
unable to
replicate.
- 1. It increases
the surface
area of the
cell, providing
a larger
binding area
for oxygen
and carbon
dioxide.
- Mature Red Blood
Cells are
disk-shaped cells
that look like a
doughnut without
the hole in the
center. They are
extremely small (7
to 8 micrometers in
diameter)
- Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin is an essential molecule of the red blood
cell that serves as the binding site for oxygen and
carbon dioxide; composed of two molecules: Globin
and Heme
- Hemoglobin is an essential molecule of the red blood
cell that serves as the binding site for oxygen and
carbon dioxide; composed of two molecules: Globin
and Heme
- Erythropoiesis
- The kidneys regulate red blood
cell production through a process
called Erythropoiesis.
- The kidneys regulate red blood
cell production through a process
called Erythropoiesis.
- Recycling Red Blood Cells
- Phagocytosis is the process
by which macrophages in
the liver and spleen eat and
recycle old RBCs, as well as
other types of cells.
- Phagocytosis is the process
by which macrophages in
the liver and spleen eat and
recycle old RBCs, as well as
other types of cells.
- Red Blood Cells are part of
the formed elements of the
blood; they contain
hemoglobin, a protein
responsible for oxygen and
carbon dioxide exchange;
erythrocytes
- Shape and Size
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Classifying White Blood Cells
- Neutrophils
- The most abundant
type of White Blood
Cells and are the
most important
component of the
body's immune
system because they
are the "First
Responders"
- Fights infections
- Fights infections
- The most abundant
type of White Blood
Cells and are the
most important
component of the
body's immune
system because they
are the "First
Responders"
- Eosinophils
- They only
make up a
small portion
of our White
Blood Cell
count - about
1% to 3%.
- They are
active in the
presence of
parasites and
worms
- They are
active in the
presence of
parasites and
worms
- They only
make up a
small portion
of our White
Blood Cell
count - about
1% to 3%.
- Basophils
- The least
abundant
White Blood
Cells in the
body.
- Active during
allergic reactions
and asthma.
- They play
an
important
role in T-cell
adaptive
immune
responses
- Active during
allergic reactions
and asthma.
- The least
abundant
White Blood
Cells in the
body.
- Lymphocytes
- The second
most abundant
White Blood
Cells in the
body.
- Two types of Lymphocytes
- T Cells
- T Cells make up to
80% of lymphocytes
- T Cells make up to
80% of lymphocytes
- B Cells
- B Cells make up to
20% of lymphocytes
- B Cells make up to
20% of lymphocytes
- T Cells
- Essential for
fighting cancer
cells
- Two types of Lymphocytes
- The second
most abundant
White Blood
Cells in the
body.
- Monocytes
- The largest
White Blood
Cells in the
body.
- The largest
White Blood
Cells in the
body.
- Neutrophils
- White Blood Cells are part of the
formed elements of the blood;
they fight infections and protect
the body through various
mechanisms; leukocytes
- Classifying White Blood Cells
- Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Platelets are part
of the formed
elements of the
blood; they play
a vital role in
blood clotting.
- They play an important role in
Hemostasis
- Platelets are part
of the formed
elements of the
blood; they play
a vital role in
blood clotting.
- The formed elements make
up about 45% of the blood's
content, and plasma
comprises the remaining
55%
- When put in a
Centrifugal, everything
seperates. Red Blood
Cells at the bottom,
Plasma on top, and the
buffy coat in between.
- The buffy coat is a thin layer of white
blood cells and platelets that lies
between the red blood cells and
plasma in a blood sample that has
gone through a centrifuge.
- Sepearating these blood
elements allows us to
take a common blood
measurement called
Hematocrit.
- Hematocrit is the
percentage of total blood
volume that is composed
of Red Blood Cells
- Hematocrit averages
45% of total blood
volume in men and 40%
of total blood volume in
women
- Hematocrit is the
percentage of total blood
volume that is composed
of Red Blood Cells
- The buffy coat is a thin layer of white
blood cells and platelets that lies
between the red blood cells and
plasma in a blood sample that has
gone through a centrifuge.
- Plasma
- Physical Properties of Blood
- Blood is a sticky, thick
fluid that makes up
roughly 8% of our total
body weight.
- Everyone has between 4
and 5 liters of blood in
their body.
- Blood is slightly
salty, with a
sodium chloride
concentration of
0.9%.
- An average temperature of
38*C (100.4*F)
- The color of blood
varies based on the
levels of oxygen:
Oxygen-rich blood in
the arteries is a
brighter red than the
oxygen-poor blood in
the veins.
- Blood is a sticky, thick
fluid that makes up
roughly 8% of our total
body weight.
- Manufacturing Blood Cells
- New blood cells are
created in a process
called Hematopoiesis.
- Blood Cells are created
within the bone
marrow.
- New blood cells are
created in a process
called Hematopoiesis.
- The Function of Blood
- Blood Types
- Blood Types
- Antigens and Antibodies
- The molecule on the
surface of the Red Blood
Cells are called Antigens.
- Antigens are large, complex
molecules, such as proteins
and glycolipids, that identify
cells as either "Self" or
"Nonself"
- Antigens are large, complex
molecules, such as proteins
and glycolipids, that identify
cells as either "Self" or
"Nonself"
- The molecule on the
surface of the Red Blood
Cells are called Antigens.
- Blood Transfusions
- When given a Blood Transfusion
you have to be given the correct
type of blood
- If given the wrong blood type
the Red Blood Cells will
clump together in a process
called Agglutination.
- Agglutination creates blockages in
smaller blood vessels and is potentially
fatal.
- Agglutination creates blockages in
smaller blood vessels and is potentially
fatal.
- If given the wrong blood type
the Red Blood Cells will
clump together in a process
called Agglutination.
- When given a Blood Transfusion
you have to be given the correct
type of blood
- Antigens and Antibodies
- The Rh Classification System
- Rh Factor Complications
- Just like the Antigens on Red
Blood Cells, When given blood
you have to have the same type
of Rh factor.
- Just like the Antigens on Red
Blood Cells, When given blood
you have to have the same type
of Rh factor.
- Not everyone has the Rh factor.
Those who have it on the
surface of the Red Blood Cells
are classified as Rh-positive;
those who lack it are classified
as Rh-negative
- The majority of people
(approximately 85%) are
Rh-positive.
- Rh Factor Complications
- Complete Blood Count
- A complete blood count (CBC)
helps to detect blood disorders or
disorders such as Anemia,
Abnormal Blood Cell counts,
Clotting Problems, Immune
System Disorders, and Cancers of
the Blood.
- A complete blood count (CBC)
helps to detect blood disorders or
disorders such as Anemia,
Abnormal Blood Cell counts,
Clotting Problems, Immune
System Disorders, and Cancers of
the Blood.
- Four Blood Types
- A
- B
- AB
- O
- A
- Blood Types
- Blood Disorders and Diseases
- Anemia
- Acquired Anemias
- Iron-Deficient Anemia
- Common Anemia;
caused by an
insufficient dietary
intake of iron, loss of
iron from intestinal
bleeding, or low-level
depletion during
pregnancy.
- Common Anemia;
caused by an
insufficient dietary
intake of iron, loss of
iron from intestinal
bleeding, or low-level
depletion during
pregnancy.
- Aplastic Anemia
- a rare but serious
condition in which the
bone marrow is
incapable of making
new Red Blood Cells.
- Causes
- Toxins
- Radiation
Therapy or
Chemotherapy
- Infectious Diseases
- Heredity
- Toxins
- Causes
- a rare but serious
condition in which the
bone marrow is
incapable of making
new Red Blood Cells.
- Pernicious Anemia
- a severe anemia
caused by the
inability of the
intestines to absorb
vitamin B(12), which
is essential for the
formation of Red
Blood Cells; usually
develops in older
adults
- a severe anemia
caused by the
inability of the
intestines to absorb
vitamin B(12), which
is essential for the
formation of Red
Blood Cells; usually
develops in older
adults
- Anemias Caused by Chronic Disease
- Iron-Deficient Anemia
- Inherited Anemias
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- a disease in which the Red Blood Cells are shaped like a
sickle, or cresent, rather than a disk; caused by irregularly
shaped hemoglobin molecules in the Red Blood Cells
- a disease in which the Red Blood Cells are shaped like a
sickle, or cresent, rather than a disk; caused by irregularly
shaped hemoglobin molecules in the Red Blood Cells
- Cooley's Anemia
- a condition that affects the body's ability
to produce fully developed hemoglobin
and Red Blood Cells; thalassemia major
- a condition that affects the body's ability
to produce fully developed hemoglobin
and Red Blood Cells; thalassemia major
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Acquired Anemias
- Jaundice
- a blood disorder characterized by
yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes.
- a blood disorder characterized by
yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes.
- Hemophilia
- a condition in which blood does not clot
properly due to the absence of a clotting
factor.
- a condition in which blood does not clot
properly due to the absence of a clotting
factor.
- Polycythemia
- a condition in which the bone
marrow manufactures too many Red
Blood Cells; caused by prolonged
altitude exposure and a genetic
mutation.
- a condition in which the bone
marrow manufactures too many Red
Blood Cells; caused by prolonged
altitude exposure and a genetic
mutation.
- Leukemia
- Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- the most common form of leukemia in adults
over 70 years of age; characterized by
overproduction of lymphocytes.
- the most common form of leukemia in adults
over 70 years of age; characterized by
overproduction of lymphocytes.
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
- the most common form of leukemia in adults;
develops when the bone marrow produces too many
myeloblasts.
- the most common form of leukemia in adults;
develops when the bone marrow produces too many
myeloblasts.
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
- a form of leukemia characterized by extremely high levels
of lymphocytes; most often found in middle-age adults.
- a form of leukemia characterized by extremely high levels
of lymphocytes; most often found in middle-age adults.
- Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
- a form of leukemia characterized by overproduction of
granulocytes.
- a form of leukemia characterized by overproduction of
granulocytes.
- Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- Multiple Myeloma
- a cancer of the
plasma cells in
bone marrow
- a cancer of the
plasma cells in
bone marrow
- Anemia
Medienanhänge
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